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Summers KM. Genetic models of fibrillinopathies. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad189. [PMID: 37972149 PMCID: PMC11021029 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrillinopathies represent a group of diseases in which the 10-12 nm extracellular microfibrils are disrupted by genetic variants in one of the genes encoding fibrillin molecules, large glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. The best-known fibrillinopathy is Marfan syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition affecting the cardiovascular, ocular, skeletal, and other systems, with a prevalence of around 1 in 3,000 across all ethnic groups. It is caused by variants of the FBN1 gene, encoding fibrillin-1, which interacts with elastin to provide strength and elasticity to connective tissues. A number of mouse models have been created in an attempt to replicate the human phenotype, although all have limitations. There are also natural bovine models and engineered models in pig and rabbit. Variants in FBN2 encoding fibrillin-2 cause congenital contractural arachnodactyly and mouse models for this condition have also been produced. In most animals, including birds, reptiles, and amphibians, there is a third fibrillin, fibrillin-3 (FBN3 gene) for which the creation of models has been difficult as the gene is degenerate and nonfunctional in mice and rats. Other eukaryotes such as the nematode C. elegans and zebrafish D. rerio have a gene with some homology to fibrillins and models have been used to discover more about the function of this family of proteins. This review looks at the phenotype, inheritance, and relevance of the various animal models for the different fibrillinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Australia
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Kallenbach K, Remes A, Müller OJ, Arif R, Zaradzki M, Wagner AH. Translational Medicine: Towards Gene Therapy of Marfan Syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11143934. [PMID: 35887698 PMCID: PMC9319421 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11143934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue caused by mutations of the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). Vascular abnormalities, such as the enlargement of the aorta with the risk of life-threatening rupture are frequently observed. However, current treatment is limited and therapeutic options focus solely on symptomatic therapy. Gene therapy focuses on genetically modifying cells to produce a therapeutic effect and may be a promising treatment option for MFS. Here, we first provide an overview of the historical background and characterization of MFS. Subsequently, we summarise current gene therapy options and possible translational concepts for this inherited disorder that affects connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kallenbach
- Institute for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology (INCCI), Department of Cardiac Surgery, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- VASCERN HTAD European Reference Center, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anca Remes
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.R.); (O.J.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.R.); (O.J.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rawa Arif
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marcin Zaradzki
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andreas H. Wagner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-544062; Fax: +49-6221-544038
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Connective Tissue Disorders in Domestic Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:325-335. [PMID: 34807427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Though soft tissue disorders have been recognized and described to some detail in several types of domestic animals and small mammals for some years, they remain uncommon. Because of their low prevalence, not much progress has been made not only in improved diagnosis but also in our understanding of the biochemical basis and pathogenesis of these diseases in animals. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) described in dogs already in 1943 and later in cats has only minor impact on the well-being of the dog as its effects on skin of these animals are rather limited. The involved skin is thin and hyperextensible with easily inflicted injuries resulting in hemorrhagic wounds and atrophic scars. Joint laxity and dislocation common in people are less frequently found in dogs. No systemic complications, such as organ rupture or cardiovascular problems which have devastating consequences in people have been described in cats and dogs. The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and on light or electron microscopic features of disorganized and fragmented collagen fibrils. Several case of bovine and ovine dermatosparaxis analogous to human Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIIC were found to be caused by mutations in the procollagen I N-proteinase (pnPI) or ADAMTS2 gene, though mutations in other sites are likely responsible for other types of dermatosparaxis. Cattle suffering from a form of Marfan syndrome (MFS) were described to have aortic dilatation and aneurysm together with ocular abnormalities and skeletal involvement. As in people, mutations at different sites of bovine FBN1 may be responsible for Marfan phenotype. Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), or hyperelastosis cutis, has been recognized in several horse breeds as affecting primarily skin, and, occasionally, tendons. A mutation in cyclophilin B, a chaperon involved in proper folding of collagens, has been identified in some cases. Warmblood fragile foal syndrome (WFFS) is another Ehlers-Danlos-like disorder in horses, affecting primarily Warmbloods who present with skin fragility and joint hyperextensibility. Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD) affects primarily tendons and ligaments of certain horse breeds. Data from our laboratory showed excessive accumulation of proteoglycans in organs with high content of connective tissues. We have identified increased presence of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in active foci of DSLD and an abnormal form of decorin in proteoglycan deposits. Our most recent data obtained from next generation sequencing showed disturbances in expression of genes for numerous proteoglycans and collagens.
