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Single-cell multiomics reveals persistence of HIV-1 in expanded cytotoxic T cell clones. Immunity 2022; 55:1013-1031.e7. [PMID: 35320704 PMCID: PMC9203927 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers and markers of clonally expanding HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells is essential for HIV-1 eradication. We used single-cell ECCITE-seq, which captures surface protein expression, cellular transcriptome, HIV-1 RNA, and TCR sequences within the same single cell to track clonal expansion dynamics in longitudinally archived samples from six HIV-1-infected individuals (during viremia and after suppressive antiretroviral therapy) and two uninfected individuals, in unstimulated conditions and after CMV and HIV-1 antigen stimulation. Despite antiretroviral therapy, persistent antigen and TNF responses shaped T cell clonal expansion. HIV-1 resided in Th1-polarized, antigen-responding T cells expressing BCL2 and SERPINB9 that may resist cell death. HIV-1 RNA+ T cell clones were larger in clone size, established during viremia, persistent after viral suppression, and enriched in GZMB+ cytotoxic effector memory Th1 cells. Targeting HIV-1-infected cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and drivers of clonal expansion provides another direction for HIV-1 eradication.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Jian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
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3
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Milette S, Hashimoto M, Perrino S, Qi S, Chen M, Ham B, Wang N, Istomine R, Lowy AM, Piccirillo CA, Brodt P. Sexual dimorphism and the role of estrogen in the immune microenvironment of liver metastases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5745. [PMID: 31848339 PMCID: PMC6917725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver metastases (LM) remain a major cause of cancer-associated death and a clinical challenge. Here we explore a sexual dimorphism observed in the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of LM, wherein the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells in colon and lung carcinoma LM is TNFR2-dependent in female, but not in male mice. In ovariectomized mice, a marked reduction is observed in colorectal, lung and pancreatic carcinoma LM that is reversible by estradiol reconstitution. This is associated with reduced liver MDSC accumulation, increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and granzyme B production in CD8+ T cells and reduced TNFR2, IDO2, TDO and Serpin B9 expression levels. Treatment with tamoxifen increases liver cytotoxic T cell accumulation and reduces colon cancer LM. The results identify estrogen as a regulator of a pro-metastatic immune microenvironment in the liver and a potential target in the management of liver metastatic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Estrogens/immunology
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Ovariectomy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Sex Factors
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Milette
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Perrino
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shu Qi
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Michely Chen
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Boram Ham
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ni Wang
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Roman Istomine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A2B4, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Centre at UC San Diego Health, 3855Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A2B4, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Future perspectives of DILI prediction in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2705-2706. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mohammadpour H, Du W, O'Neill R, Khalili S, Qiu J, Repasky EA, McCarthy PL, Cao X. Host-Derived Serine Protease Inhibitor 6 Provides Granzyme B-Independent Protection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Murine Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:2397-2408. [PMID: 30006303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) that limits the therapeutic potential of this treatment. Host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a vital role in activating donor T cells that subsequently use granzyme B (GzmB) and other cytotoxic molecules to damage host normal tissues. Serine protease inhibitor 6 (Spi6), known as the sole endogenous inhibitor of GzmB, has been implicated in protecting T cells and APCs against GzmB-inflicted damage. In this study we used murine models to examine the previously unknown role of host-derived Spi6 in GVHD pathogenesis. Our results indicated that host Spi6 deficiency exacerbated GVHD as evidenced by significantly increased lethality and clinical and histopathologic scores. Using bone marrow chimera system, we found that Spi6 in nonhematopoietic tissue played a dominant role in protecting against GVHD and was significantly upregulated in intestinal epithelial cells after allo-HCT, whereas Spi6 in hematopoietic APCs surprisingly suppressed alloreactive T cell response. Interestingly, the protective effect of Spi6 and its expression in intestinal epithelial cells appeared to be independent of donor-derived GzmB. We used in silico modeling to explore potential targets of Spi6. Interaction tested in silico demonstrated that Spi6 could inhibit caspase-3 and caspase-8 with the same functional loop that inhibits GzmB but was not capable of forming stable interaction with caspase-1 or granzyme A. Using an in vitro co-culture system, we further identified that donor T cell-derived IFN-γ was important for inducing Spi6 expression in an intestinal epithelial cell line. Altogether, our data indicate that host Spi6 plays a novel, GzmB-independent role in regulating alloreactive T cell response and protecting intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, enhancing host-derived Spi6 function has the potential to reduce GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemn Mohammadpour
