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Aziz T, Hussain N, Hameed Z, Lin L. Elucidating the role of diet in maintaining gut health to reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and other age-related inflammatory diseases: recent challenges and future recommendations. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2297864. [PMID: 38174551 PMCID: PMC10773664 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2297864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A healthy balanced diet is crucial in protecting the immune system against infections and diseases. Poor diets, such as the Western diet, contribute to the development of metabolic diseases, hypertension, and obesity. Microbiota, primarily composed of different microorganisms and residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), also play a significant role in maintaining gut health. Polyphenols and probiotics found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds promote gut health and support the growth of beneficial bacteria. Different types of diets, their categories, and their impact on health are also mentioned. The relationship between diet, gut health, and the risk of developing obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases is discussed in this review article. The rationale behind the review concludes future recommendations for maintaining gut health and reducing the occurrence of obesity, cardiometabolic diseases, and other inflammatory diseases. There is also the need for standardized research methods, long-term studies, and translating scientific knowledge into practical dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aziz
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Nageen Hussain
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Campus, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Lahore
| | - Zunaira Hameed
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Campus, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Lahore
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Su J, Li Q, Mao P, Peng H, Han H, Wiley J, Guo J, Chen JL. Does the Association of Sedentary Time or Fruit/Vegetable Intake with Central Obesity Depend on Menopausal Status among Women? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10083. [PMID: 36011729 PMCID: PMC9407901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The prevalence of central obesity is growing rapidly among women, and the prevalence differs by menopausal status. Longer sedentary time and less fruit/vegetable (F/V) intake increased the risk of central obesity. Among women of different menopausal statuses, controversy surrounds the association between sedentary time or F/V intake and central obesity. This study aimed to explore whether the independent and joint associations between sedentary time or F/V intake and menopausal status are correlated with central obesity, respectively. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hunan, China. Self-reported questionnaires were used to gather information on demographic characteristics, menopausal status, sedentary time, and F/V intake. Waist circumference was measured at the study site. Binary logistic regression and multiple interaction models were used to explore the independent and joint associations of menopausal status and the above two lifestyle variables with central obesity. (3) Results: A total of 387 women with a mean age of 47.7 ± 6.6 years old participated in the study. The prevalence of central obesity was 52.8%. Peri- and post-menopause statuses and not taking five servings of F/V per day were risk factors of central obesity (p < 0.05), whereas no significant association was found between sedentary time and central obesity (p > 0.05). Among peri-menopausal (mutual odds ratio (OR): 2.466, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.984−6.182; p < 0.05) and post-menopausal women (mutual OR: 2.274, 95% CI: 1.046−4.943; p < 0.05), more than 4 h of sedentary time per day was associated with a high risk of central obesity. Among pre-menopausal women, the consumption of five servings of F/V per day was associated with a low risk of central obesity (mutual OR: 0.444, 95%CI: 0.236−0.837, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: More than half of women in the central south of China presented with central obesity, spent >4 h of sedentary time per day, or did not engage in recommended F/V intake. Healthier lifestyle intervention is warranted to prevent central obesity development, including reducing the sedentary time to <4 h per day for peri- and post-menopausal women, while increasing taking five servings of F/V per day for pre-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Department of Nursing, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Qingting Li
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Department of Nursing, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Department of Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huiwu Han
- Department of Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - James Wiley
- Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
- Nursing School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jyu-Lin Chen
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Liu Y, Yang W, VoPham T, Ma Y, Simon TG, Gao X, Chan AT, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Zhang X. Plant-Based and Animal-Based Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among US Men and Women. Hepatology 2021; 73:175-185. [PMID: 32222996 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little is known about the role of low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We prospectively evaluated the associations between plant-based and animal-based LCDs and risk of HCC in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). APPROACH AND RESULTS Dietary intake was assessed every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). HRs are shown for a 1-standard deviation (SD) increment with variables modeled as continuous. During 3,664,769 person-years of follow-up, there were 156 incident HCC cases. Although there were no