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Galasso L, Cerrito L, Maccauro V, Termite F, Mignini I, Esposto G, Borriello R, Ainora ME, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. Inflammatory Response in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Double-Edged Weapon. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7191. [PMID: 39000296 PMCID: PMC11241080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent among primary liver tumors (90%) and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. It develops usually in a chronically inflamed environment, ranging from compensatory parenchymal regeneration to fibrosis and cirrhosis: carcinogenesis can potentially happen in each of these stages. Inflammation determined by chronic viral infection (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis delta viruses) represents an important risk factor for HCC etiology through both viral direct damage and immune-related mechanisms. The deregulation of the physiological liver immunological network determined by viral infection can lead to carcinogenesis. The recent introduction of immunotherapy as the gold-standard first-line treatment for HCC highlights the role of the immune system and inflammation as a double-edged weapon in both HCC carcinogenesis and treatment. In this review we highlight how the inflammation is the key for the hepatocarcinogenesis in viral, alcohol and metabolic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Galasso
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Cerrito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Maccauro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Termite
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Mignini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Esposto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Borriello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Ainora
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Chen XJ, Tang R, Zha J, Zeng L, Zhou L, Liu Z, Yang D, Zeng M, Zhu X, Chen A, Liu H, Chen H, Chen G. A potential defensive role of TIM-3 on T lymphocytes in the inflammatory involvement of diabetic kidney disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365226. [PMID: 38812511 PMCID: PMC11133625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aberrant mobilization and activation of various T lymphocyte subpopulations play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), yet the regulatory mechanisms underlying these processes remain poorly understood. Our study is premised on the hypothesis that the dysregulation of immune checkpoint molecules on T lymphocytes disrupts kidney homeostasis, instigates pathological inflammation, and promotes DKD progression. Methods A total of 360 adult patients with DKD were recruited for this study. The expression of immune checkpoint molecules on T lymphocytes was assessed by flow cytometry for peripheral blood and immunofluorescence staining for kidney tissue. Single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from the kidneys of DKD mouse model were analyzed. Results Patients with DKD exhibited a reduction in the proportion of CD3+TIM-3+ T cells in circulation concurrent with the emergence of significant albuminuria and hematuria (p=0.008 and 0.02, respectively). Conversely, the incidence of infection during DKD progression correlated with an elevation of peripheral CD3+TIM-3+ T cells (p=0.01). Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between the proportion of peripheral CD3+TIM-3+ T cells and severe interstitial mononuclear infiltration (OR: 0.193, 95%CI: 0.040,0.926, p=0.04). Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated an increase of CD3+, TIM-3+ and CD3+TIM-3+ interstitial mononuclear cells in the kidneys of DKD patients as compared to patients diagnosed with minimal change disease (p=0.03, 0.02 and 0.002, respectively). ScRNA-seq analysis revealed decreased gene expression of TIM3 on T lymphocytes in DKD compared to control. And one of TIM-3's main ligands, Galectin-9 on immune cells showed a decreasing trend in gene expression as kidney damage worsened. Conclusion Our study underscores the potential protective role of TIM-3 on T lymphocytes in attenuating the progression of DKD and suggests that monitoring circulating CD3+TIM3+ T cells may serve as a viable strategy for identifying DKD patients at heightened risk of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linshan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Danyi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengru Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejing Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anqun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zhou D, Liu L, Liu J, Li H, Zhang J, Cao Z. A Systematic Review of the Advances in the Study of T Lymphocyte Suppressor Receptors in HBV Infection: Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1210. [PMID: 38592036 PMCID: PMC10931645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: HBV-specific T lymphocytes are pivotal in eliminating the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and regulating intrahepatic inflammatory reactions. Effective T cell responses curtail HBV infection; however, compromised immunity can result in persistent infection. Beyond the acute phase, the continued presence of antigens and inflammation leads to the increased expression of various inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, Tim-3, LAG3, 2B4, CD160, BTLA, and TIGIT. This escalates the dysfunction of and diminishes the immune and proliferative abilities of T cells. Methods: In this study, we reviewed English-language literature from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to 9 July 2023. This paper aims to elucidate the inhibitory effects of these receptors on HBV-specific T lymphocytes and how immune function can be rejuvenated by obstructing the inhibitory receptor signaling pathway in chronic HBV patients. We also summarize the latest insights into related anti-HBV immunotherapy. Result: From 66 reviewed reports, we deduced that immunotherapy targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells is a reliable method to rejuvenate T cell immune responses in chronic HBV patients. However, comprehensive combination therapy strategies are essential for a functional cure. Conclusions: Targeting T cell suppressor receptors and combining immunotherapy with antiviral treatments may offer a promising approach towards achieving a functional cure, urging future research to prioritize effective combination therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (D.Z.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhenhuan Cao
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (D.Z.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
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Lee R, Sung HW, Cheong HT, Park J. Protective immune response induced by Leghorn male hepatoma cell-adapted fowl adenovirus-4. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25366. [PMID: 38356505 PMCID: PMC10864904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus-4 (FAdV-4) is a highly contagious virus that causes acute and lethal hepatitis. It leads to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Among the structural proteins of FAdV-4, hexon and fiber2 are associated with immunopathogenesis. A frameshift mutation was generated in the fiber2 protein by seral passages in the Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cell line. Immunization using the attenuated virus (80 times passaged) before the virulent FAdV-4 challenge protected hosts from the infection and cleared the invading virus. In immunized animals, activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations were larger during the FAdV-4 challenge. The change in the B cell population was similar. Myeloid cells were highly increased during FAdV-4 infection after the immunization, but the immunization inhibited the expansion in both liver and spleen. The functional gene expression for immune modulation was strongly associated with immune cell changes in the liver, however, this association was not strong in the spleen. The present findings imply that genetic modification by cellular adaptation regulates immune cell phenotype and function in the target organ. In addition, we suggest the attenuated virus as a protective strategy against the novel FAdV-4 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Cheong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Multidimensional Genomics Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Chen H, Zha J, Tang R, Chen G. