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Tumor-stroma ratio can predict lymph-node metastasis in cT1/2N0 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma independent of tumor budding grade. Int J Clin Oncol 2022; 27:1818-1827. [PMID: 36197545 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-022-02249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND cT1/2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) often metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes. However, predicting neck lymph-node metastasis (NLM) remains challenging. Pathomorphological evaluation of tumor budding grade (TBG) and tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) reportedly can predict lymph-node metastases. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate TBG and TSR in OTSCC and investigate their relationship to occult NLM and cancer relapse. METHODS Clinicopathological data of patients with cT1/2N0 OTSCC treated at the University of Tokyo Hospital between 2007 and 2017 were collected. TBG and TSR were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining. RESULTS Out of 70 patients, 16 underwent elective neck dissection in addition to primary-tumor resection, whereas 54 did not. During follow-up, NLM was found in 35 patients. NLM correlated with the pathological depth of invasion (pDOI) (p < 0.001), TBG (p = 0.008), and TSR (p < 0.001) in univariate analysis and pDOI (p = 0.01) and TSR (p = 0.02) in multivariate analysis. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate (RFS) was 78% for patients with a pDOI ≤ 5 mm and stroma-poor tumors and 33% for patients with a pDOI > 5 mm and stroma-rich tumors. CONCLUSION Patients with a pDOI > 5 mm and stroma-rich tumors have a high risk for cancer relapse. TSR and pDOI may be promising NLM predictors in cT1/2N0 OTSCC.
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Zhang Y, Sun X. Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Therapeutic Prospect. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10207-10220. [PMID: 33116602 PMCID: PMC7553669 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s270342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are one of the most prevalent cancers globally. Among them, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for approximately 90% of head and neck cancers, which occurs in the oral cavity, oral pharynx, hypopharynx and larynx. The 5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients is only 63%, mainly because about 80–90% of patients with advanced HNSCC tend to suffer from local recurrence or even distant metastasis. Despite the more in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of HNSCC in recent years, effective targeted therapies are unavailable for HNSCC, which emphasize the urgent demand for studies in this area. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase that contributes to oncogenesis and tumor progression by its significant function in cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, invasion and migration. In addition, FAK exerts an effect on the tumor microenvironment, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, radiation (chemotherapy) resistance, tumor stem cells and regulation of inflammatory factors. Moreover, the overexpression and activation of FAK are detected in multiple types of tumors, including HNSCC. FAK inhibition can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, significantly decrease cell growth, invasion and migration in HNSCC cell lines. In this article, we mainly review the research progress of FAK in the occurrence, development and metastasis of HNSCC, and put forward the prospects for the therapeutic targets of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Shen T, Guo Q. EGFR signaling pathway occupies an important position in cancer-related downstream signaling pathways of Pyk2. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2-13. [PMID: 31368612 PMCID: PMC6973235 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non-receptor tyrosine kinase family and has been found to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Pyk2 takes part in different carcinogenic signaling pathways to promote cancer progression, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. EGFR signaling pathway is a traditional carcinogenic signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. FAK inhibitors have been reported to fail to get the ideal anti-cancer outcomes because of activation of EGFR signaling pathway. Better understanding of Pyk2 downstream targets and interconnectivity between Pyk2 and carcinogenic EGFR signaling pathway will help finding more effective targets for clinical anti-cancer combination therapies. Thus, the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway, which regulates tumor development and metastasis, needs to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized the downstream targets of Pyk2 in cancers, focused on the connection between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway in different cancer types, and provided a new overview of the roles of Pyk2 in EGFR signaling pathway and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
| | - Qiang Guo
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
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Aboubakar Nana F, Vanderputten M, Ocak S. Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1683. [PMID: 31671774 PMCID: PMC6895835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 15% of all lung cancers and it is clinically the most aggressive type, being characterized by a tendency for early metastasis, with two-thirds of the patients diagnosed with an extensive stage (ES) disease and a five-year overall survival (OS) as low as 5%. There are still no effective targeted therapies in SCLC despite improved understanding of the molecular steps leading to SCLC development and progression these last years. After four decades, the only modest improvement in OS of patients suffering from ES-SCLC has recently been shown in a trial combining atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, with carboplatin and etoposide, chemotherapy agents. This highlights the need to pursue research efforts in this field. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several cancers, including SCLC, and contributing to cancer progression and metastasis through its important role in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, spreading, migration, and invasion. FAK also plays a role in tumor immune evasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, radioresistance, and regulation of cancer stem cells. FAK is of particular interest in SCLC, being known for its aggressiveness. The inhibition of FAK in SCLC cell lines demonstrated significative decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on the role of FAK in cancer cells and their microenvironment, and its potential as a therapeutic target in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Aboubakar Nana
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCL, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie Vanderputten
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sebahat Ocak
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCL, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.