- Department of Immunology; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Immunology; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rachel O'Neill
- Department of Immunology; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Rajee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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6
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Li J, Zhou C, Li J, Wan Y, Li T, Ma P, Wang Y, Sang H. Gene expression profiling of CD133-positive cells in coronary artery disease. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7512-6. [PMID: 26458356 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiles of CD133-positive cells from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were analyzed to identify key genes associated with cardiac therapy. Furthermore, the effect of exercise on gene expression was also investigated. Gene expression data set (accession number: GSE18608) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, including blood samples from four healthy subjects (H), and from 10 patients with coronary artery disease at baseline (B) and after 3 months (3M) of exercise. Differential analysis was performed for H vs. B and H vs. 3M using limma package of R. Two‑way cluster analysis was performed using the expression levels of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by package pheatmap of R. Functional enrichment analysis was applied on the DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Relevant small molecules were predicted using the Connectivity map database (cMap). A total of 131 and 71 DEGs were identified in patients with CAD prior to and following 3 months of exercise. The two groups of DEGs were compared and 44 genes overlapped. In cluster analysis with the expression levels of the common DEGs, patients with CAD could be well separated from the healthy controls. Functional enrichment analysis showed that response to peptide hormone stimulus and anti‑apoptosis pathways were significantly enriched in the common DEGs. A total of 12 relevant small molecules were revealed by cMap based upon the expression levels of common DEGs, such as 5252917 and MG‑262. Three months of exercise in part normalized the gene expression in CAD patients. The genes not altered by exercise may be the targets of small molecules, such as 5252917 and MG-262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Tumor Hospital of Jilin, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Piyong Ma
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yingjian Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Sang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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7
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Demmers MWHJ, Korevaar SS, Roemeling-van Rhijn M, van den Bosch TPP, Hoogduijn MJ, Betjes MGH, Weimar W, Baan CC, Rowshani AT. Human renal tubular epithelial cells suppress alloreactive T cell proliferation. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:509-19. [PMID: 25310899 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are one of the main targets of alloreactive T cells during acute rejection. We hypothesize that TECs modulate the outcome of alloimmunity by executing immunosuppressive effects in order to dampen the local inflammation. We studied whether TECs possess immunosuppressive capacities and if indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) might play a role in suppressing T cell alloreactivity. Next, we studied the role of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 with regard to TEC-related immunomodulatory effects. CD3/CD28 and alloactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with activated TECs. We analysed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation and apoptosis in the absence or presence of IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-L-tryptophan (1-L-MT), anti-PD-L1 and anti-ICAM-1. Further, we examined whether inhibition of T cell proliferation was cell-cell contact-dependent. We found that TECs dose-dependently inhibited CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation (P<0.05). Activated TECs showed significantly increased IDO activity and up-regulated PD-L1 and ICAM-1 expression. Suppressed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation was only partially restored or failed to restore using 1-L-MT. Activated TECs increased early and late apoptosis of proliferating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells; only CD4(+) T cell apoptosis was statistically affected by 1-L-MT. Transwell experiments revealed that TEC-mediated immunosuppression is cell-cell contact-dependent. We found that anti-ICAM-1 affected only CD4(+) T cell apoptosis and not T cell proliferation. Our data show that TECs suppress both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation contact dependently. Interestingly, inhibition of proliferation and enhancement of apoptosis of T cell subsets is differentially regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and ICAM-1, with no evidence for the involvement of PD-L1 in our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W H J Demmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Serine Protease Inhibitor-6 Inhibits Granzyme B–Mediated Injury of Renal Tubular Cells and Promotes Renal Allograft Survival. Transplantation 2014; 98:402-10. