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Costa AM, Cascales V, Castro-Alvarez A, Vilarrasa J. Computational Study of the Stability of Pyrrolidine-Derived Iminium Ions: Exchange Equilibria between Iminium Ions and Carbonyl Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18247-18258. [PMID: 35694469 PMCID: PMC9178767 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tendency of carbonyl compounds to form iminium ions by reaction with pyrrolidine or chiral pyrrolidine derivatives (in other words, the relative stability to hydrolysis of these iminium ions) has been computationally examined, mainly using the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) method. We have thus obtained the equilibrium positions for R-CH=O + CH2=CH-CH=N+R2* → R-CH=N+R2* + CH2=CH-CH=O reactions and for related exchanges. In these exchanges, there is a transfer of a secondary amine between two carbonyl compounds. Their relative energies may be used to predict which iminium species can be predominantly formed when two or more carbonyl groups are present in a reaction medium. In the catalytic Michael additions of nucleophiles to iminium ions arising from conjugated enals, dienals, and trienals, if the formation of the new Nu-C bond is favorable, the chances of amino-catalyzed reactions to efficiently proceed, with high conversions, depend on the calculated energy values for these exchange equilibria, where the iminium tetrafluoroborates of the adducts (final iminium intermediates) must be more prone to hydrolysis than the initial iminium tetrafluoroborates. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the MacMillan catalysts and related oxazolidinones are especially suitable in this regard.
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Michalski M, Gordon AJ, Berski S. Topological analysis of the electron localisation function (ELF) applied to the electronic structure of oxaziridine: the nature of N-O bond. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stier K, Checinski MP, Witte SNR, Mahrwald R. Matched/Mismatched Cases in Proline-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions with Carbohydrates: A Computational Insight into the Role of d- and l-Proline. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1201-1217. [PMID: 30543442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cascade reactions of carbohydrates with methyl ketones in the presence of proline feature complex running reaction steps. By extensive quantum mechanical simulation, a coherent reaction mechanism was identified matching the experimental data. The present calculations indicate a Mannich reaction/proline hydrolysis/retro aza-Michael cascade to form an intermediate α,β-unsaturated ethyl ketone. This key precursor yields C-glycosides by a final intramolecular amine-catalyzed oxa-Michael addition. Additionally, the formation of this intermediate determines the rate and selectivity of the overall cascade reaction. Strongly matched and mismatched cases were observed when used with d- or l-proline. They are consistent with the calculated energy barriers of the corresponding transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Stier
- CreativeQuantum GmbH , Am Studio 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Swjatoslaw N R Witte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leibnitz University, Hannover , Schneiderberg 1 B 30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Rainer Mahrwald
- Institute of Chemistry , Humboldt University Berlin , Brook-Taylor Str. 2 , 12484 Berlin , Germany
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Husch T, Seebach D, Beck AK, Reiher M. Rigorous Conformational Analysis of Pyrrolidine Enamines with Relevance to Organocatalysis. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Husch
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dieter Seebach
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Albert K. Beck
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Dalessandro EV, Collin HP, Guimarães LGL, Valle MS, Pliego JR. Mechanism of the Piperidine-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction in Methanol: The Role of Iminium and Enolate Ions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5300-5307. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V. Dalessandro
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Hugo P. Collin
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo L. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S. Valle
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Josefredo R. Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
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Nakashima E, Yamamoto H. Asymmetric Aldol Synthesis: Choice of Organocatalyst and Conditions. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:41-44. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakashima
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center; Chubu University; 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center; Chubu University; 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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Hayashi Y, Mukaiyama T, Benohoud M, Gupta NR, Ono T, Toda S. (16) O/(18) O Exchange of Aldehydes and Ketones caused by H2 (18) O in the Mechanistic Investigation of Organocatalyzed Michael, Mannich, and Aldol Reactions. Chemistry 2016; 22:5868-72. [PMID: 26841358 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed Michael, Mannich, and aldol reactions of aldehydes or ketones, as nucleophiles, have triggered several discussions regarding their reaction mechanism. H2 (18) O has been utilized to determine if the reaction proceeds through an enamine or enol mechanism by monitoring the ratio of (18) O incorporated into the final product. In this communication, we describe the risk of H2 (18) O as an evaluation tool for this mechanistic investigation. We have demonstrated that exchange of (16) O/(18) O occurs in the aldehyde or ketone starting material, caused by the presence of H2 (18) O and amine catalysts, before the Michael, Mannich, and aldol reactions proceed. Because the newly generated (18) O starting aldehydes or ketones and (16) O water affect the incorporation ratio of (18) O in the final product, the use of H2 (18) O would not be appropriate to distinguish the mechanism of these organocatalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan. .,Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Takasuke Mukaiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Meryem Benohoud
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Nishant R Gupta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Toda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Taghizadeh MT, Vatanparast M, Nasirianfar S. Oxaziridine (C-CH3NO), C-CH2NO Radicals and Cl, NH2 and Methyl Derivatives of Oxaziridine; Structures and Quantum Chemical Parameters. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2015. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2015.10(2).10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Castro-Alvarez A, Carneros H, Sánchez D, Vilarrasa J. Importance of the Electron Correlation and Dispersion Corrections in Calculations Involving Enamines, Hemiaminals, and Aminals. Comparison of B3LYP, M06-2X, MP2, and CCSD Results with Experimental Data. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11977-85. [PMID: 26556606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While B3LYP, M06-2X, and MP2 calculations predict the ΔG° values for exchange equilibria between enamines and ketones with similar acceptable accuracy, the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) and MP2/6-311+G(d,p) methods are required for enamine formation reactions (for example, for enamine 5a, arising from 3-methylbutanal and pyrrolidine). Stronger disagreement was observed when calculated energies of hemiaminals (N,O-acetals) and aminals (N,N-acetals) were compared with experimental equilibrium constants, which are reported here for the first time. Although it is known that the B3LYP method does not provide a good description of the London dispersion forces, while M06-2X and MP2 may overestimate them, it is shown here how large the gaps are and that at least single-point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d) level should be used for these reaction intermediates; CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d) and CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations afford ΔG° values in some cases quite close to MP2/6-311+G(d,p) while in others closer to M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p). The effect of solvents is similarly predicted by the SMD, CPCM, and IEFPCM approaches (with energy differences below 1 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Castro-Alvarez
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Héctor Carneros
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dani Sánchez
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Vilarrasa
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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