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Lo Cigno I, Calati F, Girone C, Catozzo M, Gariglio M. High-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and their interplay with the innate immune response: Uncovering mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic prospects. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29685. [PMID: 38783790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses causally associated with 5% of human cancers, comprising both anogenital and upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs continue to pose a significant global health challenge, primarily due to inadequate vaccine access and coverage. These viruses can establish persistent infections by evading both the intrinsic defenses of infected tissues and the extrinsic defenses provided by professional innate immune cells. Crucial for their evasion strategies is their unique intraepithelial life cycle, which effectively shields them from host detection. Thus, strategies aimed at reactivating the innate immune response within infected or transformed epithelial cells, particularly through the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and lymphocyte-recruiting chemokines, are considered viable solutions to counteract the adverse effects of persistent infections by these oncogenic viruses. This review focuses on the complex interplay between the high-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and the innate immune response in epithelial cells and HPV-associated cancers. In particular, it details the molecular mechanisms by which E6 and E7 modulate the innate immune response, highlighting significant progress in our comprehension of these processes. It also examines forward-looking strategies that exploit the innate immune system to ameliorate existing anticancer therapies, thereby providing crucial insights into future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Calati
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Girone
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Catozzo
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
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Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen J, Guo Z, Liu Y, Hua H. Exploiting RIG-I-like receptor pathway for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 36755342 PMCID: PMC9906624 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are intracellular pattern recognition receptors that detect viral or bacterial infection and induce host innate immune responses. The RLRs family comprises retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) that have distinctive features. These receptors not only recognize RNA intermediates from viruses and bacteria, but also interact with endogenous RNA such as the mislocalized mitochondrial RNA, the aberrantly reactivated repetitive or transposable elements in the human genome. Evasion of RLRs-mediated immune response may lead to sustained infection, defective host immunity and carcinogenesis. Therapeutic targeting RLRs may not only provoke anti-infection effects, but also induce anticancer immunity or sensitize "immune-cold" tumors to immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of RLRs signaling and discuss the rationale for therapeutic targeting RLRs in cancer. We describe how RLRs can be activated by synthetic RNA, oncolytic viruses, viral mimicry and radio-chemotherapy, and how the RNA agonists of RLRs can be systemically delivered in vivo. The integration of RLRs agonism with RNA interference or CAR-T cells provides new dimensions that complement cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, we update the progress of recent clinical trials for cancer therapy involving RLRs activation and immune modulation. Further studies of the mechanisms underlying RLRs signaling will shed new light on the development of cancer therapeutics. Manipulation of RLRs signaling represents an opportunity for clinically relevant cancer therapy. Addressing the challenges in this field will help develop future generations of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfu Jiang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeyu Guo
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Yao WL, Ikeda S, Tsukamoto Y, Shindo K, Otakaki Y, Qin M, Iwasawa Y, Takeuchi F, Kaname Y, Chou YC, Chang C, Watashi K, Wakita T, Noda T, Kato H, Fujita T. Establishment of a human hepatocellular cell line capable of maintaining long-term replication of hepatitis B virus. Int Immunol 2017; 29:109-120. [PMID: 28338936 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a virus whose replication cycle cannot be completely reproduced using cultured cell lines. Here, we report an engineered cell line capable of supporting the complete HBV life cycle. We generated HepG2 cells over-expressing the HBV entry receptor human NTCP (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide), and defective in RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I)-like receptor signaling, by knocking down the IPS-1 (IFNβ-promoter stimulator-1) adaptor molecule. The resultant NtG20.i7 cells were susceptible to HBV, and its replication was detectable at 14 days post-infection and persisted for at least 35 days with a gradual increase of HBV core expression. The cells produced infectious HBV in the culture supernatant, and the addition of preS1 peptide myr47-WT, which blocks HBV entry, impaired the persistence of the infection. These findings suggest that the persistence of the infection was maintained by continuous release of infectious HBV virions and their re-infection. This system is useful for expanding our basic understanding of the HBV replication cycle and for screening of anti-HBV chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ikeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keiko Shindo
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukie Otakaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mian Qin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Iwasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Kaname
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chungming Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- CREST, JST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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