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Vaccari J, González-Soria MJ, Carter N, Maciá B. Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Alkylzirconium Reagents to Aliphatic Aldehydes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154471. [PMID: 34361623 PMCID: PMC8347741 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A catalytic methodology for the enantioselective addition of alkylzirconium reagents to aliphatic aldehydes is reported here. The versatile and readily accessible chiral Ph-BINMOL ligand, in the presence of Ti(OiPr)4 and a zinc salt, facilitates the reaction, which proceeds under mild conditions and is compatible with functionalized nucleophiles. The alkylzirconium reagents are conveniently generated in situ by hydrozirconation of alkenes with the Schwartz reagent. This work is a continuation of our previous work on aromatic aldehydes.
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Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Organozirconium Reagents to Aldehydes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040961. [PMID: 29677123 PMCID: PMC6017622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective addition reaction of alkylzirconium species to aromatic aldehydes is reported. The reaction, facilitated by a chiral nonracemic diol ligand complex with Ti(OiPr)₄, proceeds under mild and convenient conditions, and no premade organometallic reagents are required since the alkylzirconium nucleophiles are generated in situ by hydrozirconation of alkenes with the Schwartz reagent. The methodology is compatible with functionalized nucleophiles and a broad range of aromatic aldehydes.
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Weidmann B, Seebach D. Organometallverbindungen von Titan und Zirconium als selektive nucleophile Reagentien für die Organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19830950103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Weidmann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule ETH‐Zentrum, Universitätstrasse 16, CH‐8092 Zürich (Schweiz)
| | - Dieter Seebach
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule ETH‐Zentrum, Universitätstrasse 16, CH‐8092 Zürich (Schweiz)
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Synthesis of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane monophosphine ligands and their application in the umpolung allylation of aldehydes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Reetz MT, Steinbach R, Westermann J, Urz R, Wenderoth B, Peter R. Stereoselektivität und relative Reaktivität bei der Reaktion von Organotitan- und -zirconium-Agentien mit Carbonylverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19820940209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reetz MT. Organotitanium reagents in organic synthesis a simple means to adjust reactivity and selectivity of carbanions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-11766-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Takeda T. Organic Syntheses Utilizing Titanium Carbene Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Seebach D, Kimmerlin T, Šebesta R, Campo MA, Beck AK. How we drifted into peptide chemistry and where we have arrived at. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Larkin JP, Wehrey C, Boffelli P, Lagraulet H, Lemaitre G, Nedelec A, Prat D. The Synthesis of 17α-Methyl-11β-arylestradiol: Large-Scale Application of the Cerium (III)-Mediated Alkylation of a Ketone. Org Process Res Dev 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/op010051w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Wehrey
- Aventis Pharma, 102 Route de Noisy, 93235 Romainville Cedex, France
| | | | - Henri Lagraulet
- Aventis Pharma, 102 Route de Noisy, 93235 Romainville Cedex, France
| | - Guy Lemaitre
- Aventis Pharma, 102 Route de Noisy, 93235 Romainville Cedex, France
| | - Alban Nedelec
- Aventis Pharma, 102 Route de Noisy, 93235 Romainville Cedex, France
| | - Denis Prat
- Aventis Pharma, 102 Route de Noisy, 93235 Romainville Cedex, France
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Butters M, Ebbs J, Green SP, MacRae J, Morland MC, Murtiashaw CW, Pettman AJ. Process Development of Voriconazole: A Novel Broad-Spectrum Triazole Antifungal Agent. Org Process Res Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/op0000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Butters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Julie Ebbs
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stuart P. Green
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Julie MacRae
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Matthew C. Morland
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Charles W. Murtiashaw
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Alan J. Pettman
- Department of Process Research and Development, Pfizer Central Research, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, U.K
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11
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Takeda T, Saeki N, Takagi Y, Fujiwara T. Reaction of Vinyltitanium(IV) Species Prepared by the Alkylation of Titanium–Vinylcarbene Complexes. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kuwahara S, Itoh D, Leal WS, Kodama O. A convenient synthesis of (2S,3R,6S,7Z)- and (2R,3S,6S,7Z)-2,3-epoxy-7,10-bisaboladiene, the sex pheromones of the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula). Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kuwahara S, Itoh D, Leal WS, Kodama O. A convenient stereoselective synthesis of a sex pheromone component of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Ligand effects in selective addition reactions of organoindium reagents with carbonyl compounds. J Organomet Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ochiai M, Ito T, Takahashi H, Nakanishi A, Toyonari M, Sueda T, Goto S, Shiro M. Hypervalent (tert-Butylperoxy)iodanes Generate Iodine-Centered Radicals at Room Temperature in Solution: Oxidation and Deprotection of Benzyl and Allyl Ethers, and Evidence for Generation of α-Oxy Carbon Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9610287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ochiai
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Takao Ito
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakanishi
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Mika Toyonari
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Takuya Sueda
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Satoru Goto
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
| | - Motoo Shiro