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Heutinck KM, Kassies J, Florquin S, ten Berge IJM, Hamann J, Rowshani AT. SerpinB9 expression in human renal tubular epithelial cells is induced by triggering of the viral dsRNA sensors TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2746-54. [PMID: 22167597 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease inhibitor B9 (serpinB9) protects against granzyme B-mediated apoptosis and could help to reduce tubular damage under inflammatory conditions like interstitial nephritis. Previously, we found that tubular serpinB9 expression was increased during subclinical rejection. Here, we studied the regulation of serpinB9 expression in tubular epithelial cells (TECs) under inflammatory conditions. METHODS SerpinB9 expression was analysed on messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein levels in primary human TECs were stimulated with various cytokines and pattern recognition receptor ligands and in kidney transplant biopsies obtained during different types of viral infection. RESULTS Of the inflammatory stimuli tested, only the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogue poly(I:C) promoted serpinB9 mRNA and protein expression. We found that TECs express the viral dsRNA receptors Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). dsRNA receptor ligands enhanced serpinB9 expression, which involved nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, did not require Type I interferon production and was a direct result of dsRNA receptor-induced gene transcription. In kidney transplants, serpinB9 transcription was increased during infection with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus or BK virus compared to stable grafts. Immunohistochemistry showed that tubuli and lymphocytes expressed the inhibitor. CONCLUSION SerpinB9 expression in human TECs is induced by triggering of the viral dsRNA sensors TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I. Viral dsRNA may increase the threshold for granzyme B-mediated apoptosis in TECs via serpinB9 upregulation and thus help to protect the kidney against cytotoxic insults during viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- BK Virus/genetics
- Biopsy
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Kidney Diseases/metabolism
- Kidney Diseases/surgery
- Kidney Diseases/virology
- Kidney Transplantation
- Kidney Tubules/cytology
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Polyomavirus Infections/genetics
- Polyomavirus Infections/metabolism
- Polyomavirus Infections/virology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serpins/genetics
- Serpins/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin M Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yan J, Jie Z, Hou L, Wanderley JL, Soong L, Gupta S, Qiu S, Chan T, Sun J. Parenchymal expression of CD40 exacerbates adenovirus-induced hepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2011; 53:1455-67. [PMID: 21360722 PMCID: PMC3082591 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The healthy adult human liver expresses low levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and undetectable levels of immune costimulatory molecules. However, high levels of MHC II, CD40, and B7 family molecules are expressed in the activated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes of patients with viral hepatitis. The precise role of these molecules in viral clearance and immune-mediated liver injury is not well understood. We hypothesized that parenchymal CD40 expression enhances T cell recruitment and effector functions, which may facilitate viral clearance and alleviate liver injury. To test this hypothesis, we generated novel liver-specific, conditional CD40 transgenic mice, and we challenged them intravenously with a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (AdCre). Wild-type mice infected with AdCre developed a relatively mild course of viral hepatitis and recovered spontaneously. CD40 expression in the livers of transgenic animals, however, resulted in CD80 and CD86 expression. The dysregulation of population dynamics and effector functions of intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHLs) resulted in severe lymphocytic infiltration, apoptosis, necroinflammation, and serum alanine aminotransferase elevations in a dose-dependent fashion. To our surprise, an early expansion and subsequent contraction of IHLs (especially CD8(+) and natural killer cells), accompanied by increased granzyme B and interferon-γ production, did not lead to faster viral clearance in CD40 transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that hepatic CD40 expression does not accelerate adenoviral clearance but rather exacerbates liver injury. This study unveils a previously unknown deleterious effect of hepatic CD40 on adenovirus-induced liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Joao L. Wanderley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA, Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Tehsheng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
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11
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Hendel A, Cooper D, Abraham T, Zhao H, Allard MF, Granville DJ. Proteinase inhibitor 9 is reduced in human atherosclerotic lesion development. Cardiovasc Pathol 2011; 21:28-38. [PMID: 21296596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granzyme B, a proapoptotic serine protease, is abundant in advanced, unstable atherosclerotic plaques, and it is suggested to contribute to plaque instability by inducing vascular smooth muscle cells apoptosis and by degrading plaque extracellular matrix. Proteinase inhibitor 9, the only known endogenous inhibitor of granzyme B in humans, confers protection against granzyme-B-induced apoptosis. However, the role of proteinase inhibitor 9 in atherosclerotic lesion development has yet to be determined. We hypothesized that atherosclerotic lesions have lower proteinase inhibitor 9 expression levels that will increase their susceptibility to granzyme-B-induced apoptosis. METHODS Serial sections of human coronary arteries exhibiting different stages of lesion development were assessed by immunohistochemistry for proteinase inhibitor 9, α-smooth muscle cells actin, granzyme B, CD8, and active caspase-3. Frozen samples were analyzed by Western blot to evaluate total proteinase inhibitor 9 levels. RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cells express less proteinase inhibitor 9 as disease severity increases, and a significant difference in proteinase inhibitor 9 expression is observed between medial and intimal smooth muscle cells. High granzyme B levels colocalize with CD8+ cells and foam cells in the shoulder region and necrotic core area of advanced lesions. In advanced lesions, increased expression of activated caspase-3 in intimal SMC was associated with reduced proteinase inhibitor 9 expression in the presence of granzyme B. CONCLUSION Reduced proteinase inhibitor 9 expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells is associated with atherosclerotic disease progression and is inversely related to the extent of apoptosis within the intima. Reduced proteinase inhibitor 9 expression may contribute to increased smooth muscle cell susceptibility to granzyme-B-induced apoptosis within the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Hendel
