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Puppala M, Carrothers JE, Asad N, Bernard MA, Kim DS, Widegren MB, Dore TM. Sensitized 1-Acyl-7-nitroindolines with Enhanced Two-Photon Cross Sections for Release of Neurotransmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3578-3596. [PMID: 36484374 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise photochemical control, using two-photon excitation (2PE), of the timing and location of activation of glutamate is useful for studying the molecular and cellular physiology of the brain. Antenna-based light harvesting strategies represent a general method to increase the sensitivity to 2PE of otherwise insensitive photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs). This was applied to the most commonly used form of "caged" glutamate, MNI-Glu. Computational investigation showed that a four- or six-carbon linker attached between the 4-position of thioxanthone (THX) and the 4-position of the 5-methyl derivative of MNI-Glu (MMNI-Glu) would position the antenna and PPG close to one another to enable Dexter energy transfer. Nine THX-MMNI-Glu conjugates were prepared and their photochemical properties determined. Installation of the THX antenna resulted in a red shift of the absorption (λmax = 385-405 nm) along with increased quantum yield compared to the parent compound MNI-Glu (λmax = 347 nm). The THX-MMNI-Glu conjugate with a four-carbon linker and attachment to the 4-position of THX underwent photolysis via 1PE at 405 and 430 nm and via 2PE at 770 and 860 nm, yielding glutamate. The two-photon uncaging action cross section (δu) was 0.11 and 0.29 GM at 770 and 860, respectively, which was greater than for MNI-Glu (0.06 and 0.072 GM at 720 and 770 nm, respectively). The THX sensitizer harvested the light via 2PE and transferred its resulting triplet energy to MMNI-Glu. Release of glutamate through 2PE at 860 nm from the compound (100 μM) activated iGluSnFR, a genetically encoded, fluorescent glutamate sensor, on the surface of cells in culture, portending its usefulness in studies of neurophysiology in acute brain slice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Puppala
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmine E Carrothers
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A Bernard
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daniel S Kim
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Magnus B Widegren
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Klausen M, Blanchard-Desce M. Two-photon uncaging of bioactive compounds: Starter guide to an efficient IR light switch. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Interrogating biological systems using visible-light-powered catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:322-337. [PMID: 37117838 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Light-powered catalysis has found broad utility as a chemical transformation strategy, with widespread impact on energy, environment, drug discovery and human health. A noteworthy application impacting human health is light-induced sensitization of cofactors for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. The clinical adoption of this photosensitization approach has inspired the search for other photochemical methods, such as photoredox catalysis, to influence biological discovery. Over the past decade, light-mediated catalysis has enabled the discovery of valuable synthetic transformations, propelling it to become a highly utilized chemical synthesis strategy. The reaction components required to achieve a photoredox reaction are identical to photosensitization (catalyst, light source and substrate), making it ideally suited for probing biological environments. In this Review, we discuss the therapeutic application of photosensitization and advancements made in developing next-generation catalysts. We then highlight emerging uses of photoredox catalytic methods for protein bioconjugation and probing complex cellular environments in living cells.