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3): Solving a key puzzle in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110418. [PMID: 37290326 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune cells participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Recent research on immune checkpoint molecules has revealed significant expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) on the surfaces of various immune cells. These include different subsets of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Further investigation into its protein structure, ligands, and intracellular signaling pathway activation mechanisms has found that TIM-3, by binding with different ligands, is involved in the regulation of crucial biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic transformation, effector protein synthesis, and cellular interactions of various immune cells. The TIM-3-ligand axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, transplant rejection, and chronic inflammation. This article primarily focuses on the research findings of TIM-3 in the field of autoimmune diseases, with a special emphasis on the structure and signaling pathways of TIM-3, its types of ligands, and the potential mechanisms implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. The latest research results in the field of immunology suggest that TIM-3 dysfunction affects various immune cells and participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. Monitoring the activity of its receptor-ligand axis can serve as a novel biological marker for disease clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the TIM-3-ligand axis and the downstream signaling pathway molecules may become key targets for targeted intervention treatment of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Lopez-Scarim J, Nambiar SM, Billerbeck E. Studying T Cell Responses to Hepatotropic Viruses in the Liver Microenvironment. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:681. [PMID: 36992265 PMCID: PMC10056334 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the clearance of hepatotropic viruses but may also cause liver injury and contribute to disease progression in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections which affect millions of people worldwide. The liver provides a unique microenvironment of immunological tolerance and hepatic immune regulation can modulate the functional properties of T cell subsets and influence the outcome of a virus infection. Extensive research over the last years has advanced our understanding of hepatic conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and unconventional T cell subsets and their functions in the liver environment during acute and chronic viral infections. The recent development of new small animal models and technological advances should further increase our knowledge of hepatic immunological mechanisms. Here we provide an overview of the existing models to study hepatic T cells and review the current knowledge about the distinct roles of heterogeneous T cell populations during acute and chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Billerbeck
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Han HT, Jin WL, Li X. Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy in liver diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:23. [PMID: 35895169 PMCID: PMC9326420 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple immune cells and their products in the liver together form a complex and unique immune microenvironment, and preclinical models have demonstrated the importance of imbalances in the hepatic immune microenvironment in liver inflammatory diseases and immunocompromised liver diseases. Various immunotherapies have been attempted to modulate the hepatic immune microenvironment for the purpose of treating liver diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a comprehensive and plastic immunomodulatory capacity. On the one hand, they have been tried for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases because of their excellent immunosuppressive capacity; On the other hand, MSCs have immune-enhancing properties in immunocompromised settings and can be modified into cellular carriers for targeted transport of immune enhancers by genetic modification, physical and chemical loading, and thus they are also used in the treatment of immunocompromised liver diseases such as chronic viral infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the immunological basis and recent strategies of MSCs for the treatment of the aforementioned liver diseases. Specifically, we update the immune microenvironment of the liver and summarize the distinct mechanisms of immune microenvironment imbalance in inflammatory diseases and immunocompromised liver diseases, and how MSCs can fully exploit their immunotherapeutic role in liver diseases with both immune imbalance patterns.
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Filoni A, Cicco G, Cazzato G, Bosco A, Lospalluti L, Tucci M, Cimmino A, Foti C, Marzullo A, Bonamonte D. Immune Disregulation in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Patients with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Single Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020213. [PMID: 35207500 PMCID: PMC8877121 DOI: 10.3390/life12020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most devastating complications of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). We recently demonstrated a reduction in immune cell peritumoral infiltration in RDEB patients with cSCC, together with a reduction in CD3+, CD4+, CD68+ and CD20 lymphocytes as compared to primary and secondary cSCC in patients without RDEB. Recently, new molecules, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), T cell immunoglobulin, mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), have been shown to play a role in antitumoral immunity. OBJECTIVE Patients with RDEB are known to be at increased risk of developing skin cancers, including the dreaded squamous cell carcinoma of the. Tendentially, cSCCs that arise in the context of EBDR are more aggressive and lead to statistically significant bad outcomes compared to cSCCs developed on the skin of patients without EBDR. In an attempt to study the microenvironment of these lesions, we conducted an immunohistochemical analysis study of proteins that could be actively involved in the genesis of this type of malignant neoplasms. METHODS In this retrospective study, the OH1-HMGB1-TIM3 activation axis, as correlated to the T lymphocytes cell count, was assessed in biopsy samples from 31 consecutive cases consisting of 12 RDEB patients with cSCC, 12 patients with primary cSCC and 7 RDEB patients with pseudoepitheliomatous cutaneous hyperplasia. Parametric Student's t-test was applied for normally distributed values, such as CD4+ and CD8+, and non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed values, such as HMGB-1, TIM-3 and HO-1. RESULTS In RDEB patients with cSCC and with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, the expression of CD4 T helper lymphocytes was lower than in the peritumoral infiltrate found in primary cSCC. CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes were increased in primary cSCC compared to the other two groups. An increased HMGB1 expression was evident in both primary and RDEB cSCC. TIM3 expression was higher in RDEB patients with cSCC compared to the other two groups. A significantly reduced immunohistochemical expression of HO-1 was evident in the tumoral microenvironment of cSCC-RDEB as compared to primary cSCC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a reduced immune cell peritumoral infiltration in RDEB patients could be responsible, in the complexity of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and host response, of the particular aggressiveness of the cSCC of RDEB patients, creating a substrate for greater local immunosuppression, which, potentially, can "open the doors" to development and eventual metastasis by this malignant neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Filoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (A.B.); (L.L.); (C.F.); (D.B.)
- Section of Dermatology, Perrino Hospital, S.S.7, 72100 Brindisi, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Gerolamo Cicco
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (A.B.); (L.L.); (C.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Bosco
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (A.B.); (L.L.); (C.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Lucia Lospalluti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (A.B.); (L.L.); (C.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Antonietta Cimmino
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (A.B.); (L.L.); (C.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Domenico Bonamonte
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (A.B.); (L.L.); (C.F.); (D.B.)
