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Matured Myofibers in Bioprinted Constructs with In Vivo Vascularization and Innervation. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040171. [PMID: 34698150 PMCID: PMC8544540 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the study of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle has been driven by a clinical need to treat neuromuscular diseases and volumetric muscle loss. The in vitro fabrication of muscle offers the opportunity to test drug-and cell-based therapies, to study disease processes, and to perhaps, one day, serve as a muscle graft for reconstructive surgery. This study developed a biofabrication technique to engineer muscle for research and clinical applications. A bioprinting protocol was established to deliver primary mouse myoblasts in a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) bioink, which was implanted in an in vivo chamber in a nude rat model. For the first time, this work demonstrated the phenomenon of myoblast migration through the bioprinted GelMA scaffold with cells spontaneously forming fibers on the surface of the material. This enabled advanced maturation and facilitated the connection between incoming vessels and nerve axons in vivo without the hindrance of a scaffold material. Immunohistochemistry revealed the hallmarks of tissue maturity with sarcomeric striations and peripherally placed nuclei in the organized bundles of muscle fibers. Such engineered muscle autografts could, with further structural development, eventually be used for surgical reconstructive purposes while the methodology presented here specifically has wide applications for in vitro and in vivo neuromuscular function and disease modelling.
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Quigley AF, Cornock R, Mysore T, Foroughi J, Kita M, Razal JM, Crook J, Moulton SE, Wallace GG, Kapsa RMI. Wet-Spun Trojan Horse Cell Constructs for Engineering Muscle. Front Chem 2020; 8:18. [PMID: 32154210 PMCID: PMC7044405 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of 3D regenerative skeletal muscle tissue constructs (skMTCs) using hydrogels containing muscle precursor cells (MPCs) is of potential benefit for repairing Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) arising from trauma (e.g., road/industrial accident, war injury) or for restoration of functional muscle mass in disease (e.g., Muscular Dystrophy, muscle atrophy). Additive Biofabrication (AdBiofab) technologies make possible fabrication of 3D regenerative skMTCs that can be tailored to specific delivery requirements of VML or functional muscle restoration. Whilst 3D printing is useful for printing constructs of many tissue types, the necessity of a balanced compromise between cell type, required construct size and material/fabrication process cyto-compatibility can make the choice of 3D printing a secondary alternative to other biofabrication methods such as wet-spinning. Alternatively, wet-spinning is more amenable to formation of fibers rather than (small) layered 3D-Printed constructs. This study describes the fabrication of biosynthetic alginate fibers containing MPCs and their use for delivery of dystrophin-expressing cells to dystrophic muscle in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) compared to poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLA:PLGA) topically-seeded with myoblasts. In addition, this study introduces a novel method by which to create 3D layered wet-spun alginate skMTCs for bulk mass delivery of MPCs to VML lesions. As such, this work introduces the concept of "Trojan Horse" Fiber MTCs (TH-fMTCs) and 3d Mesh-MTCs (TH-mMTCs) for delivery of regenerative MPCs to diseased and damaged muscle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita F. Quigley
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys Cornock
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharun Mysore
- School of Medicine and Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kita
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joselito M. Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Crook
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon E. Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M. I. Kapsa
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Ngan C, Quigley A, O'Connell C, Kita M, Bourke J, Wallace GG, Choong P, Kapsa RMI. 3D Bioprinting and Differentiation of Primary Skeletal Muscle Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2140:229-242. [PMID: 32207116 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0520-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric loss of skeletal muscle can occur through sports injuries, surgical ablation, trauma, motor or industrial accident, and war-related injury. Likewise, massive and ultimately catastrophic muscle cell loss occurs over time with progressive degenerative muscle diseases, such as the muscular dystrophies. Repair of volumetric loss of skeletal muscle requires replacement of large volumes of tissue to restore function. Repair of larger lesions cannot be achieved by injection of stem cells or muscle progenitor cells into the lesion in absence of a supportive scaffold that (1) provides trophic support for the cells and the recipient tissue environment, (2) appropriate differentiational cues, and (3) structural geometry for defining critical organ/tissue components/niches necessary or a functional outcome. 3D bioprinting technologies offer the possibility of printing orientated 3D structures that support skeletal muscle regeneration with provision for appropriately compartmentalized components ranging across regenerative to functional niches. This chapter includes protocols that provide for the generation of robust skeletal muscle cell precursors and methods for their inclusion into methacrylated gelatin (GelMa) constructs using 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ngan
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita Quigley
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathal O'Connell
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kita
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin Bourke
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Choong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- @BioFab3D Facility, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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The Gene Targeting Approach of Small Fragment Homologous Replacement (SFHR) Alters the Expression Patterns of DNA Repair and Cell Cycle Control Genes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e304. [PMID: 27045208 PMCID: PMC5014528 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses and molecular mechanisms activated by exogenous DNA that
invades cells are only partially understood. This limits the practical use of
gene targeting strategies. Small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR) uses a
small exogenous wild-type DNA fragment to restore the endogenous wild-type
sequence; unfortunately, this mechanism has a low frequency of correction.
