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Escudero B, Moya M, López-Valencia L, Arias F, Orio L. Reelin Plasma Levels Identify Cognitive Decline in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Early Abstinence: The Influence of APOE4 Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:545-556. [PMID: 37350760 PMCID: PMC10464928 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-4 isoform, reelin, and clusterin share very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors and are related to cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. These proteins are expressed in plasma and brain, but studies involving plasma expression and cognition are scarce. METHODS We studied the peripheral expression (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of these proteins in 24 middle-aged patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosed at 4 to 12 weeks of abstinence (t = 0) and 34 controls. Cognition was assessed using the Test of Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Alcoholism. In a follow-up study (t = 1), we measured reelin levels and evaluated cognitive improvement at 6 months of abstinence. RESULTS APOE4 isoform was present in 37.5% and 58.8% of patients and controls, respectively, reaching similar plasma levels in ε4 carriers regardless of whether they were patients with AUD or controls. Plasma reelin and clusterin were higher in the AUD group, and reelin levels peaked in patients expressing APOE4 (P < .05, η2 = 0.09), who showed reduced very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APOE4 had a negative effect on memory/learning mainly in the AUD group (P < .01, η2 = 0.15). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified plasma reelin as a good indicator of AUD cognitive impairment at t = 0. At t = 1, patients with AUD showed lower reelin levels vs controls along with some cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS Reelin plasma levels are elevated during early abstinence in patients with AUD who express the APOE4 isoform, identifying cognitive deterioration to a great extent, and it may participate as a homeostatic signal for cognitive recovery in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Leticia López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
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Despotovski V, Vivekanandarajah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Early Postnatal Exposure to Intermittent Hypercapnic Hypoxia (IHH), but Not Nicotine, Decreases Reelin in the Young Piglet Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1859-1868. [PMID: 36322363 PMCID: PMC9797456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the expression of reelin, an extracellular protein involved in lamination and migration of neurons, in the hippocampus of young piglets, and quantified to examine the following: (i) baseline levels within layers of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus (DG); (ii) differences between ventral and dorsal hippocampi; and (iii) changes attributable to postnatal exposure to continuous nicotine for 12 days, or intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH), with further analysis according to duration of IHH (1 vs 4 days). Additionally, we analysed whether any exposure altered DG morphology and whether it is related to altered reelin expression. Reelin was visualised via immunohistochemistry, and the number of positive reelin cells/mm2 was measured in the CA4/Hilus, layers of the DG, and the CA1. The dorsal DG had significantly more reelin within the subgranular zone compared to the ventral DG (p < 0.01). There was no difference in reelin between nicotine (n = 5) and controls (n = 5). IHH exposed piglets (n = 10) had significantly lowered reelin in the CA1 (p = 0.05), specifically the stratum pyramidale (p = 0.04) and the hippocampal fissure (p = 0.02), compared to their controls (n = 7); the duration of IHH had no effect. No exposure was associated with an alteration in DG morphology. This study shows that postnatal IHH exposure decreased reelin expression in the developing piglet hippocampal CA1, suggesting that IHH may result in altered neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Despotovski
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Science, Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Karen A. Waters
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
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Machaalani R, Vivekanandarajah A, Despotovski V, Rodriguez M, Waters KA. Morphology of the Dentate Gyrus in a Large Cohort of Sudden Infant Deaths-Interrelation Between Features but Not Diagnosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 81:61-75. [PMID: 34865047 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological differences in the dentate gyrus (DG) have been reported in sudden unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI), with the feature of focal granule cell (GC) bilamination (FGCB) reported as increased in unexplained SUDI, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), compared with explained SUDI (eSUDI). However, it remains to be determined how these morphologies relate to each other and their extent along the anteroposterior length. This retrospective study evaluated the prevalence of FGCB, single or clustered ectopic GCs, granule cell dispersion (GCD), heterotopia, hyperconvolution, gaps, thinning, blood vessel dissection (BVD), and cuffing (BV cuffing), in an Australian SUDI cohort, and compared the prevalence of these features in eSUDI and unexplained SUDI. We analyzed 850 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded serial and subserial sections of the hippocampus at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus from 90 infants, and identified GCD in 97% of infants, single ectopic cells, hyperconvolution, thinning, and BVD in 60%-80%, heterotopia in 36%, gaps, clusters of ectopic cells and BV cuffing in 9%-15%, and FGCB in 18%. These features are clustered within 3-5 serial sections. The presence of FGCB correlated with single ectopic GCs and hyperconvolution. There were no differences in the prevalence of these features between unexplained SUDI (n = 74) and eSUDI (n = 16). Our findings highlight that DG morphological features are highly localized, extending 14-35 µm at their focal location(s) along the anteroposterior length. Consequently, multiple sections along the longitudinal extent are required to identify them. No feature differentiated SUDI from eSUDI in our cohort, thus we cannot conclude that any of these features are abnormal and it remains to be determined their functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Machaalani
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Vanessa Despotovski
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Karen A Waters
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
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