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Datfar T, Doulberis M, Papaefthymiou A, Hines IN, Manzini G. Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: State of the Art. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111366. [PMID: 34832522 PMCID: PMC8619105 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is one of the main causes leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The continued rise in incidence of HCC suggests additional factors following infection may be involved. This review examines recent studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of chronic hepatitis and its association with hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatitis B virus patients with genotype C display an aggressive disease course leading to HCC more than other genotypes. Furthermore, hepatitis B excretory antigen (HBeAg) seems to be a more sensitive predictive tumor marker exhibiting a six-fold higher relative risk in patients with positive HBsAg and HBeAg than those with HBsAg only. Single or combined mutations of viral genome can predict HCC development in up to 80% of patients. Several mutations in HBx-gene are related with higher HCC incidence. Overexpression of the core protein in HCV leads to hepatocellular lipid accumulation associated with oncogenesis. Reduced number and decreased functionality of natural killer cells in chronic HCV individuals dysregulate their surveillance function in tumor and viral cells resulting in HCC. Furthermore, high T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin 3 levels supress CD8+ T-cells, which lead to immunological dysregulation. Hepatitis D promotes HCC development indirectly via modifications to innate immunity, epigenetic alterations and production of reactive oxygen species with the LHDAg being the most highly associated with HCC development. Summarizing the results, HBV and HCV infection represent the most associated forms of viral hepatitis causing HCC. Further studies are warranted to further improve the prediction of high-risk patients and development of targeted therapeutics preventing the transition from hepatic inflammation–fibrosis to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toofan Datfar
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital of Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-76-4930834
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
| | | | - Ian N. Hines
- Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA;
| | - Giulia Manzini
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital of Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
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10
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Kotetsu Y, Yanagihara T, Suzuki K, Ando H, Eto D, Hata K, Arimura-Omori M, Yamamoto Y, Harada E, Hamada N. Imaging Changes and Immune-Checkpoint Expression on T Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1231. [PMID: 34572417 PMCID: PMC8471595 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic, granulomatous disease caused by unknown immunological abnormalities. The organs most vulnerable to sarcoidosis are the lungs. Patients often resolve spontaneously, but the lungs can also be severely affected. Although details regarding prognostic factors in sarcoidosis patients with lung involvement remain unclear, several reports have suggested that immune checkpoint molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. In this study, we divided sarcoidosis patients into two groups based on chest computed tomography (CT) findings and compared immune checkpoint molecules expressed on T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the two groups, using flow cytometry. We found elevated programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) expression on T cells in BALF in patients with spontaneous improvement in CT findings, compared with those in patients without improvement in CT findings. In conclusion, our study implies that PD-1 or TIM-3 expression on T cells in BALF may be a prognostic factor for pulmonary lesions in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Kotetsu
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka 810-8539, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Hiroyuki Ando
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Daisuke Eto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Kentaro Hata
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Masako Arimura-Omori
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Yuzo Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Eiji Harada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
| | - Naoki Hamada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.S.); (H.A.); (D.E.); (K.H.); (M.A.-O.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.); (N.H.)
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11
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Cazzato G, Colagrande A, Cimmino A, Cicco G, Scarcella VS, Tarantino P, Lospalluti L, Romita P, Foti C, Demarco A, Sablone S, Candance PMV, Cicco S, Lettini T, Ingravallo G, Resta L. HMGB1-TIM3-HO1: A New Pathway of Inflammation in Skin of SARS-CoV-2 Patients? A Retrospective Pilot Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081219. [PMID: 34439887 PMCID: PMC8392002 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has completely disrupted the health systems of the entire planet. From the earliest months, it became increasingly clear that in addition to affecting the upper airways and lungs, there were other organs that could be affected. Among these, the skin became a real "sentinel signal" to be able to even suspect COVID-19. Background: this study deals with a little-explored issue for now: the study of skin immunopathology in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects ascertained using the most reliable methods available. Methods: we used skin biopsy samples from SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative patients, studying morphology (Hematoxylin-Eosin), T lymphocyte population (CD4 and CD8), three markers such as HMGB-1, TIM-3 and HO-1 by immunohistochemistry. Results: although the presence of the CD4 and CD8 T population did not differ statistically significantly, we found greater activation and release of HMGB-1 in skin samples from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, greater immunolabeling for TIM-3 at the level of CD4 and CD8 and a reduced expression of Heme oxygenase 1. Conclusions: these results support the possibility that there is immune deregulation in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who develop skin manifestations of various kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-340-520-3641 (G.C.); +39-338-853-6505 (G.I.)
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Antonietta Cimmino
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Gerolamo Cicco
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Vincenza Sara Scarcella
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Paola Tarantino
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Lucia Lospalluti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.L.); (P.R.); (C.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.L.); (P.R.); (C.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.L.); (P.R.); (C.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Aurora Demarco
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.L.); (P.R.); (C.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Sara Sablone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Pragnell Maria Victoria Candance
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Sebastiano Cicco
- Section of Internal Medicine “G. Baccelli”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-340-520-3641 (G.C.); +39-338-853-6505 (G.I.)
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (G.C.); (V.S.S.); (P.T.); (P.M.V.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
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12
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Yang L, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Wu C, Ma X, Zuo D, He H, Huang L, Li J, Xia C, Hu S, Yang X, Feng M. Generation of TIM3 inhibitory single-domain antibodies to boost the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:542. [PMID: 34079595 PMCID: PMC8157332 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules has significantly altered cancer treatment regimens. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is one of the major inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on T cells. Blocking the engagement of TIM3 and its inhibitory ligand galectin-9 may potentiate the effects of immunotherapy or overcome the adaptive resistance to the therapeutic blockade of programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator and lymphocyte-activation gene 3, amongst others, as each of these immune checkpoints harbors unique properties that set it apart from the rest. Heavy chain variable fragment (VH)-derived single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) represent a class of expanding drug candidates. These sdAbs have unique advantages, including their minimal size in the antibody class, ease of expression, broad scope for modular structure design and re-engineering, and excellent tumor penetration. In the present study, two sdAbs, TIM3-R23 and TIM3-R53, were generated by immunizing rabbits with the recombinant extracellular domain of TIM3 and applying phage display technology. These sdAbs were easily expressed in mammalian cells. The purified sdAbs were able to bind to both recombinant and cell surface TIM3, and blocked it from binding to the ligand galectin-9. In vivo studies demonstrated that TIM3-R53 was able to potentiate the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells that targeted mesothelin. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TIM3-R53 may be a novel and attractive immune checkpoint inhibitor against TIM3, which is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yuankui Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Changfa Wu
- Clinical Testing Branch, Hongshan District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xuqian Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Dianbao Zuo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huixia He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiao Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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13
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The TIM3/Gal9 signaling pathway: An emerging target for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 510:67-78. [PMID: 33895262 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has shown unprecedented and durable clinical response in a wide range of cancers. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is an inhibitory checkpoint protein that is highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In various cancers, the interaction of TIM3 and Galectin 9 (Gal9) suppresses anti-tumor immunity mediated by innate as well as adaptive immune cells. Thus, the blockade of the TIM3/Gal9 interaction is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. In addition, co-blockade of the TIM3/Gal9 pathway along with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway increases the therapeutic efficacy by overcoming non-redundant immune resistance induced by each checkpoint. Here, we summarize the physiological roles of the TIM3/Gal9 pathway in adaptive and innate immune systems. We highlight the recent clinical and preclinical studies showing the involvement of the TIM3/Gal9 pathway in various solid and blood cancers. In addition, we discuss the potential of using TIM3 and Gal9 as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in different cancers. An in-depth mechanistic understanding of the blockade of the TIM3/Gal9 signaling pathway in cancer could help in identifying patients who respond to this therapy as well as designing combination therapies.