- Providence Heart+Lung Institute, The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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12
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Saito Y, Kondo H, Hojo Y. Granzyme B as a novel factor involved in cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiol 2010; 57:141-7. [PMID: 21168312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress, physiological stress, and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and Fas ligand are involved in apoptosis of cardiovascular system. We demonstrate that another apoptosis-related pathway, i.e. granzyme B/perforin system is involved in cardiovascular diseases. Expression of granzyme B, a member of serine protease family is increased in acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease with end-stage renal disease, and subacute stage of acute myocardial infarction. Although granzyme B is extensively researched in immunological disorders, the role of granzyme B/perforin system was not clear in the cardiovascular field. In addition, little is known regarding the inhibition of granzyme B system in the clinical situation. In this review we demonstrate recent findings of granzyme B in cardiovascular diseases and possible therapeutic applications of inhibiting the granzyme B/perforin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Catholic Health System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Mesenchymal stem cells express serine protease inhibitor to evade the host immune response. Blood 2010; 117:1176-83. [PMID: 21076046 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-287979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been initiated worldwide. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which allogeneic MSCs evade host immune responses is paramount to regulating their survival after administration. This study has focused on the novel role of serine protease inhibitor (SPI) in the escape of MSCs from host immunosurveillance through the inhibition of granzyme B (GrB). Our data indicate bone marrow-derived murine MSCs express SPI6 constitutively. MSCs from mice deficient for SPI6 (SPI6(-/-)) exhibited a 4-fold higher death rate by primed allogeneic cytotoxic T cells than did wild-type MSCs. A GrB inhibitor rescued SPI6(-/-) MSCs from cytotoxic T-cell killing. Transduction of wild-type MSCs with MigR1-SPI6 also protected MSCs from cytotoxic T cell-mediated death in vitro. In addition, SPI6(-/-) MSCs displayed a shorter lifespan than wild-type MSCs when injected into an allogeneic host. We conclude that SPI6 protects MSCs from GrB-mediated killing and plays a pivotal role in their survival in vivo. Our data could serve as a basis for future SPI-based strategies to regulate the survival and function of MSCs after administration and to enhance the efficacy of MSC-based therapy for diseases.
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Shah MV, Zhang R, Loughran TP. Never say die: survival signaling in large granular lymphocyte leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9 Suppl 3:S244-53. [PMID: 19778848 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.s.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is a rare disorder of mature cytotoxic T or natural killer cells. Large granular lymphocyte leukemia is characterized by the accumulation of cytotoxic cells in blood and infiltration in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Herein, we review clinical features of LGL leukemia. We focus our discussion on known survival signals believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of LGL leukemia and their potential therapeutic implications.
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Getachew Y, James L, Lee WM, Thiele DL, Miller BC. Susceptibility to acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity unexpectedly is decreased during acute viral hepatitis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:1363-71. [PMID: 20036646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity results from cytochrome P450 metabolism of APAP to the toxic metabolite, n-acetyl-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which reacts with cysteinyl residues to form APAP adducts and initiates cell injury. As APAP is commonly used during viral illnesses there has been concern that APAP injury may be additive to that of viral hepatitis, leading physicians to advise against its use in such patients; this has not been investigated experimentally. We infected C57BL/6 male mice with replication-deficient adenovirus to produce moderately severe acute viral hepatitis and observed that APAP doses that were hepatotoxic or lethal in control mice produced neither death nor additional increase in serum ALT when administered to infected mice at the peak of virus-induced liver injury. Moreover, the concentration of hepatic APAP-protein adducts formed in these mice was only 10% that in control mice. Protection from APAP hepatotoxicity also was observed earlier in the course of infection, prior to the peak virus-induced ALT rise. Hepatic glutathione limits APAP-protein adduct formation but glutathione levels were similar in control and infected mice. Cyp1a2 (E.C. 1.14.14.1) and Cyp2e1 (E.C. 1.14.13.n7) mRNA expression decreased by 3 days post-infection and hepatic Cyp2e1 protein levels were reduced almost 90% at 7 days, when adduct formation was maximally inhibited. In vitro, hepatocytes from virally infected mice also were resistant to APAP-induced injury but sensitive to NAPQI. Rather than potentiating APAP-induced liver injury, acute viral hepatitis in this model resulted in selective down-regulation of APAP metabolizing P450s in liver and decreased the risk of APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Getachew
- Division of Liver and Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
