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1
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Xie L, He L, Zhang W, Wang H. Functional analysis of ESM1 by shRNA-mediated knockdown of its expression in papillary thyroid cancer cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298631. [PMID: 38626010 PMCID: PMC11020426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial specific molecule-1 (ESM1) is implicated as an oncogene in multiple human cancers. However, the function of ESM1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is not well understood. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ESM1 on the growth, migration, and invasion of PTC to provide a novel perspective for PTC treatment. METHODS The expression levels of ESM1 in PTC tissues form 53 tumor tissue samples and 59 matching adjacent normal tissue samples were detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Knockdown of ESM1 expression in TPC-1 and SW579 cell lines was established to investigate its role in PTC. Moreover, cell proliferation, apoptosis, wound healing, and transwell assays were conducted in vitro to assess cell proliferation, migration and invasion. RESULTS The findings revealed that ESM1 expression was significantly higher in PTC tissues than that found in paraneoplastic tissues (P<0.0001). Knockdown of ESM1 expression inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TPC-1 and SW579 cells in vitro. Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein levels of ESM1 in PTC cells were significantly reduced following knockdown of its expression (P<0.01). In addition, ESM1-knockdown cells indicated decreased proliferation and decreased migratory and invasive activities (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ESM1 was identified as a major gene in the occurrence and progression of PTC, which could increase the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PTC cells. It may be a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Limeng He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
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2
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Rood K, Yamauchi CR, Sharma U, Laxa RT, Robins C, Lanza G, Sánchez-Ruiz K, Khan A, Kim HS, Shields A, Kennedy K, Mirshahidi S, Perez MC, Firek A, Munir I, Simental AA, Khan S. Regulatory and Interacting Partners of PDLIM7 in Thyroid Cancer. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:10450-10462. [PMID: 38132395 PMCID: PMC10742985 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enigma protein, encoded by the PDLIM7 gene, is overexpressed in thyroid cancer in a stage-dependent manner, suggesting a potential involvement in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. The Enigma interacts with several cellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MDM2, and BMP-1. The Enigma is regulated by microRNAs. Specifically, we showed that the Enigma protein upregulation corresponds to the downregulation of Let-7 family genes. There is limited research on the interactions and regulation of the Enigma with other proteins/genes in thyroid cancer tissues, indicating a gap in current knowledge. Our aim is to establish the Enigma as a biomarker. We also aim to study the interacting partners of the Enigma signaling pathways and their probable miRNA regulation in thyroid cancer progression. Using Western blotting, densitometric analysis, immunoprecipitation (IP), and reverse IP, we detected the protein expression and protein-protein interactions in the corresponding papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Utilizing real-time qPCR assay and Pearson's correlation test, we highlighted the correlation between PDLIM7 and Let-7g gene expression in the same tissues. The results showed the differential upregulations of the Enigma protein in different stages of PTCs compared to benign tissues along with AKT, VDR, BMP-1, and MDM2 proteins. Loss of DBP was observed in a subset of PTCs. Strong interactions of the Enigma with PI3K/AKT and MDM2 were noted, along with a weaker BMP-1 interaction. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis between PDLIM7 and let-7g gene expression was significant (p < 0.05); however, there was a weak inverse correlation (r = -0.27). The study suggests the potential utility of the PDLIM7-qPCR assay as a biomarker for thyroid cancer. The Enigma's interactions with key signaling pathways may provide valuable insights into the development of thyroid cancer. The study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms involving the Enigma protein in thyroid cancer and highlights its potential as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiana Rood
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Celina Romi Yamauchi
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Umang Sharma
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Ria T. Laxa
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Collin Robins
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Gerardo Lanza
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kidianys Sánchez-Ruiz
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Aminah Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hae Soo Kim
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Andrea Shields
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Kari Kennedy
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
| | | | - Mia C. Perez
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Anthony Firek
- Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (CECORC), Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Ave, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA;
- Department of Endocrinology, Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Ave, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA;
| | - Iqbal Munir
- Department of Endocrinology, Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Ave, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA;
| | - Alfred A. Simental