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14
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Lake CM, Voss K, Bauman BM, Pohida K, Jiang T, Dveksler G, Snow AL. TIM-3 drives temporal differences in restimulation-induced cell death sensitivity in effector CD8 + T cells in conjunction with CEACAM1. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:400. [PMID: 33854046 PMCID: PMC8046753 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis depends upon effective clearance of pathogens while simultaneously preventing autoimmunity and immunopathology in the host. Restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) is one such mechanism where by activated T cells receive subsequent antigenic stimulation, reach a critical signal threshold through the T cell receptor (TCR), and commit to apoptosis. Many details of this process remain unclear, including the role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory proteins that influence the TCR signaling cascade. Here we characterize the role of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 (TIM-3) in RICD regulation. TIM-3 protected newly activated CD8+ effector T cells from premature RICD during clonal expansion. Surprisingly, however, we found that TIM-3 potentiated RICD in late-stage effector T cells. The presence of TIM-3 increased proximal TCR signaling and proapoptotic protein expression in late-stage effector T cells, with no consistent signaling effects noted in newly activated cells with or without TIM-3. To better explain these differences in TIM-3 function as T cells aged, we characterized the temporal pattern of TIM-3 expression in effector T cells. We found that TIM-3 was expressed on the surface of newly activated effector T cells, but remained largely intracellular in late-stage effector cells. Consistent with this, TIM-3 required a ligand to prevent early RICD, whereas ligand manipulation had no effects at later stages. Of the known TIM-3 ligands, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM1) showed the greatest difference in surface expression over time and also protected newly activated cells from premature RICD, with no measurable effects in late-stage effectors. Indeed, CEACAM1 enabled TIM-3 surface expression on T cells, implying a co-dependency for these proteins in protecting expanding T cells from premature RICD. Our findings suggest that co-signaling proteins like TIM-3 and CEACAM1 can alter RICD sensitivity at different stages of the effector T cell response, with important implications for checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Lake
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Bradly M Bauman
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Katherine Pohida
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Timothy Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
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15
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Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Jafarinia M, Azizi M, Rezaeepoor M, Isayev O, Bazhin AV. The Role of TIM-3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Target for Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2020; 10:601661. [PMID: 33425759 PMCID: PMC7793963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.601661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common tumors in the world is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its mortality rates are still on the rise, so addressing it is considered an important challenge for universal health. Despite the various treatments that have been developed over the past decades, the prognosis for advanced liver cancer is still poor. Recently, tumor immunotherapy has opened new opportunities for suppression of tumor progression, recurrence, and metastasis. Besides this, investigation into this malignancy due to high immune checkpoint expression and the change of immunometabolic programming in immune cells and tumor cells is highly considered. Because anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein (CTLA)-4 antibodies and anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibodies have shown therapeutic effects in various cancers, studies have shown that T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3), a new immune checkpoint molecule, plays an important role in the development of HCC. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on signal transduction events of TIM-3, its role as a checkpoint target for HCC therapy, and the immunometabolic situation in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaeepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Orkhan Isayev
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.,Genetic Resources Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Scince, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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16
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Wang W, Xu Z, Zhang J, Wang S, Ge W, Li X, Mou W, Wang X, Chai W, Zhao J, Wang G, Xi Y, Qiu Y, Ji T, Gui J, Tai J, Ni X. Tim-3 is a potential regulator that inhibits monocyte inflammation in response to intermittent hypoxia in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin Immunol 2020; 222:108641. [PMID: 33271370 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the characteristic intermittent hypoxia (IH) of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on monocyte remain unclear. Our study found that OSAS children had a significantly upregulated expression in circulating proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12, and endothelial injury markers VEGF and ICAM1. Association analysis revealed that the plasma TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 concentration were negatively associated with the minimal SpO2, a negative index for disease severity. OSAS monocytes presented an inflammatory phenotype with higher mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, we noted a significant decrease in T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim)-3 expression in OSAS monocytes with the increase of the plasma proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro assay demonstrated that IH induced THP-1 cell overactivation via NF-κB dependent pathway was inhibited by the Tim-3 signal. Our results indicated that activation of monocyte inflammatory responses is closely related to OSAS-induced IH, and negatively mediated by a Tim-3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Respiratory Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shengcai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wentong Ge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Chai
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Tai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapy has shown an unprecedented response in treatment of tumors. However, challenges such as lack of cytotoxic lymphocytes to mount an immune response or development of resistance to therapy can limit efficacy. Here, we discuss alternative checkpoints that can be targeted to improve cytotoxic lymphocyte function while harnessing other components of the immune system. RECENT FINDINGS Blockade of alternative checkpoints has improved anti-tumor immunity in mouse models and is being tested clinically with encouraging findings. In addition to modulating T cell function directly, alternative checkpoints can also regulate activity of myeloid cells and regulatory T cells to affect anti-tumor response. Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve treatment of tumors by activating multiple arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Pant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology, and Institute of NanoBiotechnology, Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ravi Medikonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology, and Institute of NanoBiotechnology, Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology, and Institute of NanoBiotechnology, Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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18
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Compagno D, Tiraboschi C, Garcia JD, Rondón Y, Corapi E, Velazquez C, Laderach DJ. Galectins as Checkpoints of the Immune System in Cancers, Their Clinical Relevance, and Implication in Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050750. [PMID: 32408492 PMCID: PMC7277089 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are small proteins with pleiotropic functions, which depend on both their lectin (glycan recognition) and non-lectin (recognition of other biomolecules besides glycans) interactions. Currently, 15 members of this family have been described in mammals, each with its structural and ligand recognition particularities. The galectin/ligand interaction translates into a plethora of biological functions that are particular for each cell/tissue type. In this sense, the cells of the immune system are highly sensitive to the action of these small and essential proteins. While galectins play central roles in tumor progression, they are also excellent negative regulators (checkpoints) of the immune cell functions, participating in the creation of a microenvironment that promotes tumor escape. This review aims to give an updated view on how galectins control the tumor’s immune attack depending on the tumor microenvironment, because determining which galectins are essential and the role they play will help to develop future clinical trials and benefit patients with incurable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Compagno
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Correspondence: or (D.C.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Carolina Tiraboschi
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
| | - José Daniel Garcia
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Yorfer Rondón
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Enrique Corapi
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Carla Velazquez
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Facultad de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego José Laderach
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Lujan 6700, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: or (D.C.); (D.J.L.)
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19
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Tim-3: A co-receptor with diverse roles in T cell exhaustion and tolerance. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101302. [PMID: 31604535 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell inhibitory co-receptors play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between physiologic immune responses and maladaptive ones. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) is a unique inhibitory co-receptor in that its expression is chiefly restricted to interferon (IFN)γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Early reports firmly established its importance in maintaining peripheral tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity. However, it has become increasingly clear that Tim-3 expression on T cells, together with other check-point molecules, in chronic infections and cancers can hinder productive immune responses. In this review, we outline what is currently known about the regulation of Tim-3 expression, its ligands and signaling. We discuss both its salutary and deleterious function in immune disorders, as well as the T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that regulate its function.