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Gao B, Radaeva S, Park O. Liver natural killer and natural killer T cells: immunobiology and emerging roles in liver diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:513-28. [PMID: 19542050 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0309135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lymphocytes are enriched in NK and NKT cells that play important roles in antiviral and antitumor defenses and in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the differential distribution of NK and NKT cells in mouse, rat, and human livers, the ultrastructural similarities and differences between liver NK and NKT cells, and the regulation of liver NK and NKT cells in a variety of murine liver injury models. We also summarize recent findings about the role of NK and NKT cells in liver injury, fibrosis, and repair. In general, NK and NKT cells accelerate liver injury by producing proinflammatory cytokines and killing hepatocytes. NK cells inhibit liver fibrosis via killing early-activated and senescent-activated stellate cells and producing IFN-gamma. In regulating liver fibrosis, NKT cells appear to be less important than NK cells as a result of hepatic NKT cell tolerance. NK cells inhibit liver regeneration by producing IFN-gamma and killing hepatocytes; however, the role of NK cells on the proliferation of liver progenitor cells and the role of NKT cells in liver regeneration have been controversial. The emerging roles of NK/NKT cells in chronic human liver disease will also be discussed.Understanding the role of NK and NKT cells in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease may help us design better therapies to treat patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Getachew Y, Stout-Delgado H, Miller BC, Thiele DL. Granzyme C supports efficient CTL-mediated killing late in primary alloimmune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7810-7. [PMID: 19017970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that granzymes A and B play a role in CTL killing of target cells by the perforin-dependent granule exocytosis pathway. The functions of multiple additional granzymes expressed in CTL are less well defined. In the present studies, CTL generated from mice deficient in dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1) were used to investigate the contribution of granzyme C to CTL killing of allogeneic target cells. DPP1 is required for activation of granzymes A and B by proteolytic removal of their N-terminal dipeptide prodomains while a significant portion of granzyme C is processed normally in the absence of DPP1. Cytotoxicity of DPP1(-/-) CTL generated in early (5-day) MLC in vitro and in peritoneal exudate cells 5 days after initial allogeneic sensitization in vivo was significantly impaired compared with wild-type CTL. Following 3 days of restimulation with fresh allogeneic stimulators however, cytotoxicity of these DPP1(-/-) effector cells was comparable to that of wild-type CTL. Killing mediated by DPP1(-/-) CTL following restimulation was rapid, perforin dependent, Fas independent and associated with early mitochondrial injury, phosphatidyl serine externalization, and DNA degradation, implicating a granzyme-dependent apoptotic pathway. The increased cytotoxicity of DPP1(-/-) CTL following restimulation coincided with increased expression of granzyme C. Moreover, small interfering RNA inhibition of granzyme C expression during restimulation significantly decreased cytotoxicity of DPP1(-/-) but not wild-type CTL. These results indicate that during late primary alloimmune responses, granzyme C can support CTL-mediated killing by the granule exocytosis pathway in the absence of functional granzymes A or B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Getachew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, niversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Hallermalm K, Seki K, De Geer A, Motyka B, Bleackley RC, Jager MJ, Froelich CJ, Kiessling R, Levitsky V, Levitskaya J. Modulation of the Tumor Cell Phenotype by IFN-γ Results in Resistance of Uveal Melanoma Cells to Granule-Mediated Lysis by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3766-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stout-Delgado HW, Getachew Y, Miller BC, Thiele DL. Intrahepatic lymphocyte expression of dipeptidyl peptidase I-processed granzyme B and perforin induces hepatocyte expression of serine proteinase inhibitor 6 (Serpinb9/SPI-6). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6561-7. [PMID: 17982045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9/serpinB9) and the murine ortholog, serine proteinase inhibitor 6 (SPI-6/serpinb9) are members of a family of intracellular serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). PI-9 and SPI-6 expression in immune-privileged cells, APCs, and CTLs protects these cells against the actions of granzyme B, and when expressed in tumor cells or virally infected hepatocytes, confers resistance to killing by CTL and NK cells. The present studies were designed to assess the existence of any correlation between granzyme B activity in intrahepatic lymphocytes and induction of hepatic SPI-6 expression. To this end, SPI-6, PI-9, and serpinB9 homolog expression was examined in response to IFN-alpha treatment and during in vivo adenoviral infection of the liver. SPI-6 mRNA expression increased 10- to 100-fold in the liver after IFN-alpha stimulation and during the course of viral infection, whereas no significant up-regulation of SPI-8 and <5-fold increases in other PI-9/serpinB9 homolog mRNAs was observed. Increased SPI-6 gene expression during viral infection correlated with influxes of NK cells and CTL. Moreover, IFN-alpha-induced up-regulation of hepatocyte SPI-6 mRNA expression was not observed in NK cell-depleted mice. Additional experiments using genetically altered mice either deficient in perforin or unable to process or express granzyme B indicated that SPI-6 is selectively up-regulated in hepatocytes in response to infiltration of the liver by NK cells that express perforin and enzymatically active granzyme B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather W Stout-Delgado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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