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Klausen M, Dubois V, Verlhac J, Blanchard‐Desce M. Tandem Systems for Two‐Photon Uncaging of Bioactive Molecules. Chempluschem 2019; 84:589-598. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Klausen
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
| | - Victor Dubois
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Verlhac
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
| | - Mireille Blanchard‐Desce
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255 CNRS) 351 cours de la libération 33450 Talence France
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Lietard J, Ameur D, Damha MJ, Somoza MM. High-Density RNA Microarrays Synthesized In Situ by Photolithography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15257-15261. [PMID: 30187993 PMCID: PMC6237118 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
While high-density DNA microarrays have been available for over three decades, the synthesis of equivalent RNA microarrays has proven intractable until now. Herein we describe the first in situ synthesis of mixed-based, high-density RNA microarrays using photolithography and light-sensitive RNA phosphoramidites. With coupling efficiencies comparable to those of DNA monomers, RNA oligonucleotides at least 30 nucleotides long can now efficiently be prepared using modified phosphoramidite chemistry. A two-step deprotection route unmasks the phosphodiester, the exocyclic amines and the 2' hydroxyl. Hybridization and enzymatic assays validate the quality and the identity of the surface-bound RNA. We show that high-density is feasible by synthesizing a complex RNA permutation library with 262144 unique sequences. We also introduce DNA/RNA chimeric microarrays and explore their applications by mapping the sequence specificity of RNase HII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jory Lietard
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstraße 14, UZA II1090ViennaAustria
| | - Dominik Ameur
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstraße 14, UZA II1090ViennaAustria
| | - Masad J. Damha
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University801 Rue Sherbrooke OMontréalQC H3A 0B8Canada
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstraße 14, UZA II1090ViennaAustria
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6
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Lietard J, Ameur D, Damha MJ, Somoza MM. In‐situ‐Synthese von hochdichten RNA‐Mikroarrays mittels Photolithographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jory Lietard
- Institute für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Wien Althanstraße 14, UZA II 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Dominik Ameur
- Institute für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Wien Althanstraße 14, UZA II 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Masad J. Damha
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Rue Sherbrooke O Montréal QC H3A 0B8 Kanada
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Institute für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Wien Althanstraße 14, UZA II 1090 Wien Österreich
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Drexler K, Smirnova J, Galetskaya M, Schweizer N, Gauglitz G, Steiner UE. Optical Detection of Photorelease Kinetics on Gold and Glass Surfaces using Streptavidin-Coupled Biotinylated Photolabile Protecting Groups for Nucleosides. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2890-2898. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Drexler
- Fachbereich Chemie; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany), Fax: (+49) 7531-88-3014
| | - Julia Smirnova
- Fachbereich Chemie; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany), Fax: (+49) 7531-88-3014
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the; Russian Academy of Sciences; 49 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Marina Galetskaya
- Fachbereich Chemie; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany), Fax: (+49) 7531-88-3014
| | - Nina Schweizer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Günter. Gauglitz
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Ulrich E. Steiner
- Fachbereich Chemie; Universität Konstanz; Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany), Fax: (+49) 7531-88-3014
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Kantevari S, Passlick S, Kwon HB, Richers MT, Sabatini BL, Ellis-Davies GC. Development of Anionically Decorated Caged Neurotransmitters: In Vitro Comparison of 7-Nitroindolinyl- and 2-(p-Phenyl-o-nitrophenyl)propyl-Based Photochemical Probes. Chembiochem 2016; 17:953-61. [PMID: 26929152 PMCID: PMC4870097 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter uncaging, especially that of glutamate, has been used to study synaptic function for over 30 years. One limitation of caged glutamate probes is the blockade of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor function. This problem comes to the fore when the probes are applied at the high concentrations required for effective two-photon photolysis. To mitigate such problems one could improve the photochemical properties of caging chromophores and/or remove receptor blockade. We show that addition of a dicarboxylate unit to the widely used 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl-Glu (MNI-Glu) system reduced the off-target effects by about 50-70 %. When the same strategy was applied to an electron-rich 2-(p-Phenyl-o-nitrophenyl)propyl (PNPP) caging group, the pharmacological improvements were not as significant as in the MNI case. Finally, we used very extensive biological testing of the PNPP-caged Glu (more than 250 uncaging currents at single dendritic spines) to show that nitro-biphenyl caging chromophores have two-photon uncaging efficacies similar to that of MNI-Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Kantevari