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Côté E, Zhang RM, Kaiser N, Reinhardt DP, Martin CK. Annuloaortic ectasia in a four-month-old male Newfoundland dog: long-term follow-up and immunofluorescent study. Vet Q 2021; 41:280-291. [PMID: 34607531 PMCID: PMC8526017 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1961039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4 month-old, 14.8 kg, male Newfoundland dog was presented for cardiovascular evaluation following detection of a heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed enlargement of the sinuses of Valsalva and marked, diffuse dilation of the ascending aorta (annuloaortic ectasia, AAE), with mild/equivocal subaortic stenosis (SAS). The dog was monitored over the duration of its lifetime, with serial echocardiograms performed at 5, 6, and 8 months and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10 years demonstrating persistent, diffuse dilation of the ascending aorta. The dog lived until it was 10 years old and died of metastatic carcinoma. Postmortem examination confirmed AAE and mild SAS. Hematoxylin and eosin and Weigert van Gieson stains were used to compare the ascending aorta to the descending aorta and left subclavian artery, and to compare aortic samples to those of three control dogs. Histopathologic evaluation revealed mild medial degeneration in the ascending aorta of all four dogs. Immunofluorescent microscopy was used for determining the deposition of proteins known to play a role in aortic aneurysms in humans: fibrillin-1 (FBN1), latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 4 (LTBP4) and fibronectin. The ascending aorta of the AAE case demonstrated reduced deposition of FBN1, indicating that its loss may have contributed to aortic dilation. Diffuse, primary ascending aortic dilation is uncommonly reported in dogs; when it is, it carries a poor prognosis. This case provides an important example of marked dilation of the ascending aorta in a dog that lived with no associated adverse effects for 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Rong-Mo Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole Kaiser
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
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Chen M, Yao B, Yang Q, Deng J, Song Y, Sui T, Zhou L, Yao H, Xu Y, Ouyang H, Pang D, Li Z, Lai L. Truncated C-terminus of fibrillin-1 induces Marfanoid-progeroid-lipodystrophy (MPL) syndrome in rabbit. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031542. [PMID: 29666143 PMCID: PMC5963856 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various clinical differences have been observed between patients with the FBN1 gene mutation and those with the classical Marfan phenotype. Although FBN1 knockout (KO) or dominant-negative mutant mice are widely used as an animal model for Marfan syndrome (MFS), these mice cannot recapitulate the genotype/phenotype relationship of Marfanoid-progeroid-lipodystrophy (MPL) syndrome, which is caused by a mutation in the C-terminus of fibrillin-1, the penultimate exon of the FBN1 gene. Here, we describe the generation of a rabbit MPL model with C-terminal truncation of fibrillin-1 using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. FBN1 heterozygous (FBN1 Het) rabbits faithfully recapitulated the phenotypes of MFS, including muscle wasting and impaired connective tissue, ocular syndrome and aortic dilation. Moreover, skin symptoms, lipodystrophy, growth retardation and dysglycemia were also seen in these FBN1 Het rabbits, and have not been reported in other animal models. In conclusion, this novel rabbit model mimics the histopathological changes and functional defects of MPL syndrome, and could become a valuable model for studies of pathogenesis and drug screening for MPL syndrome. Summary: A novel genetically engineered rabbit model of MPL syndrome, generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of FBN1, mimics the histopathological changes and functional defects of MPL syndrome seen in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qiangbing Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jichao Deng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tingting Sui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - HaoBing Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China .,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
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McGowan M, Smith C, Ferguson A, Stone B, Vankan D, Allavena R. Congenital bilateral anterior nasal atresia in 16 half-sibling Holstein-Friesian calves. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:118-122. [PMID: 28346672 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT Cases of bilateral anterior nasal atresia, sometimes referred to as arhinia or partial arhinia, are extremely rare in cattle and have only been reported as single events. This report describes the birth of 16 Holstein Friesian calves over a 3-month period, all affected with bilateral atresia of the nares and anterior nasal cavity, with 2 calves having additional severe deviation of the nasomaxillary bones and nasal septum. One affected calf was born with an anatomically normal twin. Parentage testing demonstrated that a single Holstein Friesian bull sired all cases tested. CONCLUSION This is the first report of multiple cases of bilateral anterior nasal atresia in cattle with evidence that demonstrates a heritable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McGowan
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - C Smith
- Karalee Karana Veterinary Surgery, Karalee, QLD, Australia
| | - A Ferguson
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - B Stone
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - D Vankan
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - R Allavena
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Tsang HG, Rashdan NA, Whitelaw CBA, Corcoran BM, Summers KM, MacRae VE. Large animal models of cardiovascular disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:113-32. [PMID: 26914991 PMCID: PMC4834612 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human cardiovascular system is a complex arrangement of specialized structures with distinct functions. The molecular landscape, including the genome, transcriptome and proteome, is pivotal to the biological complexity of both normal and abnormal mammalian processes. Despite our advancing knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through the principal use of rodent models, this continues to be an increasing issue in today's world. For instance, as the ageing population increases, so does the incidence of heart valve dysfunction. This may be because of changes in molecular composition and structure of the extracellular matrix, or from the pathological process of vascular calcification in which bone-formation related factors cause ectopic mineralization. However, significant differences between mice and men exist in terms of cardiovascular anatomy, physiology and pathology. In contrast, large animal models can show considerably greater similarity to humans. Furthermore, precise and efficient genome editing techniques enable the generation of tailored models for translational research. These novel systems provide a huge potential for large animal models to investigate the regulatory factors and molecular pathways that contribute to CVD in vivo. In turn, this will help bridge the gap between basic science and clinical applications by facilitating the refinement of therapies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Tsang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - N A Rashdan
