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Hay J, Tarafdar A, Holroyd AK, Moka HA, Dunn KM, Alshayeb A, Lloyd BH, Cassels J, Malik N, Khan AF, Sou I, Lees J, Almuhanna HNB, Kalakonda N, Slupsky JR, Michie AM. PKCβ Facilitates Leukemogenesis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia by Promoting Constitutive BCR-Mediated Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14236006. [PMID: 36497487 PMCID: PMC9735720 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14236006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signalling competence is critical for the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Defining key proteins that facilitate these networks aid in the identification of targets for therapeutic exploitation. We previously demonstrated that reduced PKCα function in mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPSCs) resulted in PKCβII upregulation and generation of a poor-prognostic CLL-like disease. Here, prkcb knockdown in HSPCs leads to reduced survival of PKCα-KR-expressing CLL-like cells, concurrent with reduced expression of the leukemic markers CD5 and CD23. SP1 promotes elevated expression of prkcb in PKCα-KR expressing cells enabling leukemogenesis. Global gene analysis revealed an upregulation of genes associated with B cell activation in PKCα-KR expressing cells, coincident with upregulation of PKCβII: supported by activation of key signalling hubs proximal to the BCR and elevated proliferation. Ibrutinib (BTK inhibitor) or enzastaurin (PKCβII inhibitor) treatment of PKCα-KR expressing cells and primary CLL cells showed similar patterns of Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition, supporting the role for PKCβII in maintaining proliferative signals in our CLL mouse model. Ibrutinib or enzastaurin treatment also reduced PKCα-KR-CLL cell migration towards CXCL12. Overall, we demonstrate that PKCβ expression facilitates leukemogenesis and identify that BCR-mediated signalling is a key driver of CLL development in the PKCα-KR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Hay
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ailsa K. Holroyd
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hothri A. Moka
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Karen M. Dunn
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Alzahra Alshayeb
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Bryony H. Lloyd
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Jennifer Cassels
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Natasha Malik
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ashfia F. Khan
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - IengFong Sou
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jamie Lees
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Hassan N. B. Almuhanna
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Nagesh Kalakonda
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Joseph R. Slupsky
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Alison M. Michie
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)141-301-7885
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Mencalha AL, Corrêa S, Abdelhay E. Role of calcium-dependent protein kinases in chronic myeloid leukemia: combined effects of PKC and BCR-ABL signaling on cellular alterations during leukemia development. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1247-54. [PMID: 25045273 PMCID: PMC4099416 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s64303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (PKCs) function in a myriad of cellular processes, including cell-cycle regulation, proliferation, hematopoietic stem cell differentiation, apoptosis, and malignant transformation. PKC inhibitors, when targeted to these pathways, have demonstrated efficacy against several types of solid tumors as well as leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) represents 20% of all adult leukemia. The aberrant Philadelphia chromosome has been reported as the main cause of CML development in hematopoietic stem cells, due to the formation of the BCR-ABL oncogene. PKCs and BCR-ABL coordinate several signaling pathways that are crucial to cellular malignant transformation. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that pharmacological approaches using PKC inhibitors may be effective in the treatment of CML. This mini review summarizes articles from the National Center for Biotechnology Information website that have shown evidence of the involvement of PKC in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Mencalha
- Biophysics and Biometry Department, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro's State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephany Corrêa
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kikuchi H, Nakayama M, Kuribayashi F, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Nishitoh H, Takami Y, Nakayama T. Protein kinase Cθ gene expression is oppositely regulated by GCN5 and EBF1 in immature B cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1739-42. [PMID: 24657615 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we revealed that GCN5 and early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) participate in regulation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) gene expression in an opposite manner in immature B cells. GCN5-deficiency in DT40 caused drastic down-regulation of transcription of PKCθ. In contrast, EBF1-deficiency brought about remarkable up-regulation of that of PKCθ, and re-expression of EBF1 dramatically suppressed transcription of PKCθ. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that GCN5 binds to the 5'-flanking region of the chicken PKCθ gene and acetylates histone H3, and EBF1 binds to the 5'-flanking region of the gene surrounding putative EBF1 binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Kikuchi
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Laboratory Center for Proteomics Research, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Masami Nakayama
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Laboratory Center for Proteomics Research, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinobu Imajoh-Ohmi
- Laboratory Center for Proteomics Research, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yasunari Takami
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nakayama
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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The impact of CDK inhibition in human malignancies associated with pronounced defects in apoptosis: advantages of multi-targeting small molecules. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:395-424. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and related diseases are heterogeneous and consist primarily of long-lived resting cells in the periphery and a minor subset of dividing cells in proliferating centers. Both cell populations have different molecular signatures that play a major role in determining their sensitivity to therapy. Contemporary approaches to treating CLL are heavily reliant on cytotoxic chemotherapeutics. However, none of the current treatment regimens can be considered curative. Pharmacological CDK inhibitors have extended the repertoire of potential drugs for CLL. Multi-targeted CDK inhibitors affect CDKs involved in regulating both cell cycle progression and transcription. Their interference with transcriptional elongation represses anti-apoptotic proteins and, thus, promotes the induction of apoptosis. Importantly, there is evidence that treatment with CDK inhibitors can overcome resistance to therapy. The pharmacological CDK inhibitors have great potential for use in combination with other therapeutics and represent promising tools for the development of new curative treatments for CLL.