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hyung-Bae Kwon
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernardo L. Sabatini
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Lietard J, Hassler MR, Fakhoury J, Damha MJ. An orthogonal photolabile linker for the complete "on-support" synthesis/fast deprotection/hybridization of RNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:15063-6. [PMID: 25329642 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a polystyrene solid support decorated with a photolabile linker is described. The entire post-synthetic processing of RNA can be carried out in the solid phase in a minimum amount of time. The deprotected RNA is available for "on-support" hybridization and photolysis releases siRNA duplexes under mild, neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jory Lietard
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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10
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Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Agarwal HK, Ellis-Davies GCR. Caged compounds for multichromic optical interrogation of neural systems. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:5-16. [PMID: 25471355 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Caged compounds are widely used by neurophysiologists to study many aspects of cellular signaling in glia and neurons. Biologically inert before irradiation, they can be loaded into cells via patch pipette or topically applied in situ to a defined concentration; photolysis releases the caged compound in a very rapid and spatially defined way. As caged compounds are exogenous optical probes, they include not only natural products such neurotransmitters, calcium and IP3 but non-natural products such as fluorophores, drugs and antibodies. In this Technical Spotlight we provide a short introduction to the uncaging technique by discussing the nitroaromatic caging chromophores most widely used in such experiments [e.g. α-carboxy-ortho-nitrobenyl (CNB), dimethoxynitrobenzyl (DMNB), 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl (MNI) and 4-carboxymethoxy-7-nitroindolinyl (CDNI)]. We show that recently developed caging chromophores [rutheniumbipyridial (RuBi) and 7-diethylaminocoumarin (DEAC)450] that are photolyzed with blue light (~ 430-480 nm range) can be combined with traditional nitroaromatic caged compounds to enable two-color optical probing of neuronal function. For example, one-photon uncaging of either RuBi-GABA or DEAC450-GABA with a 473-nm laser is facile, and can block nonlinear currents (dendritic spikes or action potentials) evoked by two-photon uncaging of CDNI-Glu at 720 nm. We also show that two-photon uncaging of DEAC450-Glu and CDNI-GABA at 900 and 720 nm, respectively, can be used to fire and block action potentials. Our experiments illustrate that recently developed chromophores have taken uncaging out of the 'monochrome era', in which it has existed since 1978, so as to enable multichromic interrogation of neuronal function with single-synapse precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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11
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Brucelle F, Renaud P. Synthesis of a Leucomitosane via a Diastereoselective Radical Cascade. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6245-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4009904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Brucelle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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13
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Johnsson R, Lackey JG, Bogojeski JJ, Damha MJ. New light labile linker for solid phase synthesis of 2'-O-acetalester oligonucleotides and applications to siRNA prodrug development. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3721-5. [PMID: 21570286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing 2'-O-(levulinic acid) and 2'-O-(amino acid) acetalesters. Given that esters serve as promoieties in several therapeutic prodrugs, we believe that these derivatives will have potential use as nucleic acid prodrugs. In addition, we report on the synthesis of a novel solid support with a photolabile linker that not only allows for the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing various 2'-O-acetalesters, but can be generally adopted to the synthesis of base-sensitive oligoribonucleotides. The release of oligonucleotides from this support is faster than with conventional linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Johnsson
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lalevée J, Blanchard N, Tehfe MA, Fries C, Morlet-Savary F, Gigmes D, Fouassier JP. New thioxanthone and xanthone photoinitiators based on silyl radical chemistry. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New cleavable photoinitiators are presented. As demonstrated here, combining the thioxanthone/xanthone (or other PI skeletons) and silyl chemistries should open up a new promising direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Department of Photochemistry
- CNRS
- University of Haute Alsace
- ENSCMu
- Mulhouse cedex
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry
- CNRS
- University of Haute Alsace
- ENSCMu
- Mulhouse cedex
| | - Mohamad Ali Tehfe
- Department of Photochemistry
- CNRS
- University of Haute Alsace
- ENSCMu
- Mulhouse cedex
| | - Cédric Fries
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry
- CNRS
- University of Haute Alsace
- ENSCMu
- Mulhouse cedex
| | | | - Didier Gigmes
- UMR 6264 Laboratoire Chimie Provence
- Université de Provence
- Marseille cedex 20
- France
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15
