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Porat-Shliom N. Compartmentalization, cooperation, and communication: The 3Cs of Hepatocyte zonation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102292. [PMID: 38064779 PMCID: PMC10922296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The unique architecture of the liver allows for spatial compartmentalization of its functions, also known as liver zonation. In contrast to organelles and cells, this compartment is devoid of a surrounding membrane, rendering traditional biochemical tools ineffective for studying liver zonation. Recent advancements in tissue imaging and single-cell technologies have provided new insights into the complexity of tissue organization, rich cellular composition, and the gradients that shape zonation. Hepatocyte gene expression profiles and metabolic programs differ based on their location. Non-parenchymal cells further support hepatocytes from different zones through local secretion of factors that instruct hepatocyte activities. Collectively, these elements form a cohesive and dynamic network of cell-cell interactions that vary across space, time, and disease states. This review will examine the cell biology of hepatocytes in vivo, presenting the latest discoveries and emerging principles that govern tissue-level and sub-cellular compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Porat-Shliom
- Cell Biology and Imaging Section, Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Swan D, Lisman T, Tripodi A, Thachil J. The prothrombotic tendency of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3045-3055. [PMID: 37353082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the function of the liver has evolved over the centuries. Early theories proposing that the liver could be used to divine the future have been superseded by our current knowledge of the importance of the liver in processes such as digestion and detoxification. Similarly, although liver disease was previously associated with only an increased risk of bleeding, there is now a substantial body of evidence demonstrating an increased thrombotic potential in patients with this disease. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is increasing in frequency and is likely to overtake alcoholic liver disease as the primary indication for liver transplant in the future. In this review, we discuss the evidence linking liver disease, and MAFLD in particular, with arterial and venous thromboembolic disease. We review the safety and efficacy of anticoagulation in advanced liver disease and consider whether antithrombotic agents could slow or halt the progression of fibrosis in MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Swan
- Department of Haematology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Armando Tripodi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione Luigi Villa, Milano, Italy
| | - Jecko Thachil
- Department of Haematology, Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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Park J, Riva MA. Gaspare Aselli (1581-1625) and Lacteis Venis: Four Centuries From the Discovery of Lymphatic System. Am Surg 2022:31348221096573. [PMID: 35469431 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221096573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first half of the seventeenth century may be seen as the turning point of knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, as also demonstrated by the works by William Harvey (1578-1657) on the circulation of the blood. This article aims to present biographic context of the surgeon Gaspare Aselli (1581-1625) and his rather fortuitous discovery of the lacteals in Milan in 1622, that contributed to the comprehension of the lymphatic system. The experimentation on living animals (anatomia animata, living anatomy), and particularly the vivisection used by Gaspare Aselli provided the basis for much of the subsequent investigation of the human physiology. In particular, the discovery of lymphatics challenged the basis of the Galenic doctrine, denying the liver the central role it had formerly been granted in transforming food into blood and revolutionized the ancient hepatocentrism in favor of the modern concept of cardiocentrism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Park
- School of Medicine and Surgery, 9305University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Michele A Riva
- School of Medicine and Surgery, 9305University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Cooke GS, Nayagam S. Liver disease: at the heart of public health challenges for Europe in the 21st century. Lancet 2022; 399:9-10. [PMID: 34863361 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Cooke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Shevanthi Nayagam
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
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Riva MA, Invernizzi P. The seat of life. What a lesson from the stigmatized saints. Liver Int 2021; 41:1675-1676. [PMID: 33440073 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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Paleari A, Beretta EP, Riva MA. Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) and the modern cardiovascular physiology. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 45:154-159. [PMID: 33661047 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00218.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) was one of the most important Italian physicians of the modern age. Orphaned of his mother, he spent his early years in the city of Orvieto; when he was 12, his father brought him back to Rome and enrolled him to study medicine at the Sapienza University in Rome. His dedication to study and work soon led him to increasingly important positions. Within a few years, the fame of Lancisi became such that he was appointed the personal physician of three popes. In De Subitaneis Mortibus (1707), he described the pathophysiology of heart diseases, identifying the cause of sudden deaths in structural anomalies of the heart, lungs, and brain. He also wrote about cerebral localizations and first discussed the physiological mechanisms of urine formation and excretion. In 1717, Lancisi described the pathogenesis of malaria and the close correlation between its onset and the swampy waters of the Tiber River, proposing the draining of marshes to eradicate malaria. In the posthumous De Motu Cordis et Aneurysmatibus (1728) he described for the first time heart dilatation and aneurysms of the great vessels, providing a fundamental contribution to the history of cardiovascular physiology. Proof of his interest in medical education is the establishment of an academy and the donation of a library to the hospital, bridging the gap between theory and practice in medical training. Over the centuries, Lancisi's memory has faded, but his work is still relevant for anyone practicing the medical profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paleari
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Najimi M. Cell- and Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Liver Defects: Recent Advances and Future Strategies. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Riva MA, Ferraina F, Paleari A, Lenti MV, Di Sabatino A. From sadness to stiffness: the spleen's progress. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:739-743. [PMID: 31152307 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is a lymphoid organ that has been poorly studied compared to other solid organs, probably because it has been considered a useless and unnecessary part of the body. For many centuries it has been considered a mysterious organ with uncertain functions. The first descriptions of the spleen date back to ancient ages. The spleen has been considered as a reservoir of liquids, strictly linked to stomach digestion, and in different cultures, it has been linked to melancholy and sadness due to the accumulation of black bile (humoral doctrine). A detailed anatomic description was first made by Vesalius during the Renaissance, and further implemented with the description of its microscopic structure by Marcello Malpighi in the seventeenth century. The first case reports regarding spleen functions and pathology regarded common causes of splenomegaly, such as malaria infection, and traumatic rupture. At the beginning of the last century, the pivotal concepts of hypo- and hypersplenism were introduced, along with the cumulating evidence of the relation between spleen removal and increased susceptibility to infections and thromboembolism. The study of hyposplenic states, which occur much more commonly than originally thought in many immune-mediated disorders, has rapidly increased after the validation of a simple method for assessing spleen function, namely pitted red cell count. In recent years, spleen morphology, in particular spleen stiffness, has been proposed as a marker of portal hypertension. In this paper, we retrace the fundamental steps of the discovery of the functions of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Ferraina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Paleari
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Clinica Medica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Clinica Medica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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