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Wang Y, Lu C, Guo S, Guo Y, Wei T, Chen Q. Leafhopper salivary vitellogenin mediates virus transmission to plant phloem. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38167823 PMCID: PMC10762104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary effectors of piercing-sucking insects can suppress plant defense to promote insect feeding, but it remains largely elusive how they facilitate plant virus transmission. Leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps transmits important rice reovirus via virus-packaging exosomes released from salivary glands and then entering the rice phloem. Here, we report that intact salivary vitellogenin of N. cincticeps (NcVg) is associated with the GTPase Rab5 of N. cincticeps (NcRab5) for release from salivary glands. In virus-infected salivary glands, NcVg is upregulated and packaged into exosomes mediated by virus-induced NcRab5, subsequently entering the rice phloem. The released NcVg inherently suppresses H2O2 burst of rice plants by interacting with rice glutathione S-transferase F12, an enzyme catalyzing glutathione-dependent oxidation, thus facilitating leafhoppers feeding. When leafhoppers transmit virus, virus-upregulated NcVg thus promotes leafhoppers feeding and enhances viral transmission. Taken together, the findings provide evidence that viruses exploit insect exosomes to deliver virus-hijacked effectors for efficient transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengcong Lu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shude Guo
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Wu X, Xu X, Xiang Y, Fan D, An Q, Yue G, Jin Z, Ding J, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:163. [PMID: 36045437 PMCID: PMC9429695 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles containing RNA and proteins that are specifically secreted in vivo. Exosomes have many functions, such as material transport and signal transduction between cells. Many studies have proven that exosomes can not only be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also as carriers to transmit information between cells. Exosomes participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including the immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tumour development. Differences in exosome functions depend on cell type. In recent years, exosome origin, cargo composition, and precise regulatory mechanisms have been the focus of research. Although exosomes have been extensively reported in digestive tumours, few articles have reviewed their roles in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, especially inflammatory-related diseases (such as reflux oesophagitis, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, and pancreatitis). This paper briefly summarizes the roles of exosomes in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system to provide a basis for research on the mechanism of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system targeted by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yiwei Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiming An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Gengyu Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianhong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Segredo-Otero E, Sanjuán R. Cooperative Virus-Virus Interactions: An Evolutionary Perspective. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9819272. [PMID: 37850129 PMCID: PMC10521650 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9819272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive evidence of virus-virus interactions, not much is known about their biological significance. Importantly, virus-virus interactions could have evolved as a form of cooperation or simply be a by-product of other processes. Here, we review and discuss different types of virus-virus interactions from the point of view of social evolution, which provides a well-established framework for interpreting the fitness costs and benefits of such traits. We also classify interactions according to their mechanisms of action and speculate on their evolutionary implications. As in any other biological system, the evolutionary stability of viral cooperation critically requires cheaters to be excluded from cooperative interactions. We discuss how cheater viruses exploit cooperative traits and how viral populations are able to counteract this maladaptive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Segredo-Otero
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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Ye F, Wang Y, He Q, Cui C, Yu H, Lu Y, Zhu S, Xu H, Zhao X, Yin H, Li D, Li H, Zhu Q. Exosomes Transmit Viral Genetic Information and Immune Signals may cause Immunosuppression and Immune Tolerance in ALV-J Infected HD11 cells. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:904-920. [PMID: 32140061 PMCID: PMC7053331 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is oncogenic retrovirus that not only causes immunosuppression but also enhances the host's susceptibility to secondary infection. Exosomes play vital role in the signal transduction cascades that occur in response to viral infection. We want to explore the function of exosomes in the spread of ALV and the body's subsequent immunological response. RNA-sequencing and the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method were used to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in exosomes secreted by macrophage cells in response to injection with ALV subgroup J (ALV-J). RNA-sequencing identified 513 DEGs in infected cells, with specific differential regulation in mRNA involved in tight junction signaling, TNF signaling, salmonella infection response, and immune response, among other important cellular processes. Differential