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - C B A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - B M Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - K M Summers
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, SCT, UK
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Hirano T, Matsuhashi T, Kobayashi N, Watanabe T, Sugimoto Y. Identification of an FBN1 mutation in bovine Marfan syndrome-like disease. Anim Genet 2011; 43:11-7. [PMID: 22221020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN1), a component of the extracellular microfibril, cause Marfan syndrome (MFS). Frequent observation of cattle with a normal withers height, but lower body weight than age-matched normal cattle, was recently reported among cattle sired by phenotypically normal Bull A, in Japanese Black cattle. These cattle also showed other characteristic features similar to the clinical phenotype of human MFS, such as a long phalanx proximalis, oval face and crystalline lens cloudiness. We first screened a paternal half-sib family comprising 36 affected and 10 normal offspring of Bull A using the BovineSNP50 BeadChip (illumina). Twenty-two microsatellite markers mapped to a significant region on BTA10 were subsequently genotyped on the family. The bovine Marfan syndrome-like disease (MFSL) was mapped onto BTA10. As FBN1 is located in the significant region, FBN1 was sequenced in Bull A, and three affected and one normal cattle. A G>A mutation at the intron64 splicing accepter site (c.8227-1G>A) was detected in 31 of 36 affected animals (84.7%). The c.8227-1G>A polymorphism was not found in 20 normal offspring of Bull A or in 93 normal cattle unrelated to Bull A. The mutation caused a 1-base shift of the intron64 splicing accepter site to the 3' direction, and a 1-base deletion in processed mRNA. This 1-base deletion creates a premature termination codon, and a 125-amino acid shorter Fibrillin-1 protein is produced from the mutant mRNA. We therefore conclude that the c.8227-1G>A mutation is causative for MFSL. Furthermore, it was suggested that Bull A exhibited germline mosaicism for the mutation, and that the frequency of the mutant sperm was 14.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Odakura, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, Japan.
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Drögemüller C, Tetens J, Sigurdsson S, Gentile A, Testoni S, Lindblad-Toh K, Leeb T. Identification of the bovine Arachnomelia mutation by massively parallel sequencing implicates sulfite oxidase (SUOX) in bone development. PLoS Genet 2010; 6. [PMID: 20865119 PMCID: PMC2928811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachnomelia is a monogenic recessive defect of skeletal development in cattle. The causative mutation was previously mapped to a ∼7 Mb interval on chromosome 5. Here we show that array-based sequence capture and massively parallel sequencing technology, combined with the typical family structure in livestock populations, facilitates the identification of the causative mutation. We re-sequenced the entire critical interval in a healthy partially inbred cow carrying one copy of the critical chromosome segment in its ancestral state and one copy of the same segment with the arachnomelia mutation, and we detected a single heterozygous position. The genetic makeup of several partially inbred cattle provides extremely strong support for the causality of this mutation. The mutation represents a single base insertion leading to a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of the SUOX gene and is perfectly associated with the arachnomelia phenotype. Our findings suggest an important role for sulfite oxidase in bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jens Tetens
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Snaevar Sigurdsson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Veterinary Clinical Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Testoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Drögemüller C, Rossi M, Gentile A, Testoni S, Jörg H, Stranzinger G, Drögemüller M, Glowatzki-Mullis ML, Leeb T. Arachnomelia in Brown Swiss cattle maps to chromosome 5. Mamm Genome 2008; 20:53-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Siegenthaler MP, Celik R, Haberstroh J, Bajona P, Goebel H, Brehm K, Euringer W, Beyersdorf F. Thoracic endovascular stent grafting inhibits aortic growth: an experimental study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Kgwatalala P, Ibeagha AE, Zhao X. A critical analysis of disease-associated DNA polymorphisms in the genes of cattle, goat, sheep, and pig. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:226-45. [PMID: 18350334 PMCID: PMC2323435 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations through their effects on gene expression and protein function underlie disease susceptibility in farm animal species. The variations are in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms, deletions/insertions of nucleotides or whole genes, gene or whole chromosomal rearrangements, gene duplications, and copy number polymorphisms or variants. They exert varying degrees of effects on gene action, such as substitution of an amino acid for another, shift in reading frame and premature termination of translation, and complete deletion of entire exon(s) or gene(s) in diseased individuals. These factors influence gene function by affecting mRNA splicing pattern or by altering/eliminating protein function. Elucidating the genetic bases of diseases under the control of many genes is very challenging, and it is compounded by several factors, including host x pathogen x environment interactions. In this review, the genetic variations that underlie several diseases of livestock (under monogenic and polygenic control) are analyzed. Also, factors hampering research efforts toward identification of genetic influences on animal disease identification and control are highlighted. A better understanding of the factors analyzed could be better harnessed to effectively identify and control, genetically, livestock diseases. Finally, genetic control of animal diseases can reduce the costs associated with diseases, improve animal welfare, and provide healthy animal products to consumers, and should be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne De Bellevue, Montreal, QC, Canada, H9X 3V9.
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