associations between overall or animal-based LCD score and risk of HCC, plant-based LCD score was inversely associated with HCC risk (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.98; Ptrend = 0.03). Carbohydrate intake, especially from refined grains (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00-1.39; Ptrend = 0.04), was positively, while plant fat (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95; Ptrend = 0.01) was inversely associated with HCC risk. Substituting 5% of energy from plant fat and protein for carbohydrate (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.93; Ptrend = 0.01) or refined grains (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.55-0.90; Ptrend = 0.006) was associated with lower HCC risk. In conclusion, a plant-based LCD and dietary restriction of carbohydrate from refined grains were associated with a lower risk of HCC. Substituting plant fat and protein for carbohydrate, particularly refined grains, may decrease HCC incidence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a potential benefit in emphasizing plant sources of fat and protein in the diet for HCC primary prevention; additional studies that carefully consider hepatitis B and C virus infections and chronic liver diseases are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wanshui Yang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Trang VoPham
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Epidemiology Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Yanan Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Dietary patterns interact with chromosome 9p21 rs1333048 polymorphism on the risk of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy Tehrani adults. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:35-43. [PMID: 30600348 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene-dietary patterns may contribute to determining body composition and related biochemical indices. The aim of this study was to evaluate interactions between rs1333048 polymorphism and major dietary patterns on body fat percentage, general and central obesity, and related biochemical measurements. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 265 healthy Tehrani adults with mean age of 35 years (47.5% men, 52.5% women). Dietary patterns (DPs) were extracted by factor analysis. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used for body analysis and rs1333048 was genotyped by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS Three DPs were extracted: restricted refined grains DP, legumes DP and healthy DP. AA genotype compared to CC genotype had greater odds for general obesity before (OR 3.14; 95% CI 1.008-9.60, P = 0.045) and after (OR 3.11; 95% CI 1.008-9.60, P = 0.048) adjusting for potential confounders. Individuals with AA genotype were more likely to be centrally obese before (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.006-4.35, P = 0.048) and after (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.12-6.17, P = 0.026) controlling for potential confounders. Significant interactions were observed between Legumes DP and rs1333048 SNP on waist circumference (P = 0.047), body fat % (BFP) (P = 0.048), hs-Crp (P = 0.042), BMI (P = 0.073), WHtR (P = 0.063) and odds for general obesity (P = 0.051). Following this DP reduced all these items for individuals with CC genotype, whereas increased them for people who carry CA or AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that there are significant associations between AA genotype of rs1333048 SNP and general and central obesity, and significant interaction between alleles of this SNP and major dietary patterns on the odds of general obesity, BFP, waist circumference, BMI, WHtR and hs-Crp.
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Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic disorders have become globally prevalent posing a challenge for the chronically damaged liver and predisposing the development and progression of cancer. The rising phenomenon of "obesity epidemic" may provide means for understanding why liver cancer is one of the few malignancies with rising incidence in developed countries over the last decades. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes is an increasingly recognized trigger for liver cancer in Western populations characterized by low prevalence of established risk factors for liver cancer such as viral hepatitis and hepatotoxin exposure. Accumulating evidence has established an association between higher body mass index as an indicator of general obesity and higher risk of primary liver cancer. The associations are stronger in men, in patients with underlying liver disease and in white ethnic groups. Abdominal obesity, weight gain in adult life and metabolic factors related to visceral fat accumulation were also suggested as important risk factors for liver cancer; however, more studies are needed to evaluate these associations. The association of obesity and metabolic parameters with liver cancer survival remains controversial. It is unclear which exact mechanisms could provide links between obesity and liver cancer risk. Recent evidence has implicated several molecular pathways in obesity-associated liver cancer. These include insulin resistance leading to increased levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factors, chronic inflammation, adipose tissue remodeling, pro-inflammatory cytokine and adipokine secretion, and altered gut microbiota. These mechanisms coincide with inflammatory and metabolic processes occurring in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease predisposing cancer development and progression. In the context of the current evidence, better understanding of the role of obesity and related metabolic factors may help in improving current strategies for liver cancer prevention.
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Pang Q, Qu K, Liu C. Central obesity early in adulthood may affect outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1642-3. [PMID: 26432664 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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