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20
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Gao Q, Li F, Wang S, Shen Z, Cheng S, Ping Y, Qin G, Chen X, Yang L, Cao L, Liu S, Zhang B, Wang L, Sun Y, Zhang Y. A cycle involving HMGB1, IFN-γ and dendritic cells plays a putative role in anti-tumor immunity. Cell Immunol 2019; 343:103850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Bilen MA, Shabto JM, Martini DJ, Liu Y, Lewis C, Collins H, Akce M, Kissick H, Carthon BC, Shaib WL, Alese OB, Steuer CE, Wu C, Lawson DH, Kudchadkar R, Master VA, El-Rayes B, Ramalingam SS, Owonikoko TK, Harvey RD. Sites of metastasis and association with clinical outcome in advanced stage cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:857. [PMID: 31464611 PMCID: PMC6716879 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selecting the appropriate patients to receive immunotherapy (IO) remains a challenge due to the lack of optimal biomarkers. The presence of liver metastases has been implicated as a poor prognostic factor in patients with metastatic cancer. We investigated the association between sites of metastatic disease and clinical outcomes in patients receiving IO. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 90 patients treated on IO-based phase 1 clinical trials at Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University between 2009 and 2017. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were measured from the first dose of IO to date of death or hospice referral and clinical or radiographic progression, respectively. Clinical benefit (CB) was defined as a best response of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD). Univariate analysis (UVA) and Multivariate analysis (MVA) were carried out using Cox proportional hazard model or logistic regression model. Covariates included age, whether IO is indicated for the patient’s histology, ECOG performance status, Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) risk group, number of metastatic sites, and histology. Results The median age was 63 years and 53% of patients were men. The most common histologies were melanoma (33%) and gastrointestinal cancers (22%). Most patients (73.3%) had more than one site of distant metastasis. Sites of metastasis collected were lymph node (n = 58), liver (n = 40), lung (n = 37), bone (n = 24), and brain (n = 8). Most patients (80.7%) were RMH good risk. Most patients (n = 62) had received 2+ prior lines of systemic treatment before receiving IO on trial; 27 patients (30.0%) received prior ICB. Liver metastases were associated with significantly shorter OS (HR: 0.38, CI: 0.17–0.84, p = 0.017). Patients with liver metastasis also trended towards having shorter PFS (HR: 0.70, CI: 0.41–1.19, p = 0.188). The median OS was substantially longer for patients without liver metastases (21.9 vs. 8.1 months, p = 0.0048). Conclusions Liver metastases may be a poor prognostic factor in patients receiving IO on phase 1 clinical trials. The presence of liver metastases may warrant consideration in updated prognostic models if these findings are validated in a larger prospective cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Asim Bilen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Julie M Shabto
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dylan J Martini
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen Lewis
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah Collins
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehmet Akce
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haydn Kissick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Urology, Emory University, 5673 Peachtree, Dunwoody Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bradley C Carthon
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Walid L Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olatunji B Alese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Conor E Steuer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Wu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David H Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ragini Kudchadkar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viraj A Master
- Department of Urology, Emory University, 5673 Peachtree, Dunwoody Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Donald Harvey
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Blockade of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 aggravates T-helper cell 1 polarization in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2019; 30:133-139. [PMID: 31090595 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: An increased T-helper cell (Th) 1/Th2 ratio in the peripheral blood has been proposed to correlate with the disease activity of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is a Th1-associated cell surface molecule that regulates Th1 responses and promotes tolerance. Consequently, we aimed to determine whether the regulation of TIM-3 expression is likely to be a promising therapeutic approach for ITP. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activities of TIM-3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. Levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-2, and IL-10 were determined in PBMCs from 11 ITP patients and 10 healthy patients after TIM-3 antibody administration for 48 h. The proliferation of PBMCs was examined by cell counting kit-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to observe apoptosis by staining cells with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidine iodide. PBMCs from ITP patients secreted higher amounts of IFN-γ than those from control patients but paradoxically expressed lower levels of TIM-3. Depletion of TIM-3 in PBMCs in vitro using a TIM-3 antibody enhanced IFN-γ secretion, directly demonstrating that TIM-3 expression on human T cells regulates proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Failure to upregulate the T-cell expression of TIM-3 may represent a novel intrinsic defect that contributes to the pathogenesis of ITP.
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23
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Liu F, Liu Y, Chen Z. Tim-3 expression and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:126. [PMID: 30309387 PMCID: PMC6182863 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors in the world, and its mortality is still on the rise. Limited treatments and low chemotherapy sensitivity of HCC make new therapeutic strategies urgently needed. With the rise of immune checkpoint blockade, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and anti-PD-1 antibodies have shown therapeutic effects in various tumors. T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3), a newly discovered immune checkpoint molecule, plays a major role in the development of HCC. Tim-3 can be used to evaluate the prognosis and therapeutic effects in HCC, and Tim-3 intervention has shown anti-tumor effects in preclinical experiments. This review summarizes findings regarding Tim-3 and HCC in recent years and discusses the rationale of Tim-3 as a therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79# Qingchun Road, 6A-17, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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24
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Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a transmembrane protein that in both mice and humans has been shown to possess various functions in a context-dependent manner. Thus, Tim-3 has been associated with both inhibitory and co-stimulatory function, depending in part on the specific cell type and immune response course. Though originally described on T cells, Tim-3 is now known to be expressed by both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells within the immune system and even by non-immune cells. In addition, though widely thought of as a negative regulator of immunity, Tim-3 has been shown in more recent studies to have a positive function on both myeloid and lymphoid cells, including T cells. Tim-3 is often expressed at a high level on exhausted T cells in tumors and chronic infection and may engage in crosstalk with other so-called "checkpoint" molecules such as PD-1. Thus, Tim-3 has emerged as a possible therapeutic target, which is being actively explored both pre-clinically and clinically. However, recent research suggests a more complex in vivo role for this protein, compared with other targets in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridesh Banerjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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25
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Chen Q, Ning Z, Wang L, Ying H, Dong S, Zhang C, Shen X, Guo Y, Chen H, Zhu X, Shen Y, Shi W, Hua Y, Wang K, Lin J, Xu L, Chen L, Feng L, Zhang X, Xie J, Sun B, Sun Y, Gu W, Kang M, Tang Z, Chen Z, Chen Z, Liu L, Yu J, Li Z, Meng Z. Is chronic hepatitis B infection a protective factor for the progression of advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? An analysis from a large multicenter cohort study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85603-85612. [PMID: 27811354 PMCID: PMC5356762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Whether the progression of advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients could be affected by HBV exposure remains to be determined. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the effect of HBV infection on PDAC progression among a large cohort in China. METHODS A multicenter cohort study was conducted to explore whether liver metastasis and overall survival in locally advanced and metastatic PDAC could be affected by HBV infection. In this study, we collected 1,526 advanced PDAC patients at three participating hospitals - Shanghai Cancer Center, Changhai Hospital and Ruijin Hospital from 2004 to 2013. The association between HBV status and advanced PDAC progression was then examined. RESULTS In multivariable Logistic regression model, chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection was inversely associated with synchronous liver metastasis compared to non HBV infection (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.85) for stage IV patients. In a multivariable Cox model, CHB infection (HR=0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.82) is considered as a protective factor of metachronous liver metastasis compared to Non HBV infection for stage III patients. For stage IV patients, CHB infection was inversely associated with overall survival compared to non HBV infection (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.95). Inactive carrier(IC) and resolved HBV infection showed no significant association with survival compared to non HBV infection. CONCLUSION This study indicated that CHB infection may serve as an independent factor which decrease synchronous or metachronous liver metastasis, and increase overall survival among advanced PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouyu Ning
