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Okumura A, Aoshima K, Tanimizu N. Generation of in vivo-like multicellular liver organoids by mimicking developmental processes: A review. Regen Ther 2024; 26:219-234. [PMID: 38903867 PMCID: PMC11186971 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver is involved in metabolic reactions, ammonia detoxification, and immunity. Multicellular liver tissue cultures are more desirable for drug screening, disease modeling, and researching transplantation therapy, than hepatocytes monocultures. Hepatocytes monocultures are not stable for long. Further, hepatocyte-like cells induced from pluripotent stem cells and in vivo hepatocytes are functionally dissimilar. Organoid technology circumvents these issues by generating functional ex vivo liver tissue from intrinsic liver progenitor cells and extrinsic stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells. To function as in vivo liver tissue, the liver organoid cells must be arranged precisely in the 3-dimensional space, closely mimicking in vivo liver tissue. Moreover, for long term functioning, liver organoids must be appropriately vascularized and in contact with neighboring epithelial tissues (e.g., bile canaliculi and intrahepatic bile duct, or intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts). Recent discoveries in liver developmental biology allows one to successfully induce liver component cells and generate organoids. Thus, here, in this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on liver development with a focus on its application in generating different liver organoids. We also cover the future prospects in creating (functionally and structurally) in vivo-like liver organoids using the current knowledge on liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Okumura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Kenji Aoshima
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
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2
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Yang Y, Li S, Luo L. Responses of organ precursors to correct and incorrect inductive signals. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:484-495. [PMID: 37739814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the inductive molecules produced by local origins normally arrive at their target tissues in a nondirectional, diffusion manner. The target organ precursor cells must correctly interpret these inductive signals to ensure proper specification/differentiation, which is dependent on two prerequisites: (i) obtaining cell-intrinsic competence; and (ii) receiving correct inductive signals while resisting incorrect ones. Gain of intrinsic competence could avoid a large number of misinductions because the incompetent cells are nonresponsive to inductive signals. However, in cases of different precursor cells with similar competence and located in close proximity, resistance to incorrect inductive signals is essential for accurate determination of cell fate. Here we outline the mechanisms of how organ precursors respond to correct and incorrect inductive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Institute of Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute of Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Institute of Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Yoshimoto K, Maki K, Adachi T, Kamei KI. Cyclic Stretching Enhances Angiocrine Signals at Liver Bud Stage from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Two-Dimensional Culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:426-439. [PMID: 38062736 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiocrine signals during the development and growth of organs, including the liver, intestine, lung, and bone, are essential components of intercellular communication. The signals elicited during the liver bud stage are critical for vascularization and enhanced during the intercellular communication between the cells negative for kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) (KDR- cells) and the cells positive for KDR (KDR+ cells), which constitute the liver bud. However, the use of a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived system has not facilitated the generation of a perfusable vascularized liver organoid that allows elucidation of liver development and has great potential for liver transplantation. This is largely owing to the lack of fundamental understanding to induce angiocrine signals in KDR- and KDR+ cells during the liver bud stage. We hypothesized that mechanical stimuli of cyclic stretching/pushing by the fetal heart adjacent to the liver bud could be the main contributor to promoting angiocrine signals in KDR- and KDR+ cells during the liver bud stage. In this study, we show that an organ-on-a-chip platform allows the emulation of an in vivo-like mechanical environment for the liver bud stage in vitro and investigate the role of cyclic mechanical stretching (cMS) to angiocrine signals in KDR- and KDR+ cells derived from hPSCs. RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, including angiocrine signals, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), were increased by cMS in cocultured KDR- and KDR+ cells. The expression and secretions of HGF and MMP9 were increased by 1.98- and 1.69-fold and 3.23- and 3.72-fold with cMS in the cocultured KDR- and KDR+ cells but were not increased by cMS in the monocultured KDR- and KDR+ cells, respectively. Finally, cMS during the liver bud stage did not lead to the dedifferentiation of hepatocytes, as the cells with cMS showed hepatic maker expression (CYP3A4, CYP3A7, ALB, and AAT) and 1.71-fold higher CYP3A activity than the cells without cMS, during 12 day-hepatocyte maturation after halting cMS. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanical factors during the liver bud stage and directions for future improvements in the engineered liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yoshimoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichiro Maki
- Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kamei
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, China
- Programs of Biology and Bioengineering, Divisions of Science and Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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4
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Hu Y, Wang R, An N, Li C, Wang Q, Cao Y, Li C, Liu J, Wang Y. Unveiling the power of microenvironment in liver regeneration: an in-depth overview. Front Genet 2023; 14:1332190. [PMID: 38152656 PMCID: PMC10751322 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1332190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver serves as a vital regulatory hub for various physiological processes, including sugar, protein, and fat metabolism, coagulation regulation, immune system maintenance, hormone inactivation, urea metabolism, and water-electrolyte acid-base balance control. These functions rely on coordinated communication among different liver cell types, particularly within the liver's fundamental hepatic lobular structure. In the early stages of liver development, diverse liver cells differentiate from stem cells in a carefully orchestrated manner. Despite its susceptibility to damage, the liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity, with the hepatic lobule serving as a secure environment for cell division and proliferation during liver regeneration. This regenerative process depends on a complex microenvironment, involving liver resident cells, circulating cells, secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix, and biological forces. While hepatocytes proliferate under varying injury conditions, their sources may vary. It is well-established that hepatocytes with regenerative potential are distributed throughout the hepatic lobules. However, a comprehensive spatiotemporal model of liver regeneration remains elusive, despite recent advancements in genomics, lineage tracing, and microscopic imaging. This review summarizes the spatial distribution of cell gene expression within the regenerative microenvironment and its impact on liver regeneration patterns. It offers valuable insights into understanding the complex process of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cadre’s Wards Ultrasound Diagnostics, Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ni An
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lotto J, Stephan TL, Hoodless PA. Fetal liver development and implications for liver disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:561-581. [PMID: 37208503 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic, digestive and homeostatic roles of the liver are dependent on proper crosstalk and organization of hepatic cell lineages. These hepatic cell lineages are derived from their respective progenitors early in organogenesis in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, contributing to the liver's specialized and diverse microarchitecture. Advances in genomics, lineage tracing and microscopy have led to seminal discoveries in the past decade that have elucidated liver cell lineage hierarchies. In particular, single-cell genomics has enabled researchers to explore diversity within the liver, especially early in development when the application of bulk genomics was previously constrained due to the organ's small scale, resulting in low cell numbers. These discoveries have substantially advanced our understanding of cell differentiation trajectories, cell fate decisions, cell lineage plasticity and the signalling microenvironment underlying the formation of the liver. In addition, they have provided insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease and cancer, in which developmental processes participate in disease emergence and regeneration. Future work will focus on the translation of this knowledge to optimize in vitro models of liver development and fine-tune regenerative medicine strategies to treat liver disease. In this Review, we discuss the emergence of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, advances that have been made in in vitro modelling of liver development and draw parallels between developmental and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tabea L Stephan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Qin D, Wang R, Ji J, Wang D, Lu Y, Cao S, Chen Y, Wang L, Chen X, Zhang L. Hepatocyte-specific Sox9 knockout ameliorates acute liver injury by suppressing SHP signaling and improving mitochondrial function. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:159. [PMID: 37649095 PMCID: PMC10468867 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sex determining region Y related high-mobility group box protein 9 (Sox9) is expressed in a subset of hepatocytes, and it is important for chronic liver injury. However, the roles of Sox9+ hepatocytes in response to the acute liver injury and repair are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we developed the mature hepatocyte-specific Sox9 knockout mouse line and applied three acute liver injury models including PHx, CCl4 and hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR). Huh-7 cells were subjected to treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in order to induce cellular damage in an in vitro setting. RESULTS We found the positive effect of Sox9 deletion on acute liver injury repair. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression was highly suppressed in hepatocyte-specific Sox9 deletion mouse liver, accompanied by less cell death and more cell proliferation. However, in mice with hepatocyte-specific Sox9 deletion and SHP overexpression, we observed an opposite phenotype. In addition, the overexpression of SOX9 in H2O2-treated Huh-7 cells resulted in an increase in cytoplasmic SHP accumulation, accompanied by a reduction of SHP in the nucleus. This led to impaired mitochondrial function and subsequent cell death. Notably, both the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell damage were reversed when SHP siRNA was employed, indicating the crucial role of SHP in mediating these effects. Furthermore, we found that Sox9, as a vital transcription factor, directly bound to SHP promoter to regulate SHP transcription. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings unravel the mechanism by which hepatocyte-specific Sox9 knockout ameliorates acute liver injury via suppressing SHP signaling and improving mitochondrial function. This study may provide a new treatment strategy for acute liver injury in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinwei Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Duo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyao Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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7
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Guertin TM, Palaria A, Mager J, Sandell LL, Trainor PA, Tremblay KD. Deciphering the role of retinoic acid in hepatic patterning and induction in the mouse. Dev Biol 2022; 491:31-42. [PMID: 36028102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a small molecule and morphogen that is required for embryonic development. While normal RA signals are required for hepatic development in a variety of vertebrates, a role for RA during mammalian hepatic specification has yet to be defined. To examine the requirement for RA in murine liver induction, we performed whole embryo culture with the small molecule RA inhibitor, BMS493, to attenuate RA signaling immediately prior to hepatic induction and through liver bud formation. BMS493 treated embryos demonstrated a significant loss of hepatic specification that was confined to the prospective dorsal anterior liver bud. Examination of RA attenuated embryos demonstrates that while the liver bud displays normal expression of foregut endoderm markers and the hepato-pancreatobiliary domain marker, PROX1, the dorsal/anterior liver bud excludes the critical hepatic marker, HNF4α, indicating that RA signals are required for dorsal/anterior hepatic induction. These results were confirmed and extended by careful examination of Rdh10<sup>trex/trex</sup> embryos, which carry a genetic perturbation in RA synthesis. At E9.5 Rdh10<sup>trex/trex</sup> embryos display a similar yet more significant loss of the anterior/dorsal liver bud. Notably the anterior/dorsal liver bud loss correlates with the known dorsal-ventral gradient of the RA synthesis enzyme, Aldh1a2. In addition to altered hepatic specification, the mesoderm surrounding the liver bud is disorganized in RA abrogated embryos. Analysis of E10.5 Rdh10<sup>trex/trex</sup> embryos reveals small livers that appear to lack the dorsal/caudal lobes. Finally, addition of exogenous RA prior to hepatic induction results in a liver bud that has failed to thicken and is largely unspecified. Taken together our ex vivo and in vivo evidence demonstrate that the generation of normal RA gradients is required for hepatic patterning, specification, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Guertin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Amrita Palaria
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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8
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Quantitative lineage analysis identifies a hepato-pancreato-biliary progenitor niche. Nature 2021; 597:87-91. [PMID: 34433966 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies based on single cells have revealed vast cellular heterogeneity in stem cell and progenitor compartments, suggesting continuous differentiation trajectories with intermixing of cells at various states of lineage commitment and notable degrees of plasticity during organogenesis1-5. The hepato-pancreato-biliary organ system relies on a small endoderm progenitor compartment that gives rise to a variety of different adult tissues, including the liver, pancreas, gall bladder and extra-hepatic bile ducts6,7. Experimental manipulation of various developmental signals in the mouse embryo has underscored important cellular plasticity in this embryonic territory6. This is reflected in the existence of human genetic syndromes as well as congenital malformations featuring multi-organ phenotypes in liver, pancreas and gall bladder6. Nevertheless, the precise lineage hierarchy and succession of events leading to the segregation of an endoderm progenitor compartment into hepatic, biliary and pancreatic structures have not yet been established. Here we combine computational modelling approaches with genetic lineage tracing to accurately reconstruct the hepato-pancreato-biliary lineage tree. We show that a multipotent progenitor subpopulation persists in the pancreato-biliary organ rudiment, contributing cells not only to the pancreas and gall bladder but also to the liver. Moreover, using single-cell RNA sequencing and functional experiments we define a specialized niche that supports this subpopulation in a multipotent state for an extended time during development. Together these findings indicate sustained plasticity underlying hepato-pancreato-biliary development that might also explain the rapid expansion of the liver while attenuating pancreato-biliary growth.
