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Zhao R, Xu C, Shi G, Li C, Shao S, Shangguan F, Cui L. Connection of social anxiety to impaired pattern of cognitive control and underlying motivational deficiencies: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14598. [PMID: 38691392 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have established a correlation between social anxiety and poor cognitive control. However, little is known about the cognitive control pattern of individuals with high social anxiety (HSAs) and the underlying mechanisms. Based on the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework and the Expected Value of Control theory, this study explored whether HSAs have an impaired cognitive control pattern (Experiment 1) and whether motivational deficiencies underlie the impaired control pattern (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 21 individuals with low social anxiety (LSAs) and 21 HSAs completed an AX-Continuous Performance Task. Results showed that HSAs had a smaller P3b amplitude than LSAs, indicating their weakened proactive control in the cue processing stage, but a larger contingent negative variation (CNV) on cue B as compensation for the negative effects of anxiety in the response preparation stage. No group difference was found in N2 and P3a amplitude on probes, suggesting that reactive control in HSAs was not affected compared to LSAs. In Experiment 2, 21 LSAs and 21 HSAs completed a cued-flanker task, where the likelihood of proactive control engagement was manipulated. The results revealed that HSAs exhibited motivation deficiencies in engaging in proactive control, as evidenced by P3b, CNV amplitude, and response times. These findings shed light on the impaired cognitive control pattern of HSAs and suggest that motivational deficiencies may be the crucial underlying factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cai Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guangyuan Shi
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chieh Li
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siyang Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Shangguan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Fan J, Zhang R. The impact of social exclusion on impulsive buying behaviour of consumers on online platforms: Samples from China. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23319. [PMID: 38332871 PMCID: PMC10851201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion is a common phenomenon in modern social life that has significant negative effects on those who were excluded. The excluded may adopt strategic impulsive consumption behaviors in order to gain a sense of belonging and repair social relations, and the rapid development of online shopping platforms has intensified the occurrence of impulsive purchasing behaviors. Therefore, the internal mechanism between the two needs to be clarified. This study utilised SPSS 26.0, Mplus8.0 and HLM6.08 to analyse the data from 417 questionnaires, focused on exploring the internal mechanism between social exclusion and impulsive buying behaviour, and yielded the following conclusions. (1) Social exclusion is positively correlated with impulsive purchasing behaviour. (2) Relative deprivation plays a mediating role between social exclusion and impulsive buying behaviour. (3) The need to belong plays an intermediary role between social exclusion and impulsive buying behaviour. (4) Self-control plays a moderating role between social exclusion and impulsive buying behaviour. These conclusions could provide a basis for enterprises to formulate rational marketing strategies and create consumer demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Economics Management, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Jianpeng Fan
- School of Economics Management, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Ruixia Zhang
- Department of Management, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Manila, Philippines
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Li B, Liu C, Wang L, Jin W, Pan W, Wang W, Ren Y, Ma X, Tang Y. Cognitive control impairment in ax-continuous performance test in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot EEG study. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3276. [PMID: 37817398 PMCID: PMC10726902 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of cognitive control impairment in patients with schizophrenia (SPs) using electroencephalogram (EEG). METHODS A total of 17 SPs and 17 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. We measured the EEG activity, whereas they performed the AX-continuous performance test which consisted of the preparatory phase and the response phase. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used for cognitive function, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used for clinical symptom assessment. A univariate linear regression model was used to explore the relationships among behavioral index, event-related potentials (ERPs), rhythmic oscillation power, and score of MCCB and PANSS. RESULTS A significant difference was found in response accuracy and reaction time (RT) during the preparatory phase between patients and HCs (p < .05). During the response phase, the SPs exhibited longer RT than the HCs (p < .05). Analysis of the ERPs revealed that the amplitude of P3a on BX clues was significantly smaller in SPs than in HCs (p < .05). Additionally, the midline frontal theta power of neural oscillation was significantly lower in the SPs than in NCs both during the preparatory and response phases. The accuracies on BX clues (r = .694, p = .002) and d'context (r = .698, p = .002) were positively correlated with MCCB scores. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that patients with schizophrenia have deficits both in proactive and reactive cognitive control, with a greater reliance on reactive control during conflict resolution. The neural mechanisms of the cognitive control impairment may involve the inability to engage additional neural resources for proactive control, and a reduction in frontal midline theta power during both proactive and reactive control. The severity of proactive control impairment is positively correlated with an increased tendency to rely on reactive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health CenterBaodingChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral DisordersBaodingChina
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chao‐meng Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Li‐na Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wen‐qing Jin
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei‐gang Pan
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wen Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan‐ping Ren
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Ma
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi‐lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Mental Health Service LineAtlanta VA Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
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Bahrami R, Borhani K. Excluded and myopic: Social exclusion increases temporal discounting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290175. [PMID: 37582119 PMCID: PMC10426998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Social exclusion is a painful yet ubiquitous experience that modulates affect, behavior, and cognition. Decision-making is an essential cognitive ability that some forms of it are altered following social exclusion. However, how intertemporal decision-making is influenced by social exclusion is scarcely studied. Here, using Future Life Alone paradigm we demonstrated that experiencing social exclusion increases temporal discounting. We further tested whether the increased temporal discounting is mediated by either time perception or risk-taking. Our results revealed that although time perception is influenced by social exclusion, neither time perception nor risk-taking mediated the changes in temporal discounting. Our results are providing further evidence corroborating that social exclusion evokes cognitive deconstruction and therefore alters temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmehr Bahrami
