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Handa A, Grigelioniene G, Nishimura G. Radiologic Features of Type II and Type XI Collagenopathies. Radiographics 2020; 41:192-209. [PMID: 33186059 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type II collagen is a major component of the cartilage matrix. Pathogenic variants (ie, disease-causing aberrations) in the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) lead to an abnormal structure of type II collagen, causing a large group of skeletal dysplasias termed type II collagenopathies. Because type II collagen is also located in the vitreous body of the eyes and inner ears, type II collagenopathies are commonly associated with vitreoretinal degeneration and hearing impairment. Type II collagenopathies can be radiologically divided into two major groups: the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC) group and the Kniest-Stickler group. The SEDC group is characterized by delayed ossification of the juxtatruncal bones, including pear-shaped vertebrae. These collagenopathies comprise achondrogenesis type 2, hypochondrogenesis, SEDC, and other uncommon subtypes. The Kniest-Stickler group is characterized by disordered tubular bone growth that leads to "dumbbell" deformities. It comprises Kniest dysplasia and Stickler dysplasia type 1, whose radiographic manifestations overlap with those of type XI collagenopathies (a group of disorders due to abnormal type XI collagen) such as Stickler dysplasia types 2 and 3. This phenotypic overlap is caused by type II and type XI collagen molecules sharing part of the same connective tissues. The authors describe the diagnostic pathways to type II and type XI collagenopathies and the associated differential diagnoses. In addition, they review the clinical features and genetic bases of these conditions, which radiologists should know to participate in multidisciplinary care and translational research. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Handa
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 (A.H.); Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.G.); and Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.)
| | - Giedre Grigelioniene
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 (A.H.); Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.G.); and Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.)
| | - Gen Nishimura
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 (A.H.); Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.G.); and Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.)
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Wu N, Li J, Liu H, Wang J. Integrated analysis of COL2A1 variant data and classification of type II collagenopathies. Clin Genet 2019; 97:383-395. [PMID: 31758797 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COL2A1 gene encodes the alpha-1 chain of type II procollagen. Type II collagen, comprised of three identical alpha-1 chains, is the major component of cartilage. COL2A1 gene variants are the etiologies of genetic diseases, termed type II collagenopathies, with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. To date, at least 460 distinct COL2A1 mutations, identified in 663 independent probands, and 21 definite disorders have been reported. Nevertheless, a well-defined genotype-phenotype correlation has not been established, and few hot spots of mutation have been reported. In this study, we analyzed data of COL2A1 variants and clinical information of patients obtained from the Leiden Open Variation Database 3.0, as well as the currently available relevant literature. We determined the characteristics of the COL2A1 variants and distributions of the clinical manifestations in patients, and identified four likely genotype-phenotype correlations. Moreover, we classified 21 COL2A1-related disorders into five categories, which may assist clinicians in understanding the essence of these complex phenotypes and prompt genetic screening in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zhang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naichao Wu
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Liu
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Deng H, Huang X, Yuan L. Molecular genetics of the COL2A1-related disorders. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 768:1-13. [PMID: 27234559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type II collagen, comprised of three identical alpha-1(II) chains, is the major collagen synthesized by chondrocytes, and is found in articular cartilage, vitreous humour, inner ear and nucleus pulposus. Mutations in the collagen type II alpha-1 gene (COL2A1) have been reported to be responsible for a series of abnormalities, known as type II collagenopathies. To date, 16 definite disorders, inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern, have been described to be associated with the COL2A1 mutations, and at least 405 mutations ranging from point mutations to complex rearrangements have been reported, though the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Significant clinical heterogeneity has been reported in COL2A1-associated type II collagenopathies. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of known mutations in the COL2A1 gene for these disorders, as well as genetic animal models related to the COL2A1 gene, which may help us understand the nature of complex phenotypes and underlying pathogenesis of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Xiangjun Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Barat-Houari M, Sarrabay G, Gatinois V, Fabre A, Dumont B, Genevieve D, Touitou I. Mutation Update for COL2A1 Gene Variants Associated with Type II Collagenopathies. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:7-15. [PMID: 26443184 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the COL2A1 gene cause a spectrum of rare autosomal-dominant conditions characterized by skeletal dysplasia, short stature, and sensorial defects. An early diagnosis is critical to providing relevant patient care and follow-up, and genetic counseling to affected families. There are no recent exhaustive descriptions of the causal mutations in the literature. Here, we provide a review of COL2A1 mutations extracted from the Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD) that we updated with data from PubMed and our own patients. Over 700 patients were recorded, harboring 415 different mutations. One-third of the mutations are dominant-negative mutations that affect the glycine residue in the G-X-Y repeats of the alpha 1 chain. These mutations disrupt the collagen triple helix and are common in achondrogenesis type II and hypochondrogenesis. The mutations resulting in a premature stop codon are found in less severe phenotypes such as Stickler syndrome. The p.(Arg275Cys) substitution is found in all patients with COL2A1-associated Czech dysplasia. LOVD-COL2A1 provides support and potential collaborative material for scientific and clinical projects aimed at elucidating phenotype-genotype correlation and differential diagnosis in patients with type II collagenopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Barat-Houari
- Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France.,Genetics & Immunopathology of Inflammatory Osteoarticular Diseases, INSERM UMR1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Sarrabay
- Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France.,Genetics & Immunopathology of Inflammatory Osteoarticular Diseases, INSERM UMR1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Dumont
- Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France
| | - David Genevieve
- Genetics & Immunopathology of Inflammatory Osteoarticular Diseases, INSERM UMR1183, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Abnormalities and Constitutional Bone Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Touitou
- Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Diseases, CHRU, Montpellier, France.,Genetics & Immunopathology of Inflammatory Osteoarticular Diseases, INSERM UMR1183, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Rukavina I, Mortier G, Van Laer L, Frković M, Đapić T, Jelušić M. Mutation in the type II collagen gene (COL2AI) as a cause of primary osteoarthritis associated with mild spondyloepiphyseal involvement. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 44:101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Neurosurgical Interventions for Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita: Clinical Presentation and Assessment of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2013; 80:437.e1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pauli RM. The natural histories of bone dysplasias in adults--vignettes, fables and just-so stories. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 145C:309-21. [PMID: 17639591 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bone dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of disorders arising from intrinsic abnormality of bone and cartilage growth and function. All are genetic. Most result in extreme small stature (dwarfism). Historically, emphasis was primarily on diagnostic identification of specific disorders in infants (including differentiating lethal and non-lethal forms), and on the clinical history to be anticipated in infants and children with each of these specific processes. Even in children there is exceedingly limited information of quality and virtually no controlled studies of the effects of intervention. For the most part, information about affected adults is even less complete and even less rigorous. Presented here are a series of examples of medical and adaptive issues in adults affected by one or another of the genetic skeletal dysplasias. Topics discussed include: approach to adults with no specific diagnosis; medical issues that cross diagnostic boundaries (osteoarthritis in the "E" disorders, obstructive apnea, issues in pregnancy in women with dwarfing disorders, activities of daily living, and quality of life assessments); diagnosis-specific problems of adulthood (spinal stenosis in achondroplasia, hearing loss in osteogenesis imperfecta, and malignancy risk in multiple exostoses); adult problems that must be addressed in childhood in order to be prevented (achondroplasia and kyphosis, and cervical spine abnormalities in Morquio syndrome); survival conundrums (why some live unexpectedly and others die unexpectedly). Emphasis is placed on the difficulties intrinsic to trying to learn about needs and expectations in generally rare genetic processes.