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Dong
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoheng Shen
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehua Shen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Hua
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Lin
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Litao Xu
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyun Feng
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Endoscopy and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Sun
- Department of Radiology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Radiology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhujun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Luming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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26
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Zhang H, Song Y, Yang H, Liu Z, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Tumor cell-intrinsic Tim-3 promotes liver cancer via NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 axis. Oncogene 2018; 37:2456-2468. [PMID: 29449693 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (Tim-3), mediating immune exhaustion in tumor microenvironment, has become a promising target for tumor therapy. However, the exact mechanisms for tumor cell-intrinsic Tim-3 in tumor development and its potential contribution in Tim-3-targeted therapy strategy have not been elucidated yet. In this study, we showed that human liver cancer tissues contained high ratio of Tim-3-expressing hepatocytes, and cytokines rich in tumor microenvironment and HBV involved in Tim-3 upregulation in malignant hepatocytes. We demonstrated that hepatocyte-specific Tim-3 overexpression enhances tumor cell growth, whereas Tim-3 inhibition on malignant hepatocytes by anti-Tim-3 antibodies or RNAi suppresses tumor growth both in vitro and in Tim-3 knockout mice. Mechanistically, the hepatocyte-Tim-3 receptor activates NF-κB phosphorylation, which in turn stimulates IL-6 secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation. Our results identify tumor cell-intrinsic functions of Tim-3 in tumorigenesis and suggest that blocking Tim-3 in tumor cells might contribute to the clinical efficacy of anti-Tim-3 antibody treatment in the future tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Huimin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
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27
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Massa C, Seliger B. The tumor microenvironment: Thousand obstacles for effector T cells. Cell Immunol 2017; 343:103730. [PMID: 29249298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is endowed with the capability to recognize and destroy transformed cells, but even in the presence of an immune infiltrate many tumors do progress. In the last decades new discoveries have shed light into (some of) the underlying mechanisms. Immune effector cells are not only under the influence of immune suppressive cell subsets, but also intrinsically regulated by immune check point molecules that under physiological condition avoid attach of healthy tissue. Moreover, tumor cells are modifying the surrounding microenvironment through secretion of immune modulators as well as via their own metabolism, thus further impairing the development of immune effector functions. Different approaches are currently being evaluated in the clinic to overcome those regulatory mechanisms and to unleash effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Massa
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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28
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Das M, Zhu C, Kuchroo VK. Tim-3 and its role in regulating anti-tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:97-111. [PMID: 28258697 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is being increasingly recognized as a key therapeutic modality to treat cancer and represents one of the most exciting treatments for the disease. Fighting cancer with immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment for some patients and therapies targeting the immune checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 have achieved durable responses in melanoma, renal cancer, Hodgkin's diseases and lung cancer. However, the success rate of these treatments has been low and a large number of cancers, including colorectal cancer remain largely refractory to CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade. This has provided impetus to identify other co-inhibitory receptors that could be exploited to enhance response rates of current immunotherapeutic agents and achieve responses to the cancers that are refectory to immunotherapy. Tim-3 is a co-inhibitory receptor that is expressed on IFN-g-producing T cells, FoxP3+ Treg cells and innate immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) where it has been shown to suppress their responses upon interaction with their ligand(s). Tim-3 has gained prominence as a potential candidate for cancer immunotherapy, where it has been shown that in vivo blockade of Tim-3 with other check-point inhibitors enhances anti-tumor immunity and suppresses tumor growth in several preclinical tumor models. This review discusses the recent findings on Tim-3, the role it plays in regulating immune responses in different cell types and the rationale for targeting Tim-3 for effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Das
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chen Zhu
- Discovery Biology, Research and Development, Sanofi US, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Dolina JS, Cechova S, Rudy CK, Sung SSJ, Tang WW, Lee J, Hahn YS, Le TH. Cross-Presentation of Soluble and Cell-Associated Antigen by Murine Hepatocytes Is Enhanced by Collectrin Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2341-2351. [PMID: 28159899 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is a modular series of intracellular events dictating the internalization and subsequent MHC class I (MHC I) display of extracellular Ags. This process has been defined in dendritic cells and plays a fundamental role in the induction of CD8+ T cell immunity during viral, intracellular bacterial, and antitumor responses. Herein, acute viral infection of murine liver with adenovirus, a model for intrahepatic cross-presentation, confirms hepatocytes directly contribute to cross-presentation of Ags and priming the pool of naive CD8+ T cells within the liver microenvironment. Processing of soluble and cell-associated Ags into peptide displayed by MHC I is however defective in hepatocytes lacking collectrin, an intracellular chaperone protein that localizes within the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Loss of hepatic collectrin expression leads to the diminished cross-priming and expansion of cytolytic antiviral CD8+ T cells. This study demonstrates that collectrin positively regulates processing of engulfed Ags into MHC I:peptide complexes within hepatocytes. Collectrin-mediated cross-presentation supports intrahepatic adaptive antiviral immune responses and may lead to insights into the nature of how the liver acts as a primary site of CD8+ T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Dolina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sylvia Cechova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Christine K Rudy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sun-Sang J Sung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - William W Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Joey Lee
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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30
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Abstract
