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Jo S, El-Demerdash A, Owen C, Srivastava V, Wu D, Kikuchi S, Reed J, Hodgson H, Harkess A, Shu S, Plott C, Jenkins J, Williams M, Boston LB, Lacchini E, Qu T, Goossens A, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Leebens-Mack J, Osbourn A. Unlocking saponin biosynthesis in soapwort. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01681-7. [PMID: 39043959 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is a flowering plant from the Caryophyllaceae family with a long history of human use as a traditional source of soap. Its detergent properties are because of the production of polar compounds (saponins), of which the oleanane-based triterpenoid saponins, saponariosides A and B, are the major components. Soapwort saponins have anticancer properties and are also of interest as endosomal escape enhancers for targeted tumor therapies. Intriguingly, these saponins share common structural features with the vaccine adjuvant QS-21 and, thus, represent a potential alternative supply of saponin adjuvant precursors. Here, we sequence the S. officinalis genome and, through genome mining and combinatorial expression, identify 14 enzymes that complete the biosynthetic pathway to saponarioside B. These enzymes include a noncanonical cytosolic GH1 (glycoside hydrolase family 1) transglycosidase required for the addition of D-quinovose. Our results open avenues for accessing and engineering natural and new-to-nature pharmaceuticals, drug delivery agents and potential immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Amr El-Demerdash
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Charlotte Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Dewei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shingo Kikuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - James Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Hannah Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Plott
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tongtong Qu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Yao D, Wang N, Dai W, Liu Y, Tian K, Wang H, Liu Y. Degradation of benzo [a] pyrene in the soil enhanced by soapwort: The role of soapwort and functional microbial community. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131993. [PMID: 37423134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The limited bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils poses a challenge for their biodegradation. We hypotheses soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) as a factory in-situ providing biosurfactant, which could effectively promote the BaP removal by exogenous or native functional microbes. Rhizo-box and microcosm experiments were conducted to analyze the phyto-microbial remediation mechanism of soapwort, a plant that excretes biosurfactants known as saponins, and combined with two exogenous strains (P. chrysosporium and/or B. subtilis) for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-contaminated soils. The results revealed that the natural attenuation treatment (CK) BaP achieved only a 15.90% BaP removal rate after 100 days. In contrast, soapwort (SP), soapwort-bacteria (SPB), soapwort-fungus (SPF), soapwort- bacteria - fungus (SPM) mediated rhizosphere soils treatments yielded removal rates of 40.48%, 42.42%, 52.37%, and 62.57%, respectively. The analysis of the microbial community structure suggested that soapwort stimulated the introduction and native functional microorganisms, such as Rhizobiales, Micrococcales, and Clostridiales, which contributed to BaP removal via metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the efficient BaP removal was attributed to saponins, amino acids, and carbohydrates, which facilitated mobilization, solubilization of BaP, and microbial activity. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of soapwort and specific microbial strains to effectively remediate PAH-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Ning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Wei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Kun Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
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Novel Oleanane-Type Triterpene Glycosides from the Saponaria officinalis L. Seeds and Apoptosis-Inducing Activity via Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042047. [PMID: 35216169 PMCID: PMC8877789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponaria officinalis L., commonly known as “Soapwort”, is a rich source of triterpene glycosides; however, the chemical constituents of S. officinalis seeds have not been fully identified. In this study, we conducted a systematic phytochemical investigation of the seeds of S. officinalis and obtained 17 oleanane-type triterpene glycosides (1–17), including seven new glycosides (1–7). The structures of 1–7 were determined based on a detailed analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses following specific chemical transformation. The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds were evaluated against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, A549 human adenocarcinoma lung cancer cells, and SBC-3 human small-cell lung cancer cells. The cytotoxicities of 1, 4, and 10 toward HL-60 cells and SBC-3 cells were nearly as potent as that of cisplatin. Compound 1, a bisdesmosidic triterpene glycoside obtained in good yield, arrested the cell cycle of SBC-3 cells at the G2/M phase, and induced apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway, accompanied by ROS generation. As a result of the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by 1, mitochondria selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, occurred in SBC-3 cells.