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Borhani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Peng S, Tao D, Xuan B. Social Rejection but Not Ostracism Increases Cognitive Effort Avoidance. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:2829-2839. [PMID: 37521567 PMCID: PMC10386862 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s414450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Social exclusion has been found to have a significant impact on cognitive control processing. However, the existing research on this topic has yielded inconsistent findings, possibly due to variations in the type of exclusion and individuals' cognitive effort. Two studies were conducted to explore the influence of social rejection and ostracism on cognitive effort avoidance. Participants and Methods Study 1 involved forty-six adults who were randomly divided into a rejection group and a control group using a get-acquainted paradigm. The demand selection task (DST) was used to measure cognitive effort avoidance. In Study 2, forty-eight adults were recruited, Cyberball and DST paradigms were used to evoke ostracism and test cognitive effort avoidance, respectively. Results The results of study 1 showed that individuals who were socially rejected by their partners exhibited impaired response accuracy of cognitive control and increased cognitive effort avoidance. This indicates that social rejection has a negative impact on cognitive control processing and that individuals may be more likely to avoid cognitive effort when experiencing social rejection. The results of study 2 showed that ostracism had an impact on both response speed and accuracy, but it did not significantly affect cognitive effort avoidance. This indicates that social rejection affects cognitive control processing differently than ostracism, and individuals are more likely to avoid cognitive effort when experiencing social rejection. Conclusion These findings suggest that social rejection and ostracism have different effects on cognitive effort, which may contribute to the inconsistent cognitive performance during social exclusion. Future research may explore the underlying mechanisms that lead to these differences and examine how individuals can mitigate the negative effects of social exclusion on cognitive control processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Peng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Tao
- School of Early-Childhood Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Xuan
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
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From Loss of Control to Social Exclusion: ERP Effects of Preexposure to a Social Threat in the Cyberball Paradigm. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091225. [PMID: 36138964 PMCID: PMC9496925 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that the onsets of different social threats, such as threats to ”belonging” and “control”, are inconsistent with the subjective beliefs of social participation and require readjustment of expectations. Because a common cognitive system is assumed to be involved, the adjustment triggered by the experience of a single social threat should affect the processing of subsequent social interactions. We examined how preexposure to a loss of control affected social exclusion processing by using the Cyberball paradigm. An event-related brain component (P3) served as a probe for the state of the expectancy system, and self-reports reflected the subjective evaluations of the social threats. In the control group (n = 23), the transition to exclusion elicited a significant P3 effect and a high threat to belonging in the self-reports. Both effects were significantly reduced when the exclusion was preceded by preexposure to a loss of control (EG1disc, n = 23). These effects, however, depend on the offset of the preexposure. In case of a continuation (EG2cont, n = 24), the P3 effect was further reduced, but the threat to belonging was restored. We conclude that the P3 data are consistent with predictions of a common expectancy violation account, whereas self-reports are supposed to be affected by additional processes.
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Xu M, Zhang J, Li Z. Social exclusion modulates neural dynamics of monetary and social reward processing in young adult females. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108344. [PMID: 35523363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that social exclusion increases one's sensitivity to monetary and social rewards. However, whether and how social exclusion modulates the neural dynamics of reward processing remains unknown. The current study aimed to address this gap by systematically investigating the differential influences of social exclusion on various stages of monetary and social reward processing. Forty-five female participants were recruited, and the Cyberball game was used to manipulate social exclusion. To disentangle the anticipatory and consummatory stages of monetary and social reward processing, we recorded event-related potentials during two incentive delay tasks, one with a monetary reward and one with a social reward. The results showed that during the anticipatory stage, a larger contingent negative variation was observed for the exclusion group than for the inclusion group, regardless of reward type. During the consummatory stage, although the reward-related positivity was larger in the exclusion group than in the inclusion group, this difference was only observed for the social, and not monetary, reward feedback. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between social exclusion and reward processing and suggest that while social exclusion might exert comparable enhancement effect for monetary and social reward processing during the anticipatory stage, it exerts a specific enhancement effect for social reward processing during the consummatory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China.
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Eastern Languages and Cultures, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiai Li
- Department of Applied Psychology, College of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
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Xu M, Li Z, Qi S, Fan L, Zhou X, Yang D. Social exclusion modulates dual mechanisms of cognitive control: Evidence from ERPs. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2669-2685. [PMID: 32491264 PMCID: PMC7294065 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated how social exclusion influences cognitive control but reported inconsistent findings. Based on the dual mechanisms of control framework, this study investigated how social exclusion influences proactive and reactive modes of control (Experiment 1) and the underlying mechanisms (Experiment 2). The Cyberball game was used to manipulate social exclusion. Eighty-six female participants (about 40 for each experiment) performed cognitive control tasks while event-related potentials were recorded. In Experiment 1, an AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) was adopted to differentiate between proactive and reactive control. Results showed that social exclusion weakened proactive control but enhanced reactive control, as reflected by the weaker proactive control indicators (i.e., P3b and CNV), but strengthened reactive control indicators (accuracy and N2) in excluded individuals. More importantly, in Experiment 2, through varying in whether task cues were available before or after target onset in a cued-flanker task, we further manipulated the possibility of engaging proactive control, and found the weakened proactive control could be attributed to both impaired cognitive ability and lowered motivation to engage proactive control in excluded individuals. Together, these results provide insight on how social exclusion influences cognitive control and suggest promising implications for designing effective interventions to relieve the negative impact of social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiai Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Senqing Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingxia Fan
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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