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Schaper K, Madani Mobarekeh SA, Doro P, Maydt D. The α,5-dicarboxy-2-nitrobenzyl caging group, a tool for biophysical applications with improved hydrophilicity: synthesis, photochemical properties and biological characterization. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:1247-54. [PMID: 20880228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we reported on the synthesis of α,4-dicarboxy-2-nitrobenyzl caged compounds (Schaper, K. et al. [2002] Eur. J. Org. Chem., 1037-1046). These compounds have the advantage of an increased hydrophilicity compared with the well-established α-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl caged compounds; however, the release of the active compound becomes slower due to the introduction of the additional carboxy group. Based upon theoretical calculations we predicted that the release would become faster when the additional carboxy group is moved to the 5-position. Here we describe the synthesis and the photochemical and biological characterization of an α,5-dicarboxy-2-nitrobenyzl caged compound. The high hydrophilicity of the new caging group is maintained due to the fact that the additional carboxy moiety is preserved, while the release of the active species from the new derivative is even faster than for the reference, an α-CNB caged compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schaper
- Group for Organic Photochemistry, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Pirrung MC, Dore TM, Zhu Y, Rana VS. Sensitized two-photon photochemical deprotection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5313-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00782j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Drexler K, Smirnova J, Galetskaya M, Voss S, Fonin M, Boneberg J, Rüdiger U, Leiderer P, Steiner UE. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy- and surface plasmon resonance-detected photo release of photolabile protecting groups from nucleoside self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10794-10801. [PMID: 19603744 DOI: 10.1021/la901346s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold by 2-(5-iodo-2-nitrophenyl) propoxycarbonyl (I-NPPOC)-protected thymidine with an attached mercaptohexyl succinate linker and the kinetics of photochemical release of the I-NPPOC group were monitored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection. In the XPS spectra, the iodine peaks allowed for specific and accurate monitoring of the presence and loss of I-NPPOC groups on the surface. In the SPR experiment, the overall signal change on photoillumination is in accord with a theoretical estimation of the density of I-NPPOC groups in a dense monolayer. The kinetics roughly follow a biexponential time dependence with two very different time constants, corresponding to photochemical quantum yields of 0.22 and 0.0032, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Drexler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Drewe WC, Nanjunda R, Gunaratnam M, Beltran M, Parkinson GN, Reszka AP, Wilson WD, Neidle S. Rational design of substituted diarylureas: a scaffold for binding to G-quadruplex motifs. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7751-67. [PMID: 19053833 DOI: 10.1021/jm801245v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a series of urea-based nonpolycyclic aromatic ligands with alkylaminoanilino side chains as telomeric and genomic G-quadruplex DNA interacting agents are described. Their interactions with quadruplexes have been examined by means of fluorescent resonance energy transfer melting, circular dichroism, and surface plasmon resonance-based assays. These validate the design concept for such urea-based ligands and also show that they have significant selectivity over duplex DNA, as well as for particular G-quadruplexes. The ligand-quadruplex complexes were investigated by computational molecular modeling, providing further information on structure-activity relationships. Preliminary biological studies using short-term cell growth inhibition assays show that some of the ligands have cancer cell selectivity, although they appear to have low potency for intracellular telomeric G-quadruplex structures, suggesting that their cellular targets may be other, possibly oncogene-related quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Drewe
- The Cancer Research UK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Wöll D, Smirnova J, Galetskaya M, Prykota T, Bühler J, Stengele KP, Pfleiderer W, Steiner UE. Intramolecular sensitization of photocleavage of the photolabile 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl (NPPOC) protecting group: photoproducts and photokinetics of the release of nucleosides. Chemistry 2008; 14:6490-7. [PMID: 18537211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel photolabile protecting groups based on the 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl (NPPOC) group with a covalently linked thioxanthone as an intramolecular triplet sensitizer exhibit significantly enhanced light sensitivity under continuous illumination. Herein we present a detailed study of the photokinetics and photoproducts of nucleosides caged with these new protecting groups. Relative to the parent NPPOC group, the light sensitivity of the new photolabile protecting groups is enhanced by up to a factor of 21 at 366 nm and is still quite high at 405 nm, the wavelength at which the sensitivity of the parent compound is practically zero. A new pathway for deprotection of the NPPOC group proceeding through a nitroso benzylalcohol intermediate has been discovered to complement the main mechanism, which involves beta elimination. Under standard conditions of lithographic DNA-chip synthesis, some of the new compounds, while maintaining the same chip quality, react ten times faster than the unmodified NPPOC-protected nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wöll
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz, Germany.