After partial hepatectomy, hepatocytes proliferate to restore mass and function of the liver. Macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, dendritic cells (DC), eosinophils, gamma delta T (γδT) cells, and conventional T cells, as well as other subsets of the immune cells residing in the liver control liver regeneration, either through direct interactions with hepatocytes or indirectly by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review recent progress regarding the immune cells in the liver and their functions during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Labonte AC, Sung SJ, Jennelle LT, Dandekar AP, Hahn YS. Expression of scavenger receptor-AI promotes alternative activation of murine macrophages to limit hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatology 2017; 65:32-43. [PMID: 27770558 PMCID: PMC5191952 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver maintains an immunologically tolerant environment as a result of continuous exposure to food and bacterial constituents from the digestive tract. Hepatotropic pathogens can take advantage of this niche and establish lifelong chronic infections causing hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Macrophages (Mϕ) play a critical role in regulation of immune responses to hepatic infection and regeneration of tissue. However, the factors crucial for Mϕ in limiting hepatic inflammation or resolving liver damage have not been fully understood. In this report, we demonstrate that expression of C-type lectin receptor scavenger receptor-AI (SR-AI) is crucial for promoting M2-like Mϕ activation and polarization during hepatic inflammation. Liver Mϕ uniquely up-regulated SR-AI during hepatotropic viral infection and displayed increased expression of alternative Mϕ activation markers, such as YM-1, arginase-1, and interleukin-10 by activation of mer receptor tyrosine kinase associated with inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin. Expression of these molecules was reduced on Mϕ obtained from livers of infected mice deficient for the gene encoding SR-AI (msr1). Furthermore, in vitro studies using an SR-AI-deficient Mϕ cell line revealed impeded M2 polarization and decreased phagocytic capacity. Direct stimulation with virus was sufficient to activate M2 gene expression in the wild-type (WT) cell line, but not in the knockdown cell line. Importantly, tissue damage and fibrosis were exacerbated in SR-AI-/- mice following hepatic infection and adoptive transfer of WT bone-marrow-derived Mϕ conferred protection against fibrosis in these mice. CONCLUSION SR-AI expression on liver Mϕ promotes recovery from infection-induced tissue damage by mediating a switch to a proresolving Mϕ polarization state. (Hepatology 2017;65:32-43).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Labonte
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Sun‐Sang J. Sung
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of Medicine & Center for Inflammation and RegenerationUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Lucas T. Jennelle
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Aditya P. Dandekar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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32
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Adaptive immunity in the liver. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:354-68. [PMID: 26996069 PMCID: PMC4856810 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomical architecture of the human liver and the diversity of its immune components endow the liver with its physiological function of immune competence. Adaptive immunity is a major arm of the immune system that is organized in a highly specialized and systematic manner, thus providing long-lasting protection with immunological memory. Adaptive immunity consists of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Cellular immunity is known to have a crucial role in controlling infection, cancer and autoimmune disorders in the liver. In this article, we will focus on hepatic virus infections, hepatocellular carcinoma and autoimmune disorders as examples to illustrate the current understanding of the contribution of T cells to cellular immunity in these maladies. Cellular immune suppression is primarily responsible for chronic viral infections and cancer. However, an uncontrolled auto-reactive immune response accounts for autoimmunity. Consequently, these immune abnormalities are ascribed to the quantitative and functional changes in adaptive immune cells and their subsets, innate immunocytes, chemokines, cytokines and various surface receptors on immune cells. A greater understanding of the complex orchestration of the hepatic adaptive immune regulators during homeostasis and immune competence are much needed to identify relevant targets for clinical intervention to treat immunological disorders in the liver.
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33
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Liu Y, Gao LF, Liang XH, Ma CH. Role of Tim-3 in hepatitis B virus infection: An overview. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2294-2303. [PMID: 26900291 PMCID: PMC4735003 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has received increasing public attention. HBV is the prototypical member of hepadnaviruses, which naturally infect only humans and great apes and induce the acute and persistent chronic infection of hepatocytes. A large body of evidence has demonstrated that dysfunction of the host anti-viral immune response is responsible for persistent HBV replication, unresolved inflammation and disease progression. Many regulatory factors are involved in immune dysfunction. Among these, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), one of the immune checkpoint proteins, has attracted increasing attention due to its critical role in regulating both adaptive and innate immune cells. In chronic HBV infection, Tim-3 expression is elevated in many types of immune cells, such as T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells. Tim-3 over-expression is often accompanied by impaired function of the above-mentioned immunocytes, and Tim-3 inhibition can at least partially rescue impaired immune function and thus promote viral clearance. A better understanding of the regulatory role of Tim-3 in host immunity during HBV infection will shed new light on the mechanisms of HBV-related liver disease and suggest new therapeutic methods for intervention.
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34
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Hato T, Zhu AX, Duda DG. Rationally combining anti-VEGF therapy with checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:299-313. [PMID: 26865127 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal disease with rising incidence in the world. For advanced HCC, sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is the only systemic therapy with proven survival benefits. Sorafenib is a pan-VEGF receptor inhibitor, and thus many studies have focused its antivascular effects. But VEGF also acts as an immunosuppressive molecule. VEGF can inhibit maturation of dendritic cells, promote immune suppressive cell infiltration and enhance immune checkpoint molecules expression. On the other hand, potent VEGF inhibition may increase tumor hypoxia, which could hinder antitumor immunity or immunotherapy. Thus, achieving synergy when combining anti-VEGF therapy with immunotherapy may require proper polarization of the tumor microenvironment by dose titration or combination with other immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Hato
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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35
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Liang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Expression of galectin-9 mRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:15100-15105. [PMID: 26823850 PMCID: PMC4713636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer, with a very high prevalence, is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Galectin-9, a semi-galactoside-binding protein, was demonstrated to be involved in the formation and metastasis processes of tumors such as breast cancer, and has significant impact on the development and prognosis of tumor. In this study, 90 cases of liver cancer patients who had liver cancer resection surgery treatment, were selected. Samples of liver cancer tissues and cancer-adjacent tissues from the surgery resection of liver cancer patients, which also confirmed by pathology after operation as specimens, were obtained to detect the expression level of Galectin-9 mRNA. The comparing results showed that there were significant differences between the expression of Galectin-9 mRNA in cancer-adjacent tissues and that in cancer tissues (P < 0.05), in terms of pathology differentiation, TNM, and recurrence transfer aspects. However, there were no obvious correlations with gender, age, the size of tumor, and HBsAg. The expression of Galectin-9 mRNA has a close relationship with pathological differentiation, TNM, and recurrence metastasis. Our data presented here provide theoretical basis for new target of liver cancer diagnosis as well as potential prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taizhou University Medical SchoolTaizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taizhou University Medical SchoolTaizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanzi Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058, China
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36
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Feng C, Cao LJ, Song HF, Xu P, Chen H, Xu JC, Zhu XY, Zhang XG, Wang XF. Expression of PD-L1 on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells of Patients with Chronic HBV Infection and Its Correlation with Clinical Parameters. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:418-24. [PMID: 26266813 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in suppressing specific antiviral immune responses during the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB) as well as tumorigenesis. Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) expressed on Tregs can transduce an inhibitory signal into effector T cells through interacting with programmed death-1 (PD-1). However, in CHB patients, the clinical significance of PD-L1 expression on Tregs has not been clearly described. This study investigated the frequency of circulating Tregs and PD-L1 expression on Tregs and analyzed their correlations with clinical parameters. The data show that both the frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs and PD-L1 expression on Tregs in the peripheral blood increased significantly in CHB patients when compared with healthy controls. At the same time, it is shown that PD-L1 expression on Tregs was positively correlated with the percentage of Tregs in CHB patients. Moreover, the results demonstrated that both Treg frequency and PD-L1 expression on Tregs positively correlated with the levels of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), both of which are indicators of the extent of liver injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that PD-L1 on Tregs might contribute to progression of hepatitis B virus infection through mediating the inhibitory function of Tregs. Thereby, blockade of interaction between Treg-expressing PD-L1 and PD-1 on effector T cells may be adopted as a potential therapeutic approach in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Cao