regulation was observed in 843 lncRNAs, with particular enrichment in those lncRNA targets involved in Rap1 signaling, HTLV-I infection, tight junction signaling, and other signaling pathways. A total of 50 DEPs were identified in the infected cells by iTRAQ. The proteins enriched are involved in immune response, antigen processing, the formation of both MHC protein and myosin complexes, and transport. Combined analysis of the transcriptome and proteome revealed that there were 337 correlations between RNA and protein enrichment, five of which were significant. Pathways that were enriched on both the RNA and protein levels were involved in pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Endocytosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection. These data show that exosomes are transmitters of intercellular signaling in response to viral infection. Exosomes can carry both viral nucleic acids and proteins, making it possible for exosomes to be involved in the viral infection of other cells and the transmission of immune signals between cells. Our sequencing results confirme previous studies on exosomes and further find exosomes may cause immunosuppression and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Qijian He
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Cui
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Heling Yu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxiang Lu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiliang Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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Zhang K, Xu S, Shi X, Xu G, Shen C, Liu X, Zheng H. Exosomes-mediated transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo and in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:164-173. [PMID: 31176404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane-enclosed vesicles that participate in intercellular communication between cells. Numerous evidences suggested that exosomes derived from virus-infected cells can mediate virus transmission or/and regulate immune response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototype member of the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. It can cause highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and significantly increase public awareness. However, the role of exosomes in the transmission of FMDV has still remained unknown. In this study, full length of FMDV genomic RNA and partial viral proteins were identified in purified exosomes isolated from FMDV-infected PK-15 cells with qRT-PCR and /MS. Exosomes from FMDV-infected cells were capable of transmitting infection to naive PK-15 cells and suckling mice. Furthermore, exosome-mediated infection cannot be fully blocked by FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies. This finding highlights that FMDV transmission by exosomes as a potential immune evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Shouxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Guowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China.
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Exosomes Exploit the Virus Entry Machinery and Pathway To Transmit Alpha Interferon-Induced Antiviral Activity. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01578-18. [PMID: 30282711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha interferon (IFN-α) induces the transfer of resistance to hepatitis B virus (HBV) from liver nonparenchymal cells (LNPCs) to hepatocytes via exosomes. However, little is known about the entry machinery and pathway involved in the transmission of IFN-α-induced antiviral activity. In this study, we found that macrophage exosomes uniquely depend on T cell immunoglobulin and mucin receptor 1 (TIM-1), a hepatitis A virus (HAV) receptor, to enter hepatocytes for delivering IFN-α-induced anti-HBV activity. Moreover, two primary endocytic routes for virus infection, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and macropinocytosis, collaborate to permit exosome entry and anti-HBV activity transfer. Subsequently, lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), an anionic lipid closely related to endosome penetration of virus, facilitates membrane fusion of exosomes in late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (LEs/MVBs) and the accompanying exosomal cargo uncoating. Together, our findings provide comprehensive insights into the transmission route of macrophage exosomes to efficiently deliver IFN-α-induced antiviral substances and highlight the similarities between the entry mechanisms of exosomes and virus.IMPORTANCE Our previous study showed that LNPC-derived exosomes could transmit IFN-α-induced antiviral activity to HBV replicating hepatocytes, but the concrete transmission mechanisms, which include exosome entry and exosomal cargo release, remain unclear. In this study, we found that virus entry machinery and pathway were also applied to exosome-mediated cell-to-cell antiviral activity transfer. Macrophage-derived exosomes distinctively exploit hepatitis A virus receptor for access to hepatocytes. Later, CME and macropinocytosis are utilized by exosomes, followed by exosome-endosome fusion for efficient transfer of IFN-α-induced anti-HBV activity. We believe that understanding the cellular entry pathway of exosomes will be beneficial to designing exosomes as efficient vehicles for antiviral therapy.
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Verhoeven CJ, Metselaar HJ, van der Laan LJW. Barking up the wrong tree: MicroRNAs in bile as markers for biliary complications. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:637-9. [PMID: 24777632 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia J Verhoeven
- Departments of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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