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo 196, Japan
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16
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Le Bideau F, Gilloir F, Nilsson Y, Aubert C, Malacria M. Stereocontrolled synthesis of α-trialkylsilyl-β, γ-unsaturated aldehydes via palladium (0) catalysis. Synthetic usefulness. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Okamoto S, Kasatkin A, Zubaidha PK, Sato F. Intramolecular Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Mediated by XTi(O-i-Pr)3 (X = Cl, O-i-Pr)/2i-PrMgBr Reagent. Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Organotitanium Compounds from Unsaturated Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953497z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sentaro Okamoto
- Contribution from the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226, Japan
| | - Aleksandr Kasatkin
- Contribution from the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226, Japan
| | - P. K. Zubaidha
- Contribution from the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226, Japan
| | - Fumie Sato
- Contribution from the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226, Japan
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Kouroupis P, Hansen HJ. From Colchicine and Some of Its Derivatives to 1,2,3,9,10-Pentamethoxybenzo[a]heptalenes. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Kasatkin A, Okamoto S, Sato F. Intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions mediated by reagent. Synthesis of vinyltitanium compounds having a lactone and/or an ester group from acetylenic carbonates. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Generation and reactions of low-valent titanium alkoxide-acetylene complexes. A practical preparation of allyl alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00513-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Scholz J, Nolte M, Krüger C. Monoazadien-Komplexe elektronenarmer Übergangsmetalle, I. Zirconocen(1-aza-1,3-dien)1-Komplexe: Synthese, Struktur und Reaktionen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gilloir F, Malacria M. Palladium(0)-catalyzed rearrangement of silicon substituted vinyloxiranes. Enantiocontrolled preparation of α-tertiodutyldimethylsilyl-β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)74804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Larson AL, Baker DL, Towne RW, Straus DA. Alkylation of carbonyl compounds with dialkylzirconocene complexes promoted by potassium t-butoxide. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Haarmann H, Eberbach W. The use of furanyl titanium compounds for the synthesis of 2,4-substituted furans. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)92116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Boeckman RK, O'Connor KJ. Studies of the stability and reactivity of substituted vinyl titanium triisopropoxides. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)99219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beckhaus R, Thiele KH. Zur darstellung von übergangsmetall-butadien-komplexen mittels vinyllithium. J Organomet Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)99341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Reactivite de la liaison σ actinide-carbone: le tris(bistrimethylsilylamido)methyluranium, un agent methylant nucleophile a haute selectivite. Tetrahedron Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)84295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Reetz MT, Westermann J, Steinbach R, Wenderoth B, Peter R, Ostarek R, Maus S. Chemoselective addition of organotitanium reagents to carbonyl compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19851180412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Kauffmann T, Pahde C, Wingbermühle D. Aldehydselektivität von alkylhafnium-komplexen in aldehyd-keton-konkurrenzversuchen; vergleich zu zirkonium- und titan-analogen komplexen sowie theoretische deutung. Tetrahedron Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)89292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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37
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Imamoto T, Sugiura Y, Takiyama N. Organocerium reagents. Nucleophilic addition to easily enolizable ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)81404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Holmes AB, Russell K, Stern ES, Stubbs ME, Wellard NK. Formal synthesis of (±)-perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Hegedus LS. Transition metals in organic synthesis - carbon-carbon bond forming reactions and functional group preparations. J Organomet Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)99425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Weidmann B, Seebach D. Organometallic Compounds of Titanium and Zirconium as Selective Nucleophilic Reagents in Organic Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198300311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Seebach D, Schiess M. Alkylative amination of non-enolizable aldehydes with alkyl (dialkyl-amino)titanium derivatives Preliminary Communication. Helv Chim Acta 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19820650831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Diastereoselektive Synthese von ?-Methyl-homoallylalkoholen durchlk-Addition von (2-Butenyl)triphenoxytitan an Aldehyde. Helv Chim Acta 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19820650340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Reetz MT, Steinbach R, Westermann J, Urz R, Wenderoth B, Peter R. Stereoselectivity and Relative Reactivity in the Reaction of Organotitanium and -zirconium Reagents with Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198201351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kauffmann T, Antfang E, Ennen B, Klas N. Aldehydspezifische und aldehydselektive alkylierungen mit organoniob- und - tantal-reagenzien (1). Tetrahedron Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)87326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Reetz MT, Steinbach R, Westermann J, Urz R, Wenderoth B, Peter R. Stereoselectivity and Relative Reactivity in the Reaction of Alkyl Titanium and Zirconium Reagents with Carbonyl Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198202570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Olivero AG, Weidmann B, Seebach D. Enantioselective Addition of Chiral Organotitanium Derivatives to Aldehydes. Helv Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19810640755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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