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Ichimaru Y, Sano M, Kajiwara I, Tobe T, Yoshioka H, Hayashi K, Ijichi H, Miyairi S. Indirubin 3'-Oxime Inhibits Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis InVivo in Mice Bearing Spontaneously Occurring Pancreatic Cancer via Blocking the RAF/ERK, AKT, and SAPK/JNK Pathways. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1574-1582. [PMID: 31671317 PMCID: PMC6835019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with high invasive and metastatic potential. We generated a spontaneous PDAC mouse model and examined the therapeutic potential of indirubin 3'-oxime (Indox) against PDAC bearing mouse in vivo. METHODS Randomized 3-month-old LSL-KrasG12D/+;Trp53flox/+;Pdx-1-cre (KPCflox) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg Indox (n = 9) or a vehicle (n = 10) twice a week. At the end point, tumor status including proliferation, direct invasion, and distant metastasis was analyzed histopathologically. The inhibitory potentials of Indox for proliferation, migration/invasion, and the phosphorylation of target molecules were determined in KPCflox-derived PDAC cells in vitro. RESULTS Prolonged survival by Indox via intraperitoneal administration was observed in the KPCflox mice. Indox inhibited tumor proliferation accompanied with low levels of nuclear phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase (p-CDK) and cyclin B1 in vivo. Furthermore, Indox inhibited the migration/invasive activities of PDAC via down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in vitro and in vivo. Antibody array and immunoblotting analysis revealed that Indox inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple molecules, including key upstream proteins of MMP-9 in RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), AKT, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways. CONCLUSION Indox inhibited the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic potentials of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, Indox could a therapeutic candidate for treating spontaneously occurring PDAC via blocking the RAF/ERK, AKT and SAPK/JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Ichimaru
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan; College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sano
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Ichie Kajiwara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Takao Tobe
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan; Department of Clinical Nutrition Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Miyairi
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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Wang L, Li X, Liu X, Lu K, Chen NA, Li P, Lv X, Wang X. Enhancing effects of indirubin on the arsenic disulfide-induced apoptosis of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1940-1946. [PMID: 25789073 PMCID: PMC4356417 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the indirubin-enhanced effects of arsenic disulfide (As2S2) on the proliferation and apoptosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells in order to identify an optimum combination therapy. The human DLBCL cells, LY1 and LY8, were treated with different concentrations of indirubin for 24, 48 and 72 h. Next, the cells were treated with 10 μM As2S2 or a combination of 10 μM As2S2 and 20 μM indirubin for 48 h. Cell proliferation inhibition was detected using cell counting kit-8 and cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. The DLBCL cell viability exhibited no significant changes at 24, 48 or 72 h with increasing indirubin concentration. In addition, the apoptotic rates of the LY1 and LY8 cells demonstrated no noticeable effects at 48 h with increasing indirubin concentration. Following treatment with the combination of indirubin and As2S2, the inhibitory and apoptotic rates of the cells were notably increased compared with those of the As2S2-treated group. The qPCR results revealed that indirubin alone had no enhancing effect upon the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression ratio and caspase-3 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis revealed that indirubin alone had an enhancing effect upon the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and procaspase-3 protein expression. In addition, the results demonstrated that the 21-KDa Bax protein was proteolytically cleaved into an 18-KDa Bax in the DLBCL cells treated with the combination of indirubin and As2S2. Indirubin alone did not inhibit proliferation or induce the apoptosis of the LY1 and LY8 cells. However, the combination of indirubin and As2S2 yielded enhancing effects. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that with regard to antitumor activities, As2S2 served as the principal drug, whereas indirubin served as the adjuvant drug. The enhancing effect was due, in part, to the induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which involves the cleavage of Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Department of Hematology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xianglu Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - N A Chen
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Institute of Diagnostics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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