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Boateng ST, Roy T, Agbo ME, Mahmud MA, Banang-Mbeumi S, Chamcheu RCN, Yadav RK, Bramwell M, Pham LK, Dang DD, Jackson KE, Nagalo BM, Hill RA, Efimova T, Fotie J, Chamcheu JC. Multifaceted approach toward mapping out the anticancer properties of small molecules via in vitro evaluation on melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer cells, and in silico target fishing. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14418. [PMID: 38230791 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers are among the most prevalent and most lethal forms of skin cancers. To identify new lead compounds with potential anticancer properties for further optimization, in vitro assays combined with in-silico target fishing and docking have been used to identify and further map out the antiproliferative and potential mode of action of molecules from a small library of compounds previously prepared in our laboratory. From screening these compounds in vitro against A375, SK-MEL-28, A431, and SCC-12 skin cancer cell lines, 35 displayed antiproliferative activities at the micromolar level, with the majority being primarily potent against the A431 and SCC-12 squamous carcinoma cell lines. The most active compounds 11 (A431: IC50 = 5.0 μM, SCC-12: IC50 = 2.9 μM, SKMEL-28: IC50 = 4.9 μM, A375: IC50 = 6.7 μM) and 13 (A431: IC50 = 5.0 μM, SCC-12: IC50 = 3.3 μM, SKMEL-28: IC50 = 13.8 μM, A375: IC50 = 17.1 μM), significantly and dose-dependently induced apoptosis of SCC-12 and SK-MEL-28 cells, as evidenced by the suppression of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP protein expression levels. Both agents significantly reduced scratch wound healing, colony formation, and expression levels of deregulated cancer molecular targets including RSK/Akt/ERK1/2 and S6K1. In silico target prediction and docking studies using the SwissTargetPrediction web-based tool suggested that CDK8, CLK4, nuclear receptor ROR, tyrosine protein-kinase Fyn/LCK, ROCK1/2, and PARP, all of which are dysregulated in skin cancers, might be prospective targets for the two most active compounds. Further validation of these targets by western blot analyses, revealed that ROCK/Fyn and its associated Hedgehog (Hh) pathways were downregulated or modulated by the two lead compounds. In aggregate, these results provide a strong framework for further validation of the observed activities and the development of a more comprehensive structure-activity relationship through the preparation and biological evaluation of analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Boateng
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tithi Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mercy E Agbo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
| | - Md Ashiq Mahmud
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sergette Banang-Mbeumi
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Roxane-Cherille N Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rajesh K Yadav
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marion Bramwell
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Long K Pham
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Danny D Dang
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Keith E Jackson
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Science (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tatiana Efimova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana - Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Abstract
Silver, known and utilized since ancient times, is a coinage metal, which has been widely used for various organic transformations in the past few decades. Currently, the silver-catalyzed reaction is one of the frontier areas in organic chemistry, and the progress of research in this field is very rapid. Compared with other transition metals, silver has long been believed to have low catalytic efficiency, and most commonly, it is used as either a cocatalyst or a Lewis acid. Interestingly, the discovery of Ag-catalysis has been significantly improved in recent years. Especially, Ag(i) has been demonstrated as an important and versatile catalyst for a variety of organic transformations. However, so far, there has been no systematic review on Ag-catalyzed C-H/C-C bond functionalization. In this review, we will focus on the development of Ag-catalyzed C-H/C-C bond functionalization and the corresponding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Natural Gas Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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