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Salma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Rood K, Begum K, Wang H, Wangworawat YC, Davis R, Yamauchi CR, Perez MC, Simental AA, Laxa RT, Wang C, Roy S, Khan S. Differential Expression of Non-Coding RNA Signatures in Thyroid Cancer between Two Ethnic Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3610-3628. [PMID: 34590612 PMCID: PMC8482137 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Filipino Americans show higher thyroid cancer recurrence rates compared to European Americans. Although they are likely to die of this malignancy, the molecular mechanism has not yet been determined. Recent studies demonstrated that small non-coding RNAs could be utilized to assess thyroid cancer prognosis in tumor models. The goal of this study is to determine whether microRNA (miRNA) signatures are differentially expressed in thyroid cancer in two different ethnic groups. We also determined whether these miRNA signatures are related to cancer staging. This is a retrospective study of archival samples from patients with thyroid cancer (both sexes) in the pathology division from the last ten years at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California. Deidentified patient demographics were extracted from the patient chart. Discarded formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were collected post-surgeries. We determined the differential expressions of microRNA in archival samples from Filipino Americans compared to European Americans using the state-of-the-art technique, HiSeq4000. By ingenuity pathway analysis, we determined miRNA targets and the pathways that those targets are involved in. We validated their expressions by real-time quantitative PCR and correlated them with the clinicopathological status in a larger cohort of miRNA samples from both ethnicities. We identified the differentially upregulated/downregulated miRNA clusters in Filipino Americans compared to European Americans. Some of these miRNA clusters are known to target genes that are linked to cancer invasion and metastasis. In univariate analysis, ethnicity and tumor staging were significant factors predicting miR-4633-5p upregulation. When including these factors in a multivariate logistic regression model, ethnicity and tumor staging remained significant independent predictors of miRNA upregulation, whereas the interaction of ethnicity and tumor staging was not significant. In contrast, ethnicity remained an independent predictor of significantly downregulated miR-491-5p and let-7 family. We provide evidence that Filipino Americans showed differentially expressed tumor-tissue-derived microRNA clusters. The functional implications of these miRNAs are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiana Rood
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (H.W.); (R.D.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Khodeza Begum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Hanmin Wang
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (H.W.); (R.D.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.)
| | - Yan C. Wangworawat
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (Y.C.W.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Ryan Davis
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (H.W.); (R.D.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Celina R. Yamauchi
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (H.W.); (R.D.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Mia C. Perez
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (Y.C.W.); (M.C.P.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Alfred A. Simental
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Ria T. Laxa
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (H.W.); (R.D.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Salma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (H.W.); (R.D.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.K.)
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5
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Mull B, Davis R, Munir I, Perez MC, Simental AA, Khan S. Differential expression of Vitamin D binding protein in thyroid cancer health disparities. Oncotarget 2021; 12:596-607. [PMID: 33868582 PMCID: PMC8021030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence, recurrence, and death rates are higher among Filipino Americans than European Americans. We propose that vitamin D binding protein (DBP) with multifunctionality with ethnic variability plays a key role within different ethnicities. In this study, we determined the correlation between differential DBP expression in tumor tissues and cancer staging in Filipino Americans versus European Americans. We assayed DBP expression by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the data with confocal microscopy on 200 thyroid cancer archival tissue samples obtained from both ethnicities. DBP-stable knockdown/gain-in-function assays were done by using DBP-shRNA/DBP-cDNA-expression in vitro. The majority of Filipino Americans presented with advanced tumor staging. In contrast, European Americans showed early staging and very few advanced tumors. A significantly low to no DBP staining was detected and correlated to the advanced staging in Filipino Americans. On the contrary, in the tumor tissues derived from European Americans, moderate to strong DBP staining was detected and correlated to early staging. When downregulation of the DBP gene in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines was observed, tumor proliferation and migration were enhanced. On the other hand, the upregulation of the DBP gene decreased cell proliferation and migration in PTC cells. In conclusion, we determined a differential expression of an essential biological molecule (DBP) is linked to cancer staging in thyroid cancer health disparities in two ethnicities. Loss-of-DBP/gain-in-DBP-function influenced tumor progression. A future study is underway to determine the DBP regulation and its downstream pathways to elucidate strategies to eliminate the observed thyroid cancer health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Davis
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Iqbal Munir
- Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA
| | - Mia C Perez
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Alfred A Simental
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Salma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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