1
|
Yadagiri B, Kaswan RR, Tagare J, Kumar V, Rajesh MN, Singh SP, Karr PA, D'Souza F, Giribabu L. Excited Charge Separation in a π-Interacting Phenothiazine-Zinc Porphyrin-Fullerene Donor-Acceptor Conjugate. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4233-4241. [PMID: 38758579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and characterized a donor-acceptor triad, SPS-PPY-C60, that consists of a π-interacting phenothiazine-linked porphyrin as a donor and sensitizer and fullerene as an acceptor to seek charge separation upon photoexcitation. The optical absorption spectrum revealed red-shifted Soret and Q-bands of porphyrin due to charge transfer-type interactions involving the two ethynyl bridges carrying electron-rich and electron-poor substituents. The redox properties suggested that the phenothiazine-porphyrin part of the molecule is easier to oxidize and the fullerene part is easier to reduce. DFT calculations supported the redox properties wherein the electron density of the highest molecular orbital (HOMO) was distributed over the donor phenothiazine-porphyrin entity while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was distributed over the fullerene acceptor. TD-DFT studies suggested the involvement of both the S2 and S1 states in the charge transfer process. The steady-state emission spectrum, when excited either at porphyrin Soret or visible band absorption maxima, revealed quenched emission both in nonpolar and polar solvents, suggesting the occurrence of excited state events. Finally, femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies were performed to witness the charge separation by utilizing solvents of different polarities. The transient data was further analyzed by GloTarAn by fitting the data with appropriate models to describe photochemical events. From this, the average lifetime of the charge-separated state calculated was found to be 169 ps in benzonitrile, 319 ps in dichlorobenzene, 1.7 ns in toluene for Soret band excitation, and ∼320 ps for Q-band excitation in benzonitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Yadagiri
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ram Ratan Kaswan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Jairam Tagare
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manne Naga Rajesh
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Purc A, Espinoza EM, Nazir R, Romero JJ, Skonieczny K, Jeżewski A, Larsen JM, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Gating That Suppresses Charge Recombination-The Role of Mono-N-Arylated Diketopyrrolopyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12826-12832. [PMID: 27617743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Suppressing the charge recombination (CR) that follows an efficient charge separation (CS) is of key importance for energy, electronics, and photonics applications. We focus on the role of dynamic gating for impeding CR in a molecular rotor, comprising an electron donor and acceptor directly linked via a single bond. The media viscosity has an unusual dual effect on the dynamics of CS and CR in this dyad. For solvents with intermediate viscosity, CR is 1.5-3 times slower than CS. Lowering the viscosity below ∼0.6 mPa s or increasing it above ∼10 mPa s makes CR 10-30 times slower than CS. Ring rotation around the donor-acceptor bond can account only for the trends observed for nonviscous solvents. Media viscosity, however, affects not only torsional but also vibrational modes. Suppressing predominantly slow vibrational modes by viscous solvents can impact the rates of CS and CR to a different extent. That is, an increase in the viscosity can plausibly suppress modes that are involved in the transition from the charge-transfer (CT) to the ground state, i.e., CR, but at the same time are not important for the transition from the locally excited to the CT state, i.e., CS. These results provide a unique example of synergy between torsional and vibronic modes and their drastic effects on charge-transfer dynamics, thus setting paradigms for controlling CS and CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Purc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rashid Nazir
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Jeżewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amato F, Phulwale BV, Mazal C, Havel J. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry of novel shape-persistent macrocycles. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1125-1134. [PMID: 25981543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Shape-persistent macrocycles (SPMs) represent innovative molecular building blocks for the development of highly organised supramolecular architectures with application in nanotechnology, chemistry, catalysis and optoelectronics. Systematic mass spectrometric characterisation of SPMs and their collision-activated decay is not available to date. METHODS Characterisation of alkoxy-decorated SPMs was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-QIT-TOFMS) and collision-induced dissociation (CID). RESULTS Laser excitation of SPMs leads to the formation of stable cation radicals which show characteristic fragmentation patterns. All the product ions formed were identified. Photoelectrons generated during the MALDI process and full-ring conjugation were found to be fundamental for the formation of molecular cation radicals and their stabilisation, respectively. Formation of supramolecular aggregates of SPMs by π-π stacking was proven. SPMs are suitable motifs for the preparation of novel fullerene-based donor-acceptor systems. CONCLUSIONS Alkoxy-decorated SPMs represent promising electron-donating building blocks that can be exploited in electronics and optoelectronics for the development of robust and highly efficient laser-activated supramolecular switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Amato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kampus Bohunice, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bhimrao Vaijnath Phulwale
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kampus Bohunice, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno-Bohunice, Czech Republic
| | - Ctibor Mazal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kampus Bohunice, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno-Bohunice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kampus Bohunice, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEPLANT, R&D Center for Low-Cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modifications, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lopatin MA, Shurygina MP, Lopatina TI, Kazarin AS. Charge transfer complexes of fullerene C60 with N,N-dimethylaniline derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363213120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
An Q, Zhang F, Li L, Zhuo Z, Zhang J, Tang W, Teng F. Enhanced performance of polymer solar cells by employing a ternary cascade energy structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16103-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing a ternary cascade energy structure was demonstrated as an effective strategy for improving the performance of polymer solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshi An