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9
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Campbell SA, Stephan TL, Lotto J, Cullum R, Drissler S, Hoodless PA. Signalling pathways and transcriptional regulators orchestrating liver development and cancer. Development 2021; 148:272023. [PMID: 34478514 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver development is controlled by key signals and transcription factors that drive cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and functional maturation. In the adult liver, cell maturity can be perturbed by genetic and environmental factors that disrupt hepatic identity and function. Developmental signals and fetal genetic programmes are often dysregulated or reactivated, leading to dedifferentiation and disease. Here, we highlight signalling pathways and transcriptional regulators that drive liver cell development and primary liver cancers. We also discuss emerging models derived from pluripotent stem cells, 3D organoids and bioengineering for improved studies of signalling pathways in liver cancer and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tabea L Stephan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sibyl Drissler
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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10
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Gao C, Peng J. All routes lead to Rome: multifaceted origin of hepatocytes during liver regeneration. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 33403526 PMCID: PMC7785766 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is the largest internal organ that serves as the key site for various metabolic activities and maintenance of homeostasis. Liver diseases are great threats to human health. The capability of liver to regain its mass after partial hepatectomy has widely been applied in treating liver diseases either by removing the damaged part of a diseased liver in a patient or transplanting a part of healthy liver into a patient. Vast efforts have been made to study the biology of liver regeneration in different liver-damage models. Regarding the sources of hepatocytes during liver regeneration, convincing evidences have demonstrated that different liver-damage models mobilized different subtype hepatocytes in contributing to liver regeneration. Under extreme hepatocyte ablation, biliary epithelial cells can undergo dedifferentiation to liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and then LPCs differentiate to produce hepatocytes. Here we will focus on summarizing the progresses made in identifying cell types contributing to producing new hepatocytes during liver regeneration in mice and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Lotto J, Drissler S, Cullum R, Wei W, Setty M, Bell EM, Boutet SC, Nowotschin S, Kuo YY, Garg V, Pe'er D, Church DM, Hadjantonakis AK, Hoodless PA. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Early Emergence of Liver Parenchymal and Non-parenchymal Cell Lineages. Cell 2020; 183:702-716.e14. [PMID: 33125890 PMCID: PMC7643810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular complexity and scale of the early liver have constrained analyses examining its emergence during organogenesis. To circumvent these issues, we analyzed 45,334 single-cell transcriptomes from embryonic day (E)7.5, when endoderm progenitors are specified, to E10.5 liver, when liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell lineages emerge. Our data detail divergence of vascular and sinusoidal endothelia, including a distinct transcriptional profile for sinusoidal endothelial specification by E8.75. We characterize two distinct mesothelial cell types as well as early hepatic stellate cells and reveal distinct spatiotemporal distributions for these populations. We capture transcriptional profiles for hepatoblast specification and migration, including the emergence of a hepatomesenchymal cell type and evidence for hepatoblast collective cell migration. Further, we identify cell-cell interactions during the organization of the primitive sinusoid. This study provides a comprehensive atlas of liver lineage establishment from the endoderm and mesoderm through to the organization of the primitive sinusoid at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sibyl Drissler
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Manu Setty
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erin M Bell
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Kuo
