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Alessandrini L, Astolfi L, Daloiso A, Sbaraglia M, Mondello T, Zanoletti E, Franz L, Marioni G. Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Role for Angiogenesis Markers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10733. [PMID: 37445908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite refinements to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches over the last two decades, the outcome of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not shown substantial improvements, especially regarding those with advanced-stage disease. Angiogenesis is believed to be a turning point in the development of solid tumors, being a premise for mass growth and potential distant dissemination. Cancer-induced angiogenesis is a result of increased expression of angiogenic factors, decreased expression of anti-angiogenic factors, or a combination of both. The assessment of angiogenesis has also emerged as a potentially useful biological prognostic and predictive factor in HNSCC. The aim of this review is to assess the level of current knowledge on the neo-angiogenesis markers involved in the biology, behavior, and prognosis of HNSCC. A search (between 1 January 2012 and 10 October 2022) was run in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases. After full-text screening and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 84 articles are included. The current knowledge and debate on angiogenesis in HNSCC presented in the eligible articles are stratified as follows: (i) diagnostic markers; (ii) prognostic markers; (iii) predictive markers; and (iv) markers with a potential therapeutic role. Angiogenesis is a biological and pathological indicator of malignancies progression and has negative implications in prognosis of some solid tumors; several signals capable of tripping the "angiogenic switch" have also been identified in HNSCC. Although several studies suggested that antiangiogenic agents might be a valuable adjunct to conventional chemo-radiation of HNSCC, their long-term therapeutic value remains uncertain. Further investigations are required on combinations of antiangiogenic agents with conventional chemotherapeutic ones, immunotherapeutic and molecularly targeted agents in HNSCC. Additional data are necessary to pinpoint which patients could benefit most from these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Alessandrini
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Astolfi
- Bioacustic Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Daloiso
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mondello
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zanoletti
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Franz
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Innovation in Clinical Research and Methodology (PhD Program), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gino Marioni
- Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
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Hu C, Huang Q, Sun Q. The Regulation of Lymph Node Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852611. [PMID: 35574333 PMCID: PMC9094482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many distinct forms of malignancies, there is a close relationship between lymph node (LN) metastases and further dissemination to distant organs, and this is a critical prognostic factor. At the beginning of the process, the original tumor secretes soluble substances or releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are carried through lymphatic channels to draining (sentinel) LN. The tumor-derived factors then drive LN remodeling. These significant alterations occur prior to the emergence of the first metastatic cell, bringing about the development of a pre-metastatic niche that allows metastatic cells to survive and thrive. In this review, we discuss current information available about the regulation of lymph node pre-metastatic niche in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the role of EVs in forming the pre-metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Montemagno C, Luciano F, Pagès G. Opposing Roles of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in Metastatic Dissemination and Resistance to Radio/Chemotherapy: Discussion of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2475:1-23. [PMID: 35451746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2217-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers can be cured by combining surgery with healthy margins, radiation therapy and chemotherapies. However, when the pathology becomes metastatic, cancers can be incurable. The best situation involves "chronicization" of the pathology even for several years. However, most of the time, patients die within a few months. To disseminate throughout the body, cancer cells must enter the vascular network and seed in another organ. However, during the initiation of cancer processes, the tumor is avascular. Later, the production of angiogenic factors causes tumor neovascularization and subsequent growth and spread, and the presence of blood and/or lymphatic vessels is associated with high grade tumors. Moreover, during tumor development, cancer cells enter lymphatic vessels and disseminate via the lymphatic network. Hence, blood and lymphatic vessels are considered as main routes of metastatic dissemination and cancer aggressiveness. Therefore, anti-angiogenic drugs entered in the therapeutic arsenal from 2004. Despite undeniable effects however, they are far from curative and only prolong survival by a few months.Recently, the concepts of angio/lymphangiogenesis were revisited by analyzing the role of blood and lymphatic vessels at the initiation steps of tumor development. During this period, cancer cells enter lymphatic vessels and activate immune cells within lymph nodes to initiate an antitumor immune response. Moreover, the presence of blood vessels at the proximity of the initial nodule allows immune cells to reach the tumor and eliminate cancer cells. Therefore, blood and lymphatic networks have a beneficial role during a defined time window. Considering only their detrimental effects is a concern. Hence, administration of anti-angio/lymphangiogenic therapies should be revisited to avoid the destruction of networks involved in antitumor immune response. This review mainly focuses on one of the main drivers of lymphangiogenesis, the VEGFC and its beneficial and pejorative roles according to the grade of aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Montemagno
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Nice, France
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Frédéric Luciano
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U1081, Nice, France.