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Feng Song
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,2 Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City , Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- 2 Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City , Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- 2 Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City , Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Chi Xu
- 2 Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City , Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- 2 Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City , Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Guang Zhang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,4 The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
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37
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Cheng YQ, Ren JP, Zhao J, Wang JM, Zhou Y, Li GY, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. MicroRNA-155 regulates interferon-γ production in natural killer cells via Tim-3 signalling in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Immunology 2015; 145:485-97. [PMID: 25772938 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses must be tightly regulated by an intricate balance between positive and negative signals while fighting pathogens; persistent pathogens may usurp these regulatory mechanisms to dampen host immunity to facilitate survival in vivo. Here we report that Tim-3, a negative signalling molecule expressed on monocytes and T cells, is up-regulated on natural killer (NK) cells in individuals chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Additionally, the transcription factor T-bet was also found to be up-regulated and associated with Tim-3 expression in NK cells during chronic HCV infection. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155), an miRNA that inhibits signalling proteins involved in immune responses, was down-regulated in NK cells by HCV infection. This Tim-3/T-bet over-expression and miR-155 inhibition were recapitulated in vitro by incubating primary NK cells or NK92 cell line with Huh-7 hepatocytes expressing HCV. Reconstitution of miR-155 in NK cells from HCV-infected patients led to a decrease in T-bet/Tim-3 expression and an increase in interferon-γ production. Blocking Tim-3 signalling also enhanced interferon-γ production in NK cells by improving signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 phosphorylation. These data indicate that HCV-induced, miR-155-regulated Tim-3 expression regulates NK cell function, suggesting a novel mechanism for balancing immune clearance and immune injury during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Q Cheng
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun P Ren
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jia M Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Centre of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Guang Y Li
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,HCV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,HCV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
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38
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Merani S, Chen W, Elahi S. The bitter side of sweet: the role of Galectin-9 in immunopathogenesis of viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:175-86. [PMID: 25760439 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a critical role for β-galactoside-binding protein, Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has emerged in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer. It is a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), a type-I glycoprotein that is persistently expressed on dysfunctional T cells during chronic viral infections. Gal-9 exerts its pivotal immunomodulatory effects by inducing apoptosis or suppressing effector functions via engagement with its receptor, Tim-3. Recent studies report elevation of circulating Gal-9 in humans infected with different viral infections. Interaction of soluble Gal-9 with Tim-3 expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ T cells renders them less susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while enhanced HIV infection occurs when Gal-9 interacts with a different receptor than Tim-3. This indicates the versatile role of Gal-9 in viral pathogenesis. For instance, higher expression of Tim-3 during chronic viral infection and elevation of plasma Gal-9 may have evolved to limit persistent immune activation and pathogenic T cells activity. In contrast, Gal-9 can suppress the effectiveness of immunity against viral infections. In agreement, Gal-9 knockout mice mount a more robust and vigorous virus-specific immune response in acute and chronic viral infections resulting in rapid viral clearance. In line with this observation, blocking Gal-9 signals to Tim-3-expressing T cells result in improved immune responses. Here we review the biological and immunological properties of Gal-9 in viral infections (HIV, HCV, HBV, HSV, CMV, influenza, and dengue virus). Manipulating Gal-9 signals may have immunotherapeutic potential and could represent an alternative approach for improving immune responses to viral infections/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzma Merani
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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39
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Isogawa M, Tanaka Y. Immunobiology of hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:179-89. [PMID: 25331910 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response, particularly the virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell response, is largely responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The HBV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response is vigorous, polyclonal and multispecific in acutely infected patients who successfully clear the virus and relatively weak and narrowly focused in chronically infected patients. The immunological basis for this dichotomy is unclear. A recent study using HBV transgenic mice and HBV-specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice suggests that intrahepatic antigen presentation by HBV positive hepatocytes suppresses HBV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses through a co-inhibitory molecule, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). In contrast, antigen presentation by activated professional antigen-presenting cells induces functional differentiation of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells. These findings suggest that the outcome of T-cell priming is largely dependent on the nature of antigen-presenting cells. Another study suggests that the timing of HBV-specific CD4(+) T-cell priming regulates the magnitude of the HBV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. Other factors that could regulate HBV-specific cellular immune responses are high viral loads, mutational epitope inactivation, T-cell receptor antagonism and infection of immunologically privileged tissues. However, these pathways become apparent only in the setting of an ineffective cellular immune response, which is therefore the fundamental underlying cause. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which HBV evades host immune responses will eventually help develop new immunotherapeutic strategies designed to terminate chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
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Nagahara K, Arikawa T, Oomizu S, Kontani K, Nobumoto A, Tateno H, Watanabe K, Niki T, Katoh S, Miyake M, Nagahata SI, Hirabayashi J, Kuchroo VK, Yamauchi A, Hirashima M. Galectin-9 increases Tim-3+ dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells and enhances antitumor immunity via galectin-9-Tim-3 interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7660-9. [PMID: 19017954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A Tim-3 ligand, galectin-9 (Gal-9), modulates various functions of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that Gal-9 prolongs the survival of Meth-A tumor-bearing mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Although Gal-9 did not prolong the survival of tumor-bearing nude mice, transfer of naive spleen cells restored a prolonged Gal-9-induced survival in nude mice, indicating possible involvement of T cell-mediated immune responses in Gal-9-mediated antitumor activity. Gal-9 administration increased the number of IFN-gamma-producing Tim-3(+) CD8(+) T cells with enhanced granzyme B and perforin expression, although it induced CD4(+) T cell apoptosis. It simultaneously increased the number of Tim-3(+)CD86(+) mature dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo and in vitro. Coculture of CD8(+) T cells with DCs from Gal-9-treated mice increased the number of IFN-gamma producing cells and IFN-gamma production. Depletion of Tim-3(+) DCs from DCs of Gal-9-treated tumor-bearing mice decreased the number of IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells. Such DC activity was significantly abrogated by Tim-3-Ig, suggesting that Gal-9 potentiates CD8(+) T cell-mediated antitumor immunity via Gal-9-Tim-3 interactions between DCs and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nagahara
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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