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Durel JF, Nerurkar NL. Mechanobiology of vertebrate gut morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:45-52. [PMID: 32413823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximately a century after D'Arcy Thompson's On Growth and Form, there continues to be widespread interest in the biophysical and mathematical basis of morphogenesis. Particularly over the past 20 years, this interest has led to great advances in our understanding of a broad range of processes in embryonic development through a quantitative, mechanically driven framework. Nowhere in vertebrate development is this more apparent than the development of endodermally derived organs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the study of gut development that have emerged primarily from mechanobiology-motivated approaches that span from gut tube morphogenesis and later organogenesis of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Durel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Maguire M, Larsen MC, Vezina CM, Quadro L, Kim YK, Tanumihardjo SA, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 directs Srebp-mediated cholesterol and retinoid synthesis in perinatal liver; Association with retinoic acid activity during fetal development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228436. [PMID: 32027669 PMCID: PMC7004353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) deletion and dietary retinol deficiency during pregnancy (GVAD) affect perinatal liver functions regulated by Srebp. Cyp1b1 is not expressed in perinatal liver but appears in the E9.5 embryo, close to sites of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Hypothesis Parallel effects of Cyp1b1 and retinol on postnatal Srebp derive from effects in the developing liver or systemic signaling. Approach Cluster postnatal increases in hepatic genes in relation to effects of GVAD or Cyp1b1 deletion. Sort expression changes in relation to genes regulated by Srebp1 and Srebp2.Test these treatments on embryos at E9.5, examining changes at the site of liver initiation. Use in situ hybridization to resolve effects on mRNA distributions of Aldh1a2 and Cyp26a1 (RA homeostasis); Hoxb1 and Pax6 (RA targets). Assess mice lacking Lrat and Rbp4 (DKO mice) that severely limits retinol supply to embryos. Results At birth, GVAD and Cyp1b1 deletion stimulate gene markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation but also suppress Hamp. These treatments then selectively prevent the postnatal onset of genes that synthesize cholesterol (Hmgcr, Sqle) and fatty acids (Fasn, Scd1), but also direct cholesterol transport (Ldlr, Pcsk9, Stard4) and retinoid synthesis (Aldh1a1, Rdh11). Extensive support by Cyp1b1 is implicated, but with distinct GVAD interventions for Srebp1 and Srebp2. At E9.5, Cyp1b1 is expressed in the septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) with β-carotene oxygenase (Bco1) that generates retinaldehyde. STM provides progenitors for the HSC and supports liver expansion. GVAD and Cyp1b1-/- do not affect RA-dependent Hoxb1 and Pax6. In DKO embryos, RA-dependent Cyp26a1 is lost but Hoxb1 is sustained with Cyp1b1 at multiple sites. Conclusion Cyp1b1-/- suppresses genes supported by Srebp. GVAD effects distinguish Srebp1 and Srebp2 mediation. Srebp regulation overlaps appreciably in cholesterol and retinoid homeostasis. Bco1/Cyp1b1 partnership in the STM may contribute to this later liver regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Colin R. Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- * E-mail:
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Koike H, Iwasawa K, Ouchi R, Maezawa M, Giesbrecht K, Saiki N, Ferguson A, Kimura M, Thompson WL, Wells JM, Zorn AM, Takebe T. Modelling human hepato-biliary-pancreatic organogenesis from the foregut-midgut boundary. Nature 2019; 574:112-116. [PMID: 31554966 PMCID: PMC7643931 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis is a complex and interconnected process that is orchestrated by multiple boundary tissue interactions1-7. However, it remains unclear how individual, neighbouring components coordinate to establish an integral multi-organ structure. Here we report the continuous patterning and dynamic morphogenesis of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic structures, invaginating from a three-dimensional culture of human pluripotent stem cells. The boundary interactions between anterior and posterior gut spheroids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells enables retinoic acid-dependent emergence of hepato-biliary-pancreatic organ domains specified at the foregut-midgut boundary organoids in the absence of extrinsic factors. Whereas transplant-derived tissues are dominated by midgut derivatives, long-term-cultured microdissected hepato-biliary-pancreatic organoids develop into segregated multi-organ anlages, which then recapitulate early morphogenetic events including the invagination and branching of three different and interconnected organ structures, reminiscent of tissues derived from mouse explanted foregut-midgut culture. Mis-segregation of multi-organ domains caused by a genetic mutation in HES1 abolishes the biliary specification potential in culture, as seen in vivo8,9. In sum, we demonstrate that the experimental multi-organ integrated model can be established by the juxtapositioning of foregut and midgut tissues, and potentially serves as a tractable, manipulatable and easily accessible model for the study of complex human endoderm organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rie Ouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mari Maezawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kirsten Giesbrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Norikazu Saiki
