Primary granulocytic sarcoma of larynx

Primary Laryngeal Granulocytic Sarcoma: A Case Report

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is a malignancy of the bone marrow precursor cells, often associated with acute or chronic myeloid leukemia, forming isolated masses with extramedullary spread. It rarely shows laryngeal involvement. In this case report, a case of GS accompanying acute myeloid leukemia involving larynx with mass of neck and mediastinum as two separate masses was presented.

Myeloid Sarcoma That Infiltrated a Preexisting Sebaceous Lymphadenoma in the Parotid Gland: Diagnostic Challenges and Literature Review

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rarely encountered extramedullary localized tumor that is composed of immature myeloid cells. We reported an extremely rare case of MS with concurrent bone marrow (BM) involvement that invaded into a preexisting sebaceous lymphadenoma in the parotid gland and neck lymph nodes. Prompted by this case, we also present a literature review of MS invasion into salivary glands. A 62-year-old man was initially diagnosed with carcinoma that arose in a sebaceous lymphadenoma in the parotid gland, through a total parotidectomy with neck dissection. After an extensive histopathological review that included immunohistochemistry, a pathologic diagnosis of MS with infiltration into the sebaceous lymphadenoma with concurrent BM involvement was confirmed. MS is difficult to diagnose accurately; herein, we analyzed the clinical presentations and effectiveness of the various diagnostic methods with a review of the literature. There are 17 cases, including our case, reported in 13 studies. Of the cases in which the salivary glands were affected, 10 involved the parotid gland, six involved the submandibular gland, and one involved both. Isolated invasion of the salivary gland was found in one case of parotid gland invasion and three cases of submandibular gland invasion. In 13 cases, the salivary glands were affected by various other lesions. Although there were no incidences of isolated MS, six patients were diagnosed with secondary MS and eight patients with MS with BM involvement, including this case. The diagnosis of MS is difficult given its rarity, and a high index of suspicion and integrated radiologic and careful histopathologic evaluation are required. Most cases of MS infiltrating the salivary gland might be indicated by the possibility of BM involvement. MS with BM involvement predicts poor prognosis and the need for intensive systemic treatment.

Mixed Phenotypic Acute Leukemia (mixed myeloid/B-cell) with Myeloid Sarcoma of the Thyroid Gland: A Rare Entity with Rarer Asssociation - Detected on FDG PET/CT

Mixed phenotypic acute leukemia (MPAL) is a rare clinical entity. MPAL associated with myeloidsarcoma (MS) is still rarer with only three cases mentioned in English literature. MS has been described in myriads of location, most commonly in skin, gums and lymph nodes. Although theoritically possible, it is very rare to find MS involving the thyroid gland. The diagnosis of MS can be elusive, very often masquerades and mislabeled as lymphoma. A high index of clinical suspicion coupled with PET/CT findings along with morphological clues and thorough peripheral blood, and bone marrow evaluation is mandatory for arriving at the definitive diagnosis. We report the case of a 58-year-old female presenting with thyroid swelling that was subsequently diagnosed to be MS of the thyroid with underlying MPAL (mixed myeloid/B-cell) only after ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, which revealed an unusual abnormal pattern of multifocal intense FDG uptake in the thyroid gland.

Myeloid sarcoma: An unusual and rare laryngeal presentation

INTRODUCTION

Myeloid Sarcoma (MS) or Granulocytic Sarcoma is an uncommon laryngeal malignancy. It may arise from myelodysplastic syndromes, malignancy or de novo. Presentation in the larynx is rare and some may present with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) whereby the later may be asymptomatic.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 44-year-old South East Asian lady presented with a six months history of hoarseness, shortness of breath, reduced exercise tolerance, weight loss and laryngeal irritation. Symptoms progressed to coughing with liquids two months prior. On examination, she had a resting biphasic stridor and laryngoscopy revealed right immobile vocal cord with a firm right ventricle mass extending into the right paraglottic space. She was pale and haematology investigations revealed microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the neck and thorax showed thickening of the right false cord, true cord and aryepiglottic fold. A biopsy taken during endolaryngeal microsurgery (ELMS) confirmed myeloid sarcoma of the right ventricle and para glottic mass. Further investigation revealed a background of AML and she then underwent chemotherapy.

DISCUSSION

MS is a rarity with only nine reported cases between the years of 1954 until 2015. Immunohistochemistry and immunophenotyping are definite for diagnosis confirmation as MS cells often exhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO), lymphocyte common antigen (LCA) and CD117 markers. MS is treated with are chemotherapy (either systemic or intrathecal), radiotherapy, surgical excision or in combination. Systemic chemotherapy has better efficacy and prognosis as compared to localised treatment of radiotherapy or surgical excision. However, there has yet to be a definitive chemotherapy protocol. Prognosis is poor with a 5-year survival rate of 48%.

CONCLUSION

Although laryngeal MS is a rare phenomenon, early recognition is key and patients should always be investigated for an underlying myeloproliferative or dysplastic disease.