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- , China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- , China
| | - Lingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- , China
| | - Zuliang Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- , China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- , China
| | - Feng Teng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- , China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tzirakis MD, Orfanopoulos M. Radical reactions of fullerenes: from synthetic organic chemistry to materials science and biology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5262-321. [PMID: 23570603 DOI: 10.1021/cr300475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis D Tzirakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Voutes, Heraklion, Greece.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zope RR, Olguin M, Baruah T. Charge transfer excitations in cofacial fullerene-porphyrin complexes. J Chem Phys 2013; 137:084317. [PMID: 22938243 DOI: 10.1063/1.4739272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin and fullerene donor-acceptor complexes have been extensively studied for their photo-induced charge transfer characteristics. We present the electronic structure of ground states and a few charge transfer excited states of four cofacial porphyrin-fullerene molecular constructs studied using density functional theory at the all-electron level using large polarized basis sets. The donors are base and Zn-tetraphenyl porphyrins and the acceptor molecules are C(60) and C(70). The complexes reported here are non-bonded with a face-to-face distance between the porphyrin and the fullerene of 2.7 to 3.0 Å. The energies of the low lying excited states including charge transfer states calculated using our recent excited state method are in good agreement with available experimental values. We find that replacing C(60) by C(70) in a given dyad may increase the lowest charge transfer excitation energy by about 0.27 eV. Variation of donor in these complexes has marginal effect on the lowest charge transfer excitation energy. The interfacial dipole moments and lowest charge transfer states are studied as a function of face-to-face distance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra R Zope
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79958, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sugunan SK, Robotham B, Sloan RP, Szmytkowski J, Ghiggino KP, Paige MF, Steer RP. Photophysics of Untethered ZnTPP–Fullerene Complexes in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12217-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2082853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunish K. Sugunan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Benjamin Robotham
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ryan P. Sloan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Jędrzej Szmytkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Kenneth P. Ghiggino
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew F. Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qaiser D, Khan MS, Singh RD, Khan ZH, Chawla S. Förster's resonance energy transfer between Fullerene C60 and Coumarin C440. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:1065-1068. [PMID: 20869302 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between Coumarin C440 with Fullerene C60 has been studied by fluorescence and time resolved spectroscopic techniques. The Coumarin C440-Fullerene C60 pair shows Forster's resonance energy transfer (FRET) from Coumarin C440 (donor) to Fullerenes C60 (acceptor). The FRET efficiency of this pair increases with the increase of the acceptor concentration. The critical energy transfer distance (R0) at which transfer efficiency is 50% is found to be 34Ǻ. Stern-Volmer plot indicates static as well as dynamic quenching. However, the FRET studies show highest efficiency at the critical stage of dimer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darakhshan Qaiser
- Department of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsuchiya T, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Construction of Supramolecular Systems Based on Endohedral Metallofullerenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
12
|
Zeitouny J, Aurisicchio C, Bonifazi D, De Zorzi R, Geremia S, Bonini M, Palma CA, Samorì P, Listorti A, Belbakra A, Armaroli N. Photoinduced structural modifications in multicomponent architectures containing azobenzene moieties as photoswitchable cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b905287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Umeyama T, Tezuka N, Fujita M, Hayashi S, Kadota N, Matano Y, Imahori H. Clusterization, Electrophoretic Deposition, and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Fullerene-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composites. Chemistry 2008; 14:4875-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200702053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Nakamura Y, Konno T, Watanabe S, Suzuki M, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Nishimura J. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of [60]Fullerene Adducts Carrying Oligocarbazole Dendrons. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
15
|
Oswald F, Chopin S, de la Cruz P, Orduna J, Garín J, Sandanayaka ASD, Araki Y, Ito O, Delgado JL, Cousseau J, Langa F. Through-space communication in a TTF–C60–TTF triad. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b613466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Li WS, Kim KS, Jiang DL, Tanaka H, Kawai T, Kwon JH, Kim D, Aida T. Construction of Segregated Arrays of Multiple Donor and Acceptor Units Using a Dendritic Scaffold: Remarkable Dendrimer Effects on Photoinduced Charge Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:10527-32. [PMID: 16895420 DOI: 10.1021/ja063081t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic molecules appended with multiple zinc porphyrin units (DPm, m [number of zinc porphyrin units] = 6, 12, and 24) trap bipyridine compounds carrying multiple fullerene units (Py2Fn, n [number of C60 units] = 1-3), affording coordination complexes DPm superset Py2Fn having a photoactive layer consisting of spatially segregated donor and acceptor arrays on their surface. Complexes DPm superset Py2Fn are stable enough (K [average binding affinity] = 1.1 x 10(6)-4.4 x 10(6) M(-1) in CHCl3 at 25 degrees C) to be isolated by gel permeation chromatography. UHV-STM microscopy enables clear visualization of a petal-like structure of DP12 superset Py2F3. Photoexcitation of the zinc porphyrin units in DPm superset Py2Fn results in a zinc porphyrin-to-fullerene electron transfer to generate a charge separation. The charge-separation rate constant (kCS) in CH2Cl2 at 20 degrees C increases from 0.26 x 10(10) to 2.3 x 10(10) s(-1) upon increment of m and n, whereas the charge-recombination rate constant (kCR) remains almost unchanged at 4.5 x 10(6)-6.7 x 10(6) s(-1). Consequently, DP24 supersetPy2F3 furnishes the largest ratio of kCS/kCR (3400) among the family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shi Li
- ERATO-SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|