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France.
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Faustino SES, Tjioe KC, Assao A, Pereira MC, Carvalho AL, Kowalski LP, Oliveira DT. Association of lymph vessel density with occult lymph node metastasis and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:114. [PMID: 33706734 PMCID: PMC7948342 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to determine intra (ILVD) and peritumoral (PLVD) lymphatic vessel density (LVD), and to investigate the relationship of LVD with occult metastasis and prognosis. Methods Eighty-seven oral squamous cell carcinomas, in clinical stages I or II, arising in the tongue or floor of the mouth were stained with podoplanin. Lymphatic vessels were quantified in intra and peritumoral areas by sequential analysis and hot spot evaluation. Associations of the ILVD and PLVD with clinicopathologic parameters were determined by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. The 5 and 10-year survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier and compared using the log-rank test. Results No significant association was observed between ILVD or PLDV and clinicopathologic variables including occult lymph node metastasis, or clinical follow-up. However, ILVD showed a significant association with regional recurrence (p = 0.040). The perineural invasion was associated with PLVD (p = 0.041). Disease-specific (p = 0.044) and disease-free survivals (p = 0.016) had significant association with PLVD. Conclusions The intra or peritumoral lymphatic vessel density had no predictive value for occult lymph node metastasis in the early stages of oral cancer arising in the tongue or floor of mouth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01459-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E S Faustino
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Kellen C Tjioe
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.,Oral Oncology Center, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aracatuba, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Agnes Assao
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Michele C Pereira
- Federal University of São João Del Rei - Midwest Campus Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L Carvalho
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise T Oliveira
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.
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Sharafeldin M, Chen T, Ozkaya GU, Choudhary D, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS, Rusling JF. Detecting cancer metastasis and accompanying protein biomarkers at single cell levels using a 3D-printed microfluidic immunoarray. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112681. [PMID: 33096435 PMCID: PMC7666000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost microfluidic microarray capable of lysing cells and quantifying proteins released after lysis was designed and 3D-printed. The array lyses cells on-chip in lysis buffer augmented with a 2s pulse of a sonic cell disruptor. Detection of desmoglein 3 (DSG3), a metastatic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), along with two accompanying HNSCC biomarkers from a single cell lysate of oral cancer cell cultures was demonstrated. A lysis chamber and reagent compartments deliver sample and reagents into detection chambers decorated with capture antibodies immobilized onto inner walls coated with a highly swollen 3D chitosan hydrogel film. Sandwich immunoassays are achieved when captured analytes labeled with biotinylated secondary antibodies, which then capture streptavidin-poly [horse radish peroxidase] (Poly-HRP). Subsequent delivery of super-bright femto-luminol with H2O2 generates chemiluminescence captured with a CCD camera. DSG3 is membrane-bound protein in HNSCC cells of invaded lymph nodes, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) were positive controls overexpressed into the HNSCC culture medium. Beta-tubulin (β-Tub) was used as a loading control to estimate the number of cells in analyzed samples. Limits of detection (LOD) were 0.10 fg/mL for DSG3, and 0.20 fg/mL for VEGF-A, VEGF-C and β-Tub. Three orders of magnitude semilogarithmic dynamic ranges were achieved. VEGF-A showed high in-cell expression, but VEGF-C had low levels inside cells. The very low LODs enabled quantifying these proteins released from single cells. Strong correlation between results from on-chip cell lysis, conventional off-line lysis and ELISA confirmed accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Gulsum Ucak Ozkaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, 34210, Turkey
| | | | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Department of Pathology and Moores Cancer Center, Univ. of Calif. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0012, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, Univ. Calif. San Diego, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0012, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Department of Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA; Institute of Material Science, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Ireland; Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
