1
|
An J, Shim JH, Kim SO, Lee D, Kim KM, Lim YS, Lee HC, Chung YH, Lee YS. Prevalence and prediction of coronary artery disease in patients with liver cirrhosis: a registry-based matched case-control study. Circulation 2014; 130:1353-62. [PMID: 25095888 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.009278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflict regarding the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of silent CAD in comparison with the general population, and to identify the relevant risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS AND RESULTS This retrospective study included 1045 prospectively registered consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis without any history of chest pain or CAD, who underwent computerized coronary angiography as a pretransplant workup. These were matched with 6283 controls with healthy livers, based on propensity scores according to established cardiovascular risk factors. Obstructive CAD was defined as ≥50% luminal narrowing in any artery. A matched analysis of 853 pairs showed that the proportion of subjects with obstructive CAD did not differ significantly between the cirrhotic and control groups (7.2% versus 7.9%, P=0.646), in agreement with the outcome of multivariate analysis for its predictors, with an adjusted odds ratio for liver cirrhosis of 1.06 (P=0.690). Nonobstructive CAD was more prevalent in the matched cirrhotic cases (30.6% versus 23.4%, P=0.001). In the pooled cirrhotic cohort, older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and alcoholic cirrhosis were independently associated with obstructive CAD (adjusted odds ratios, 1.07, 2.74, 1.69, 2.37, and 2.17, respectively; P<0.05 for all), whereas liver function and coagulation parameters were not. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic cirrhotic patients and nonhepatic subjects are similar in terms of the prevalence of occult obstructive CAD. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are related to critical coronary stenosis in cirrhotic patients, and thus may be helpful indicators for more careful preoperative evaluation of coronary risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun An
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Ju Hyun Shim
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.).
| | - Seon-Ok Kim
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Danbi Lee
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Kang Mo Kim
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Young-Suk Lim
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Han Chu Lee
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| | - Yung Sang Lee
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.A., J.H.S., D.L., K.M.K., Y.-S.L., H.C.L., Y.-H.C., Y.S.L.); and the Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.-O.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gong Y, Zhang M, Cui L, Minuk GY. Sequence and chromosomal assignment of a human novel cDNA: similarity to gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y01-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Although initially thought to be confined to the central nervous system, GABAergic activity has also been described in other tissues throughout the body. In the present study, we report the cloning and localization of human GABA transporter cDNA and document its expression in various human tissues. A human liver cDNA library was initially screened by a 32P-labeled murine brain GABA transporter 3 (GAT-3) cDNA probe, and full-length cDNA was cloned by employing Marathon-Ready(tm) human kidney cDNA. The human GABA transporter cDNA encoded a 569 amino acid hydrophobic protein with 12 transmembrane domains (TMs). Search of published sequences revealed high homology with rat GAT-2, murine GAT-3 cDNA, human solute carrier family 6 member 13 (SLC6A13), and a human peripheral betaine/GABA transporter. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that the human GABA transporter is expressed strongly in the kidney and to a lesser extent in the liver and brain. The sequence was well matched with human chromosome 12p13.3, suggesting the human GABA transporter contains 14 exons. The above findings confirm the existence of and further characterize a specific GABA transporter in human tissues.Key words: sequence, chromosome, GABA, GABA transporter.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gong Y, Cui L, Minuk GY. Effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on the hepatic gamma-aminobutyric acid transport system in rats. Alcohol 1999; 19:213-8. [PMID: 10580510 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(99)00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced increases in gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)ergic activity contribute to the impairment in hepatic regeneration associated with alcohol-induced liver disease. To determine the mechanism(s) whereby ethanol increases GABAergic activity in the liver, we documented the effects of acute (5 g/kg x 1) and chronic (36% of total calories over 6 weeks) ethanol exposure as well as exogenous GABA (500 microg/g body weight) administration on GABA transport protein (GABA-TP) mRNA expression in the livers of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats at various times (0-72 h) post 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). We also documented the in vitro effects of ethanol (30-90 microM) on [3H]-GABA uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes. The results of the study revealed that compared to saline-exposed controls, acute but not chronic ethanol exposure resulted in significant decreases in GABA-TP mRNA expression at 12, 24, and 48 h post PHx (saline exposed, 1.04 +/- 0.06, 1.19 +/- 0.21, and 1.15 +/- 0.05. vs. acute ethanol exposed, 0.80 +/- 0.16, 0.88 +/- 0.09, and 0.86 +/- 0.16 optical density units, p < 0.01, 0.05, and 0.05, respectively). An inhibitory effect was also observed following exogenous GABA administration (GABA-TP mRNA expression at 3 h was approximately 40% that of baseline, p < 0.05). [3H]-GABA uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro was unaffected by the presence of ethanol. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that acute but not chronic ethanol exposure and exogenously administrated GABA inhibit hepatic GABA-TP mRNA expression following partial hepatectomy in the rat. These findings suggest that the increased GABAergic activity that occurs in the liver following acute ethanol exposure results from alterations in the hepatic GABA transport system at a transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gong
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The aetiology of chronic liver disease covers a wide range of congenital or acquired abnormalities of the hepatocellular biochemical network. Although our knowledge has considerably increased in recent years, the aetiology of chronic liver disease often remains obscure. Acquired irreversible disturbances of normal liver function can be mediated by hepatotrophic viruses, chemicals, chronic oxygen depletion, or interference with the immune system. Considerable progress has been made in the detection and characterisation of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses as causative agents of chronic active hepatitis. Alcohol abuse remains the predominant cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. The targets of autoantibodies used to diagnose autoimmune diseases of the liver and primary biliary cirrhosis continue to be biochemically defined. Their significance for the aetiology of the disease, however, remains to be established. Nonparenchymal cells play an important role in the sequence of events following hepatocellular injury and ultimately leading to liver cirrhosis. They release vasoactive compounds, cytokines, and other important mediators, and participate in the modulation of the extracellular matrix that is characteristic of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The biochemical basis of liver cell necrosis remains poorly defined. In spite of recent progress, and the detection of some new pathogenic principles that help in the understanding of the complications of chronic liver disease such as portal hypertension, oesophagogastric variceal bleeding, portosystemic encephalopathy, ascites, and other metabolic disturbances, many questions concerning the aetiology and pathophysiology of chronic liver disease and its complications remain to be answered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schölmerich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|