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Aboubakar Nana F, Hoton D, Ambroise J, Lecocq M, Vanderputten M, Sibille Y, Vanaudenaerde B, Pilette C, Bouzin C, Ocak S. Increased Expression and Activation of FAK in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Compared to Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101526. [PMID: 31658694 PMCID: PMC6827365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression. FAK is overexpressed and/or activated and associated with poor prognosis in various malignancies. However, in lung cancer, activated FAK expression and its prognostic value are unknown. METHODS FAK and activated FAK (phospho-FAK Y397) expressions were analyzed by multiplex immunofluorescence staining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 95 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 105 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients, and 37 healthy donors. The FAK staining score was defined as the percentage (%) of FAK-stained tumor area multiplied by (×) FAK mean intensity and phospho-FAK staining score as the (% of phospho-FAK-stained area of low intensity × 1) + (% of phospho-FAK-stained area of medium intensity × 2) + (% of the phospho-FAK-stained area of high intensity × 3). FAK and phospho-FAK staining scores were compared between normal, NSCLC, and SCLC tissues. They were also tested for correlations with patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. RESULTS The median follow-up time after the first treatment was 42.5 months and 6.4 months for NSCLC and SCLC patients, respectively. FAK and phospho-FAK staining scores were significantly higher in lung cancer than in normal lung and significantly higher in SCLC compared to NSCLC tissues (p < 0.01). Moreover, the ratio between phospho-FAK and FAK staining scores was significantly higher in SCLC than in NSCLC tissues (p < 0.01). However, FAK and activated FAK expression in lung cancer did not correlate with recurrence-free and overall survival in NSCLC and SCLC patients. CONCLUSIONS Total FAK and activated FAK expressions are significantly higher in lung cancer than in normal lung, and significantly higher in SCLC compared to NSCLC, but are not prognostic biomarkers in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Aboubakar Nana
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology (PNEU), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Delphine Hoton
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, IREC, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marylène Lecocq
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology (PNEU), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie Vanderputten
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology (PNEU), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yves Sibille
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology (PNEU), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCLouvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Lung Transplant Unit, Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology (PNEU), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Sebahat Ocak
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology (PNEU), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCLouvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.
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Kratimenos P, Koutroulis I, Syriopoulou V, Michailidi C, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Klijanienko J, Theocharis S. FAK-Src-paxillin system expression and disease outcome in human neuroblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 34:221-230. [PMID: 29040002 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1360969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) often presents with metastatic disease and poor survival. The need for new prognostic markers remains invaluable. The FAK-Src-Paxillin protein system is associated with aggressive phenotype in adult malignancies but is largely unexplored in pediatric NB. OBJECTIVE To assess FAK-Src-Paxillin protein expression in human NB cell lines and clinical cytology material and to delineate its association with survival. DESIGN/METHODS Western blot and immunohistochemistry were applied for FAK-Src-Paxillin expression in NB cell lines and 23 human cytology specimens, respectively. Protein expression in human clinical samples was correlated with clinicopathological parameters, MYCN amplification and survival. RESULTS FAK, Src and Paxillin proteins are expressed in human NB cells lines, and can be detected in clinical cytology specimens from NB patients, (59%, 32% and 33% respectively). Simultaneous FAK-Src-Paxillin expression was noted in 30% of NB patients. Children with concomitant positivity FAK, Src, and Paxillin tumors, as well as MYCN amplification, had increased mortality compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS FAK-Src-Paxillin system is a marker of unfavorable prognosis for human NB patients but also a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kratimenos
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA.,b First Department of Pathology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- c Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Vasiliki Syriopoulou
- f National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Athens, Department of Pediatrics , Athens , Greece
| | - Christina Michailidi
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA
| | | | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC , USA.,d Department of Pathology , Institut Curie , Paris , France
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Prognostic Value of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in Human Solid Carcinomas: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162666. [PMID: 27637100 PMCID: PMC5026375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the number of reports on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a vital therapeutic target in solid carcinomas has increased; however, the prognostic role of FAK status remains poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic effect of FAK by means of a meta-analysis. Methods We performed a systematic literature search in order to examine the correlation between expression of FAK and overall survival(OS). The hazard ratio (HR) of OS was used to measure survival. A random-effects model was used to pool study statistics. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were also conducted. Results Thirty eligible studies involving 4702 patients were included. The median expression rate of FAK was 54%. Meta-analysis of the HRs demonstrated that high FAK expression was associated with worse OS (average HR = 2.073, 95%confidence interval[CI]:1.712–2.510, p = 0.000). Regarding cancer type, FAK was associated with worse OS in gastric cancer (HR = 2.646,95% CI:1.743–4.017, p = 0.000), hepatocellular carcinoma (HR = 1.788,95% CI:1.228–2.602, p = 0.002), ovarian cancer (HR = 1.815, 95% CI: 1.193–2.762, p = 0.005), endometrial cancer (HR = 4.149, 95% CI:2.832–6.079, p = 0.000), gliomas (HR = 2.650, 95% CI: 1.205–5.829, p = 0.015), and squamous cell carcinoma (HR = 1,696, 95% CI: 1.030–2.793, p = 0.038). No association was found between HR and disease staging according to our meta-regression analysis. Conclusions Our study shows that high expression of FAK is associated with a worse OS in patients with carcinomas, but the association between FAK and prognosis varies according to cancer type. The value of FAK status in clinical prognosis in cancer needs further research.
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