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Pan JJ, Kashemirov BA, Lee J, McKenna CE, Devlin FJ, Stephens PJ. Electronic circular dichroism of monomethyl [16O,17O,18O]-phosphate and [16O,17O,18O]-thiophosphate revisited. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bennett LB, Taylor KH, Arthur GL, Rahmatpanah FB, Hooshmand SI, Caldwell CW. Epigenetic regulation of WNT signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenomics 2010; 2:53-70. [PMID: 20473358 PMCID: PMC2869094 DOI: 10.2217/epi.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain WNT and WNT network target genes are expressed at higher or lower levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared with normal B-cells. This includes upregulation of nuclear complex genes, as well as genes for cytoplasmic proteins and WNT ligands and their cognate receptors. In addition, epigenetic silencing of several negative regulators of the WNT pathway have been identified. The balance between epigenetic downregulation of negative effector genes and increased expression of positive effector genes demonstrate that the epigenetic downregulation of WNT antagonists is one mechanism, perhaps the main mechanism, that is permissive to active WNT signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Moreover, constitutive activation of the WNT network and target genes is likely to impact on additional interacting signaling pathways. Based on published studies, we propose a model of WNT signaling that involves mainly permissive expression, and sometimes overexpression, of positive effectors and downregulation of negative regulators in the network. In this model, DNA methylation, histone modifications and altered expression of microRNA molecules interact to allow continuous WNT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles W Caldwell
- Author for correspondence: Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, 115 Business Loop I-70 West, Columbia, MO 65203, USA, Tel.: +1 573 882 1234, Fax: +1 573 884 5206,
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Marincevic M, Tobin G, Rosenquist R. Infrequent occurrence of PIK3CA mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:829-30. [PMID: 19330652 DOI: 10.1080/10428190902803651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The mainstay of therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is cytotoxic chemotherapy; however, CLL is still an incurable disease with resistance to therapy developing in the majority of patients. In recent years, our understanding of the biological basis of CLL pathogenesis has substantially improved and novel treatment strategies are emerging. Tailoring and individualizing therapy according to the molecular and cellular biology of the disease is on the horizon, and advances with targeted agents such as monoclonal antibodies combined with traditional chemotherapy have lead to improved remission rates. The proposed key role of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in CLL pathogenesis has led to a number of possible opportunities for therapeutic exploitation. We are beginning to understand that the microenvironment is of utmost importance in CLL because certain T-cell subsets and stromal cells support the outgrowth and development of the malignant clone. Furthermore, an increase in our understanding of the deregulated cell-death machinery in CLL is a prerequisite to developing new targeted strategies that might be more effective in engaging with the cell-death machinery. This Review summarizes the progress made in understanding these features of CLL biology and describes novel treatment strategies that have also been exploited in current clinical trials.
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Xiao L, Gonzalez-Guerrico A, Kazanietz MG. PKC-mediated secretion of death factors in LNCaP prostate cancer cells is regulated by androgens. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:187-195. [PMID: 18756441 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of PKCdelta in androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells leads to apoptosis via the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK cascades. We have recently shown that treatment of LNCaP cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) leads to a PKCdelta-mediated autocrine release of death factors, including the cytokines TNFalpha and TRAIL, and that conditioned medium (CM) collected from PMA-treated LNCaP cells promotes the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade. Interfering with this autocrine loop either at the level of factor release or death receptor activation/signaling markedly impaired the PMA apoptotic response. In the present study we show that this PKCdelta-dependent autocrine mechanism is greatly influenced by androgens. Indeed, upon androgen depletion, which down-regulates PKCdelta expression, TNFalpha and TRAIL mRNA induction and release by PMA are significantly diminished, resulting in a reduced apoptogenic activity of the CM and an impaired ability of the CM to activate p38 MAPK and JNK. These effects can be rescued by addition of the synthetic androgen R1881. Furthermore, RNAi depletion of the androgen-receptor (AR) from LNCaP cells equally impaired PMA responses, suggesting that PKC-mediated induction of death factor secretion and apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells are highly sensitive to hormonal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anatilde Gonzalez-Guerrico
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) is characterized by the clonal outgrowth of B-lymphocytes with the distinctive phenotype: CD19(hi)CD5(+)CD23(+)IgM(lo). These malignant B-cells accumulate in the PB (peripheral blood) and lymphoid organs, and are generally arrested at the G(0)/G(1)-phase of cell cycle and display a resistance to apoptosis. To date, most of the CLL research has been carried out using PB samples obtained from patients with established CLL, which have proved instrumental in characterizing the disease. However, while CLL cells appear to have a defect in apoptosis in vivo, they rapidly undergo apoptosis ex vivo, suggesting that CLL cells are dependent on microenvironmental signals to enhance cell survival. One approach used to define the cellular and molecular events that govern CLL has been the development of murine models that replicate the human disease. As well as providing a deeper understanding of the potential triggers for CLL, these models provide preclinical in vivo systems to test novel therapies. The focus of the present review will be to highlight the recent advances in the development of mouse models for CLL.
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Current Awareness in Hematological Oncology. Hematol Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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