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy L Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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El Sebae GK, Malatos JM, Cone MKE, Rhee S, Angelo JR, Mager J, Tremblay KD. Single-cell murine genetic fate mapping reveals bipotential hepatoblasts and novel multi-organ endoderm progenitors. Development 2018; 145:dev.168658. [PMID: 30232173 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The definitive endoderm (DE) is the embryonic germ layer that forms the gut tube and associated organs, including thymus, lungs, liver and pancreas. To understand how individual DE cells furnish gut organs, genetic fate mapping was performed using the Rosa26lacZ Cre-reporter paired with a tamoxifen-inducible DE-specific Cre-expressing transgene. We established a low tamoxifen dose that infrequently induced heritable lacZ expression in a single cell of individual E8.5 mouse embryos and identified clonal cell descendants at E16.5. As expected, only a fraction of the E16.5 embryos contained lacZ-positive clonal descendants and a subset of these contained descendants in multiple organs, revealing novel ontogeny. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis was used to identify lacZ-positive hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, which are the cholangiocyte precursors, in each clonally populated liver. Together, these data not only uncover novel and suspected lineage relationships between DE-derived organs, but also illustrate the bipotential nature of individual hepatoblasts by demonstrating that single hepatoblasts contribute to both the hepatocyte and the cholangiocyte lineage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K El Sebae
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Joseph M Malatos
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mary-Kate E Cone
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Siyeon Rhee
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jesse R Angelo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Angelo JR, Tremblay KD. Identification and fate mapping of the pancreatic mesenchyme. Dev Biol 2018; 435:15-25. [PMID: 29329912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The murine pancreas buds from the ventral embryonic endoderm at approximately 8.75 dpc and a second pancreas bud emerges from the dorsal endoderm by 9.0 dpc. Although it is clear that secreted signals from adjacent mesoderm-derived sources are required for both the appropriate emergence and further refinement of the pancreatic endoderm, neither the exact signals nor the requisite tissue sources have been defined in mammalian systems. Herein we use DiI fate mapping of cultured murine embryos to identify the embryonic sources of both the early inductive and later condensed pancreatic mesenchyme. Despite being capable of supporting pancreas induction from dorsal endoderm in co-culture experiments, we find that in the context of the developing embryo, the dorsal aortae as well as the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral mesoderm derivatives only transiently associate with the dorsal pancreas bud, producing descendants that are decidedly anterior to the pancreas bud. Unlike these other mesoderm derivatives, the axial (notochord) descendants maintain association with the dorsal pre-pancreatic endoderm and early pancreas bud. This fate mapping data points to the notochord as the likely inductive source in vivo while also revealing dynamic morphogenetic movements displayed by individual mesodermal subtypes. Because none of the mesoderm examined above produced the pancreatic mesenchyme that condenses around the induced bud to support exocrine and endocrine differentiation, we also sought to identify the mesodermal origins of this mesenchyme. We identify a portion of the coelomic mesoderm that contributes to the condensed pancreatic mesenchyme. In conclusion, we identify a portion of the notochord as a likely source of the signals required to induce and maintain the early dorsal pancreas bud, demonstrate that the coelomic mesothelium contributes to the dorsal and ventral pancreatic mesenchyme, and provide insight into the dynamic morphological rearrangements of mesoderm-derived tissues during early organogenesis stages of mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Angelo
- Department of Veterinary&Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary&Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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