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Kim SA, Lee KH, Lee DH, Lee JK, Lim SC, Joo YE, Chung IJ, Noh MG, Yoon TM. Receptor tyrosine kinase, RON, promotes tumor progression by regulating EMT and the MAPK signaling pathway in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:513-526. [PMID: 31268163 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase, recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), is known to be associated with the progression, metastasis, and prognosis of various types of cancers. Nevertheless, the role of RON in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unclear. This study evaluated whether RON affects oncogenic behavior, oncogenic signaling pathways, and clinical outcomes, including survival, in human OSCC. Reverse transcription‑PCR, quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine mRNA and protein expression levels of RON. Cell invasion, migration and apoptosis assays were used to assess the functional effects of small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown of RON or snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SLUG). RON knockdown suppressed tumor cell invasion and migration and enhanced apoptosis in human OSCC cells. RON knockdown also decreased the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling proteins, such as ERK1/2, JNK and p38. In addition, RON knockdown suppressed the expression of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑related transcription factor, SLUG. SLUG knockdown blocked the enhancement of cell invasion and migration induced by macrophage‑stimulation protein (MSP)‑mediated RON activation in OSCC cells. The cell morphology was changed to spindle‑like shape under MSP‑mediated RON activation in OSCC cells. RON was overexpressed in both fresh and paraffin‑embedded human OSCC tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that RON contributed to tumor progression by regulating the EMT‑related factor, SLUG, and the MAPK pathway in OSCC. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the application of RON‑targeting agents, currently being studied in various cancer fields, for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kyoo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Giun Noh
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Mi Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Chonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
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Saraswat M, Mäkitie A, Agarwal R, Joenväärä S, Renkonen S. Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients can be differentiated from healthy individuals with label-free serum proteomics. Br J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28632724 PMCID: PMC5537490 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No blood biomarkers to detect early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) without clinical signs exist – diagnosis is solely based on histology of a visible tumour. Most OSCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, which leads to significant morbidity and poor survival. Our aim was to find the serum screening or detection biomarkers in OSCC. Methods: Serum samples from patients with OSCC treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital (Finland) were collected. Age- and gender-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Quantitative label-free proteomics in high definition MSE mode(HDMSE) was performed on 13 patients and 12 healthy samples. Various statistical analyses were performed on quantitative proteomics data to obtain the most influential proteins, which classify the patients vs healthy samples. Results: In quantitative proteomic analysis (HDMSE), 388 proteins were quantified in our pilot study. A complete separation between cases and controls was seen in supervised and unsupervised classification techniques such as orthogonal projections on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and self-organising maps. Using OPLS-DA S-plot, we identified a set of eight proteins that completely separated OSCC patients from healthy individuals. Conclusions: Although the tumour stages varied from I to IVa, these potential biomarkers were able to identify all OSCCs demonstrating their sensitivity to detect tumours of all stages. We are the first to suggest a set of serum biomarkers in our pilot study to be evaluated further as a diagnostic panel to detect preclinical OSCC in risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Saraswat
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Suvi Renkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 11382, Sweden
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Hu G, Wang R, Zhao Y, Zhang M. The survival rate and larynx preservation in elderly cancer patients who received surgical operation: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2016; 36:342-346. [PMID: 27871805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the efficiency of surgical operation for patients over 70 years with hypopharyngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of the medical records from 68 patients over 70 years-old with hypopharyngeal cancer who underwent different therapeutic regimen between 2000 and 2009 was conducted. 36 of 68 patients underwent larynx preservation. All patients were treated with surgical operation and adjuvant radiotherapy. A Kaplan-Meier method was employed to calculate the survival rate. RESULTS Overall 3 year-and 5 year-survival rates were 48.6% and 29.4% respectively. For patients who underwent larynx preservation, 5 year-survival rate was 30.5%, which was decreased compared to 3 year-survival rate (46.9%) However, 3 year- and 5 year-survival rates in patients without larynx preservation were 46.9% and 28.1% respectively, suggesting that no statistically significant difference of survival rates was found between patients with or without larynx preservation (P > 0.05). A majority of patients who receive larynx preservation exhibited normal breathing and eating abilities and could present an intelligible speech. 16 of 36 patients who preserved larynx and 14 of 32 patients who underwent laryngectomy showed postoperative complication. No significant difference was observed in these two treatments, indicating larynx preservation is not a factor for inducing complication. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that the quality of life for elderly patients with hypopharyngeal cancer can be improved by optimizing the therapeutic regimen based on the physical condition of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China; The Second People's Hospital of Hefei & Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Yehai Liu
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China.