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Bley F, Schaper K, Görner H. Photoprocesses of molecules with 2-nitrobenzyl protecting groups and caged organic acids. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:162-71. [PMID: 18173716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 308 nm photoinduced formation of the nitroso product and the intermediacy of the aci-nitro form(s) were studied for a series of 2-nitrobenzyl alkyl and aryl esters (1a-4e) and bis-(nitrophenyl)methyl acetates (5a-6b) by time-resolved UV-vis spectroscopy. A triplet state appears as major transient, when 2-nitrobenzyl derivatives 1 are substituted by 4,5-dimethoxy (2) and 4,5-methylenedioxy (3/4) groups. This triplet of charge transfer character is, however, not part of the route via the aci-nitro into the 2-nitroso form. The activation energy and preexponential factor of the longest lifetime component (tau(aci)), i.e. the major part of the aci-nitro decay, were determined. The carboxylic acids as leaving groups have rather small effects on tau(aci). An additional nitrated phenyl ring in alpha-position (5) leads generally to shorter tau(aci) value. Otherwise, the photogeneration of nitroso products is similar. The quantum yield (Phi(d)) varies only moderately with structure, the yield of the aci-nitro form and Phi(d) are correlated and little affected by solvent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Bley
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Wöll D, Laimgruber S, Galetskaya M, Smirnova J, Pfleiderer W, Heinz B, Gilch P, Steiner UE. On the Mechanism of Intramolecular Sensitization of Photocleavage of the 2-(2-Nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl (NPPOC) Protecting Group. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12148-58. [PMID: 17877342 DOI: 10.1021/ja072355p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A spectroscopic study of a variety of covalently linked thioxanthone(TX)-linker-2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl(NPPOC)-substrate conjugates is presented. Herein, the TX chromophore functions as an intramolecular sensitizer to the NPPOC moiety, a photolabile protecting group used in photolithographic DNA chip synthesis. The rate of electronic energy transfer between TX and NPPOC was quantified by means of stationary fluorescence as well as nanosecond and femtosecond time-resolved laser spectroscopy. A dual mechanism of triplet-triplet energy transfer has been observed comprising a slower mechanism involving the T1(pipi*) state of TX with linker-length-dependent time constants longer than 20 ns and a fast mechanism with linker-length-dependent time constants shorter than 3 ns. Evidence is provided that the latter mechanism is due to energy transfer from the T2(npi*) state which is in fast equilibrium with the fluorescent S1(pipi*) state. In the case of direct linkage between the aromatic rings of TX and NPPOC, the spectroscopic properties are indicative of one united chromophore which, however, still shows the typical NPPOC cleavage reaction triggered by intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer to the nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wöll
- Contribution from the Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78465 Konstanz, Germany
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Kamdzhilov Y, Wirz J. Synthesis and reaction mechanism of a photoremovable protecting group based on 1,4-naphthoquinone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:865-72. [PMID: 17668117 DOI: 10.1039/b706318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5-(ethylen-2-yl)-1,4-naphthoquinone () is a photoremovable protecting group that absorbs up to 405 nm and provides fast and efficient release of bromide or diethyl phosphate. A convenient synthetic protocol to three derivatives of is described and their photochemistry in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions is investigated. The photoenol intermediates that expel the protected substrates were detected by laser flash photolysis and step-scan FTIR spectroscopy. The nucleofugacity of the leaving group and pH are the major factors that determine the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavor Kamdzhilov
- Departement Chemie der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
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Wöll D, Smirnova J, Pfleiderer W, Steiner UE. Highly Efficient Photolabile Protecting Groups with Intramolecular Energy Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2975-8. [PMID: 16555354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wöll
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Wöll D, Smirnova J, Pfleiderer W, Steiner UE. Hocheffiziente photolabile Schutzgruppen mit intramolekularem Energietransfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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