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Jurek I, Szuplewska A, Chudy M, Wojciechowski K. Soapwort ( Saponaria officinalis L.) Extract vs. Synthetic Surfactants-Effect on Skin-Mimetic Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185628. [PMID: 34577098 PMCID: PMC8467643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our skin is continuously exposed to different amphiphilic substances capable of interaction with its lipids and proteins. We describe the effect of a saponin-rich soapwort extract and of four commonly employed synthetic surfactants: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) on different human skin models. Two human skin cell lines were employed: normal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human melanoma cells (A375). The liposomes consisting of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixture in a molar ratio of 7:3, mimicking the cell membrane of keratinocytes and melanoma cells were employed as the second model. Using dynamic light scattering (DLS), the particle size distribution of liposomes was analyzed before and after contact with the tested (bio)surfactants. The results, supplemented by the protein solubilization tests (albumin denaturation test, zein test) and oil emulsification capacity (using olive oil and engine oil), showed that the soapwort extract affects the skin models to a clearly different extent than any of the tested synthetic surfactants. Its protein and lipid solubilizing potential are much smaller than for the three anionic surfactants (SLS, ALS, SLES). In terms of protein solubilization potential, the soapwort extract is comparable to CAPB, which, however, is much harsher to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Jurek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Szuplewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Michał Chudy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Kamil Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
- SaponLabs Ltd., Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Surface activity and foaming properties of saponin-rich plants extracts. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102145. [PMID: 32229329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic glycosidic secondary metabolites produced by numerous plants. So far only few of them have been thoroughly analyzed and even less have found industrial applications as biosurfactants. In this contribution we screen 45 plants from different families, reported to be rich in saponins, for their surface activity and foaming properties. For this purpose, the room-temperature aqueous extracts (macerates) from the alleged saponin-rich plant organs were prepared and spray-dried under the same conditions, in presence of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate as preservatives and drying aids. For 15 selected plants, the extraction was also performed using hot water (decoction for 15 min) but high temperature in most cases deteriorated surface activity of the extracts. To our knowledge, for most of the extracts this is the first quantitative report on their surface activity. Among the tested plants, only 3 showed the ability to reduce surface tension of their solutions by more than 20 mN/m at 1% dry extract mass content. The adsorption layers forming spontaneously on the surface of these extracts showed a broad range of surface dilational rheology responses - from null to very high, with surface dilational elasticity modulus, E' in excess of 100 mN/m for 5 plants. In all cases the surface dilational response was dominated by the elastic contribution, typical for saponins and other biosurfactants. Almost all extracts showed the ability to froth, but only 32 could sustain the foam for more than 1 min (for 11 extracts the foams were stable during at least 10 min). In general, the ability to lower surface tension and to produce adsorbed layers with high surface elasticity did not correlate well with the ability to form and sustain the foam. Based on the overall characteristics, Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort), Avena sativa L. (oat), Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse chestnut), Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert (cowherb) and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) are proposed as the best potential sources of saponins for surfactant applications in natural cosmetic and household products.
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Effect of synthetic surfactants and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) extract on skin-mimetic model lipid monolayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:556-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Góral I, Jurek I, Wojciechowski K. How Does the Surface Activity of Soapwort (Saponaria officinalisL.) Extracts Depend on the Plant Organ? J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Góral
- SaponLabs Ltd., Noakowskiego 3; 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3; 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ilona Jurek
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3; 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamil Wojciechowski
- SaponLabs Ltd., Noakowskiego 3; 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3; 00-664 Warsaw Poland
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Sama S, Jerz G, Schmieder P, Woith E, Melzig MF, Weng A. Sapofectosid – Ensuring non-toxic and effective DNA and RNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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