| | - Guoqin Hu
- The Second People's Hospital of Hefei & Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Ruokun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei & Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China; Department of Anatomy, University of Otogo, New Zealand
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Strategies of targeting the extracellular domain of RON tyrosine kinase receptor for cancer therapy and drug delivery. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2429-2446. [PMID: 27503093 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer is one of the most important life-threatening diseases in the world. The current efforts to combat cancer are being focused on molecular-targeted therapies. The main purpose of such approaches is based on targeting cancer cell-specific molecules to minimize toxicity for the normal cells. RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase receptor is one of the promising targets in cancer-targeted therapy and drug delivery. METHODS In this review, we will summarize the available agents against extracellular domain of RON with potential antitumor activities. RESULTS The presented antibodies and antibody drug conjugates against RON in this review showed wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities promising the hope for them entering the clinical trials. CONCLUSION Due to critical role of extracellular domain of RON in receptor activation, the development of therapeutic agents against this region could lead to fruitful outcome in cancer therapy.
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Kim N, Cho SB, Park YL, Park SY, Myung E, Kim SH, Yu HM, Son YA, Myung DS, Lee WS, Joo YE. Effect of Recepteur d'Origine Nantais expression on chemosensitivity and tumor cell behavior in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3331-40. [PMID: 27035413 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON) expression is known to induce oncogenic properties including tumor cell growth, survival, motility, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. In the present study, we evaluated whether RON affects chemosensitivity and oncogenic behavior of colorectal cancer cells and investigated its prognostic value in colorectal cancer. To evaluate the impact of RON on chemosensitivity and tumor cell behavior, we treated colorectal cancer cells with small interfering RNAs specific to RON. This was followed by flow cytometric analyses and migration, Matrigel invasion and endothelial tube formation assays. The expression of RON was investigated by immunohistochemistry in colorectal cancer tissues. TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining for CD34 and D2-40 were deployed to determine apoptosis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RON knockdown enhanced 5-fluorouracil (FU)-induced apoptosis by upregulating the activities of caspases and expression of proapoptotic genes. Moreover, it enhanced 5-FU-induced cell cycle arrest by decreasing the expression of cyclins and cyclin‑dependent kinases and inducing that of p21. Furthermore, RON knockdown augmented the 5-FU-induced inhibition of invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells. The β-catenin signaling cascade was blocked by RON knockdown upon 5-FU treatment. RON knockdown also decreased endothelial tube formation and expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1α and increased angiostatin expression. Furthermore, it inhibited lymphatic endothelial cell tube formation and the expression of VEGF-C and COX-2. RON expression was observed to be associated with age, tumor size, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, tumor stage, lymph node and distant metastasis, and poor survival rate. The mean microvessel density value of RON-positive tumors was significantly higher than that of RON-negative ones. These results indicate that RON is associated with tumor progression by inhibiting chemosensitivity and enhancing angiogenesis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ae Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
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Yoon TM, Kim SA, Cho WS, Lee DH, Lee JK, Park YL, Lee KH, Lee JH, Kweon SS, Chung IJ, Lim SC, Joo YE. SOX4 expression is associated with treatment failure and chemoradioresistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:888. [PMID: 26555193 PMCID: PMC4641419 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, sex-determining region-Y (SRY) related high-mobility-group box 4 (SOX4) is linked to development and tumorigenesis. SOX4 is over-expressed in several cancers and has prognostic significance. This study evaluated whether SOX4 affects oncogenic behavior and chemoradiotherapy response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and documented the relationship between its expression and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods We used small interfering RNA in HNSCC cells to evaluate the effect of SOX4 