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Liu YF, Chen WM, Lin YF, Yang RC, Lin MW, Li LH, Chang YH, Jou YS, Lin PY, Su JS, Huang SF, Hsiao KJ, Fann CSJ, Hwang HW, Chen YT, Tsai SF. Type II collagen gene variants and inherited osteonecrosis of the femoral head. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2294-301. [PMID: 15930420 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa042480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) causes disability that often requires surgical intervention. Most cases of ANFH are sporadic, but we identified three families in which there was autosomal dominant inheritance of the disease and mapped the chromosomal position of the gene to 12q13. METHODS We carried out haplotype analysis in the families, selected candidate genes from the critical interval for ANFH on 12q13, and sequenced the promoter and exonic regions of the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) from persons with inherited and sporadic forms of ANFH. RESULTS We identified a G-->A transition in exon 50 of COL2A1 in affected members of a four-generation family with ANFH. This transition predicts the replacement of glycine with serine at codon 1170 in a GXY repeat of type II collagen. Another pedigree was shown to harbor the same transition, but the mutant allele occurred on a different haplotype background. In a third family, a G-->A transition in exon 33 of the gene, causing a glycine-to-serine change at codon 717, was detected. No mutation was found in the COL2A1 coding region in sporadic cases of ANFH. CONCLUSIONS All the patients with familial ANFH whom we studied carried COL2A1 mutations. In families with ANFH, haplotype and sequence analysis of the COL2A1 gene can be used to identify carriers of the mutant allele before the onset of clinical symptoms, allowing the initiation of measures that may delay progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Genome Research Center, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Harris L, Kamarainen OP, Sevakivi M, Miller G, Clarke J, Potter J, Bridgewater L. A novel retinoic acid-response element requires an enhancer element mediator for transcriptional activation. Biochem J 2005; 383:37-43. [PMID: 15206905 PMCID: PMC1134041 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Col11a2 gene codes for alpha2(XI), a subunit of type XI collagen that is a critical component of the cartilage extracellular matrix. The 5' regulatory region of Col11a2 was subjected to deletional analysis to detect any regulatory element in addition to the two known chondrocyte-specific enhancer elements B/C and D/E. Deletion of the region from -342 to -242 bp reduced transcriptional activity to less than 50% of wild-type, but the sequence showed no independent ability to increase transcription from a minimal promoter. When cloned downstream of the D/E enhancer, however, a subsection of the sequence nearly doubled transcriptional activity and produced an additional 3-fold activation in response to RA (retinoic acid). A 6-bp direct repeat, separated by 4 bp (a DR-4 element) near the 5'-end of this region, was found to be essential for its activity, and was further shown to bind the RA X receptor beta in electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. The present study has revealed a novel RA-response element in Col11a2 that does not interact directly with the promoter, but instead requires the D/E enhancer to mediate transcriptional activation. Proteins bound at the enhancer, therefore, would be expected to affect the transcriptional response to RA. Such a system of regulation, particularly if found to be operating in other cartilage genes, could explain the conflicting responses RA produces in chondrocytes under different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Harris
- *Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 591 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Gwen C. Miller
- *Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 591 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A
| | - James W. Clarke
- *Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 591 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer L. Potter
- *Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 591 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A
| | - Laura C. Bridgewater
- *Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 591 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Abstract
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC), an inherited chondrodysplasia, occurs through a mutation in the COL2A1 gene encoding the type II procollagen alpha1 chain, proalpha1 (II). Recently, the authors studied two Korean patients with SEDC. Both these patients had short stature, os odontoideum with or without atlantoaxial instability, platyspondyly, and epiphyseal dysplasia limited to the femoral heads. The more seriously affected patient had shorter height (125 cm), atlantoaxial instability associated with os odontoideum, flat feet, and cleft palate, absence of the femoral head on radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dislocated proximal femur. The less seriously affected patient was taller (145 cm) and had no atlantoaxial instability, absence of the femoral head on radiography with visible cartilage anlage on MRI, and subluxated cartilaginous femoral head. A mutation analysis was performed using direct sequencing. Two novel dominant mutations were found in the COL2A1 gene of these two patients: G277V and G238S, respectively. Although glycine was substituted with valine and serine in the proalpha1 (II) of these two patients, their phenotypes were significantly different in physical and radiologic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Jung
- Division of Genetic Disease, Department of Biomedical Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- D Holderbaum
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Abstract
With the application of molecular techniques the aetiopathogenesis of skeletal dysplasias is gradually elucidated. Recent advances show that some bone dysplasias result from defects in the biosynthesis of type II (cartilage) collagen. Clinical entities caused by mutations in the COL2A1 gene coding for type II collagen comprise achondrogenesis II, hypochondrogenesis, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Kniest dysplasia, Stickler arthroophthalmopathy and mild dominant spondyloarthropathy. The mutations are expressed in the heterozygous state, and inheritance of type II collagenopathies is autosomal dominant. The wide range of clinical manifestations is not well understood but characterization of the basic defect may provide clues to establish specific genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spranger
- Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Mainz, Germany
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