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Li Y, Zheng JN, Wang EH, Gong CJ, Lan KF, Ding X. The m6A reader protein YTHDC2 is a potential biomarker and associated with immune infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10385. [PMID: 33304653 PMCID: PMC7700739 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence has shown that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation regulators have important biological functions in human cancers. However, there are few studies on the value of m6A reader protein YTHDC2 in the diagnosis and tumor-infiltrating of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Therefore, it is important to understand the potential clinical value of YTHDC2 in the prognosis and immune infiltration of HNSCC. Methods In this study, gene expression profiles and the corresponding clinical information of 270 HNSCC patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The gene co-expression network was established to verify whether YTHDC2 was related to the prognosis of HNSCC and verified again in the public database. The correlations between YTHDC2 and immune infiltration was investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Results The results showed that YTHDC2 appeared in the blue module related to survival time and survival state and had a close correlation with the prognosis and immune infiltration level of HNSCC in public database. Patients with low expression of YTHDC2 had poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those with high expression. In addition, the expression of YTHDC2 was positively correlated with the level of CD4+ T cell subpopulations infiltration in HNSCC. Conclusions Through this study, we found that YTHDC2 is a tumor suppressor gene with high expression in normal tissues and low expression in tumor tissues. In addition, YTHDC2 is correlated with the immune infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in HNSCC, which may become a potential marker for prognosis and immune infiltration of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Na Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - En-Hao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chan-Juan Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keng-Fu Lan
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoJun Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Evans M, Baddour HM, Magliocca KR, Müller S, Nannapaneni S, Chen AY, Kim S, Chen Z, Shin DM, Wang AY, Saba NF, Chen ZG. Prognostic implications of peritumoral vasculature in head and neck cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 8:147-154. [PMID: 30575303 PMCID: PMC6346230 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence regarding the role of peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and blood microvessel density (MVD) in the metastasis and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Existing studies are limited to one or two head and neck subsites and/or small sample sizes. A larger study incorporating multiple sub-sites is needed to address the role of peritumoral LVD and MVD in HNSCC metastasis and prognosis. METHODS Tissue samples from 200 HNSCC cases were stained simultaneously using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for markers of peritumoral LVD (lymphatic vessel marker D240) and MVD (blood vessel marker CD31). Of the stained slides, 166 and 167 were evaluable for LVD and MVD, respectively. The results were then correlated with clinicopathologic features and patient outcomes. RESULTS Patients with metastatic disease were more likely to have high peritumoral MVD. Through multivariable analyses, MVD was not significantly related to DFS and OS, while low LVD was related to higher risk of disease progression and poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Peritumoral MVD was found to be positively associated with metastasis, while LVD was found to be inversely related to both metastasis and progression of HNSCC. These findings may suggest a prognostic role of both peritumoral LVD and MVD in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Evans
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Harry Michael Baddour
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Müller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy Y Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sunjin Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Immunoexpression of VEGFR-3, but not the immunoexpression of VEGF-C or lymphatic density, is correlated with metastasis in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Mermod M, Bongiovanni M, Petrova TV, Dubikovskaya EA, Simon C, Tolstonog G, Monnier Y. Prediction of occult lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the oropharynx using peritumoral Prospero homeobox protein 1 lymphatic nuclear quantification. Head Neck 2016; 38:1407-15. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mermod
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Tumor Laboratory; CHUV and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Massimo Bongiovanni
- Institute of Pathology; CHUV and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V. Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology; CHUV and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Elena A. Dubikovskaya
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Imaging (LBCMI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC); École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christian Simon
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Tumor Laboratory; CHUV and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Genrich Tolstonog
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Tumor Laboratory; CHUV and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yan Monnier
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Tumor Laboratory; CHUV and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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