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, chemoradiation-induced apoptosis, invasion, and migration. SOX4 expression in OSCC tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results SOX4 knockdown (KO) decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating caspases-3 and −7, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase and suppressing X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in HNSCC cells; it also enhanced radiation/cisplatin-induced apoptosis; and suppressed tumor cell invasion and migration. Immunostaining showed SOX4 protein was significantly increased in OSCC tissues compared with adjacent normal mucosa. SOX4 expression was observed in 51.8 % of 85 OSCC tissues, and was significantly correlated with treatment failure (P = 0.032) and shorter overall survival (P = 0.036) in patients with OSCC. Conclusions SOX4 may contribute to oncogenic phenotypes of HNSCC cells by promoting cell survival and causing chemoradioresistance. It could be a potential prognostic marker for OSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1875-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Mi Yoon
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Sun-Ae Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Wan Seok Cho
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Joon Kyoo Lee
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Departments of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Departments of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
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RON (recepteur d’origine nantais) expression and its association with tumor progression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2014; 41:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Since the discovery of MSP (macrophage-stimulating protein; also known as MST1 and hepatocyte growth factor-like (HGFL)) as the ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase RON (also known as MST1R) in the early 1990s, the roles of this signalling axis in cancer pathogenesis has been extensively studied in various model systems. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence has revealed that MSP-RON signalling is important for the invasive growth of different types of cancers. Currently, small-molecule inhibitors and antibodies blocking RON signalling are under investigation. Substantial responses have been achieved in human tumour xenograft models, laying the foundation for clinical validation. In this Review, we discuss recent advances that demonstrate the importance of MSP-RON signalling in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- Viral Oncogenesis Section in State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
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Ron tyrosine kinase receptor synergises with EGFR to confer adverse features in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:482-92. [PMID: 23799848 PMCID: PMC3721396 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although EGFR inhibitors have shown some success in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), the results are not dramatic. Additional molecular targets are urgently needed. We previously showed that the loss of Ron receptor activity significantly slowed squamous tumour growth and progression in a murine model. Based on these data, we hypothesised that Ron expression confers an aggressive phenotype in HNSCCs. Methods: We prospectively collected and evaluated 154 snap-frozen, primary HNSCCs for Ron and EGFR expression/phosphorylation. Biomarker correlation with clinical, pathological and outcome data was performed. The biological responses of HNSCC cell lines to Ron knockdown, its activation and the biochemical interaction between Ron and EGFR were examined. Results: We discovered that 64.3% (99 out of 154) HNSCCs expressed Ron. The carcinomas expressed exclusively mature functional Ron, whereas the adjacent nonmalignant epithelium expressed predominantly nonfunctional Ron precursor. There was no significant association between Ron and sex, tumour differentiation, perineural/vascular invasion or staging. However, patients with Ron+HNSCC were significantly older and more likely to have oropharyngeal tumours. Ron+HNSCC also had significantly higher EGFR expression and correlated strongly with phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR). Newly diagnosed HNSCC with either Ron/pEGFR or both had lower disease-free survival than those without Ron and pEGFR. Knocking down Ron in SCC9 cells significantly blunted their migratory response to not only the Ron ligand, MSP, but also EGF. Stimulation of Ron in SCC9 cells significantly augmented the growth effect of EGF; the synergistic effect of both growth factors in SCC9 cells was dependent on Ron expression. Activated Ron also interacted with and transactivated EGFR. Conclusion: Ron synergises with EGFR to confer certain adverse features in HNSCCs.
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