In this study, we used a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line with a stably
integrated mutated gene for enhanced green fluorescence protein. The restoration
of a wild-type sequence can be detected by flow cytometry analysis. We
quantitatively analyzed the expression of 84 DNA repair genes and 84 cell cycle
control genes. Peculiar temporal gene expression patterns were observed for both
pathways. Different DNA repair pathways, not only homologous recombination, as
well as the three main cell cycle checkpoints appeared to mediate the cellular
response. Eighteen genes were selected as highly significant target/effectors of
SFHR. We identified a wide interconnection between SFHR, DNA repair, and cell
cycle control. Our results increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms
involved in cell invasion by exogenous DNA and SFHR. Specific molecular targets
of both the cell cycle and DNA repair machineries were selected for manipulation
to enhance the practical application of SFHR.
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Zhang BGX, Quigley AF, Bourke JL, Nowell CJ, Myers DE, Choong PFM, Kapsa RMI. Combination of agrin and laminin increase acetylcholine receptor clustering and enhance functional neuromuscular junction formation In vitro. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:551-65. [PMID: 26251299 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the postsynaptic membrane is a crucial step in the development of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). During development and after denervation, aneural AChR clusters form on the sarcolemma. Recent studies suggest that these receptors are critical for guiding and initiating synaptogenesis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of agrin and laminin-1; agents with known AChR clustering activity; on NMJ formation and muscle maturation. Primary myoblasts were differentiated in vitro on collagen, laminin or collagen and laminin-coated surfaces in the presence or absence of agrin and laminin. The pretreated cells were then subject to innervation by PC12 cells. The number of neuromuscular junctions was assessed by immunocytochemical co-localization of AChR clusters and the presynaptic marker synaptophysin. Functional neuromuscular junctions were quantitated by analysis of the level of spontaneous as well as neuromuscular blocker responsive contractile activity and muscle maturation was assessed by the degree of myotube striation. Agrin alone did not prime muscle for innervation while a combination of agrin and laminin pretreatment increased the number of neuromuscular junctions formed and enhanced acetylcholine based neurotransmission and myotube striation. This study has direct clinical relevance for treatment of denervation injuries and creating functional neuromuscular constructs for muscle tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill G X Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Anita F Quigley
- Department of Medicine, the University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Justin L Bourke
- Department of Medicine, the University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Damian E Myers
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Peter F M Choong
- Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Small Fragment Homologous Replacement (SFHR): sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA in eukaryotic cells by small DNA fragments. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1114:85-101. [PMID: 24557898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-761-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The sequence-specific correction of a mutated gene (e.g., point mutation) by the Small Fragment Homologous Replacement (SFHR) method is a highly attractive approach for gene therapy. Small DNA fragments (SDFs) were used in SFHR to modify endogenous genomic DNA in both human and murine cells. The advantage of this gene targeting approach is to maintain the physiologic expression pattern of targeted genes without altering the regulatory sequences (e.g., promoter, enhancer), but the application of this technique requires the knowledge of the sequence to be targeted. In our recent study, an optimized SFHR protocol was used to replace the eGFP mutant sequence in SV-40-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF-SV40), with the wild-type eGFP sequence. Nevertheless in the past, SFHR has been used to correct several mutant genes, each related to a specific genetic disease (e.g., spinal muscular atrophy, cystic fibrosis, severe combined immune deficiency). Several parameters can be modified to optimize the gene modification efficiency, as described in our recent study. In this chapter we describe the main guidelines that should be followed in SFHR application, in order to increase technique efficiency.
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7
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Nuclease-mediated double-strand break (DSB) enhancement of small fragment homologous recombination (SFHR) gene modification in human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1114:279-90. [PMID: 24557910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-761-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in methods to specifically modify genomic DNA using sequence-specific endonucleases and donor DNA have opened the door to a new therapeutic paradigm for cell and gene therapy of inherited diseases. Sequence-specific endonucleases, in particular transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs), have been coupled with polynucleotide small/short DNA fragments (SDFs) to correct the most common mutation in the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, a 3-base-pair deletion at codon 508 (delF508), in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The studies presented here describe the generation of candidate TALENs and their co-transfection with wild-type (wt) CFTR-SDFs into CF-iPS cells homozygous for the delF508 mutation. Using an allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR)-based cyclic enrichment protocol, clonal populations of corrected CF-iPS cells were isolated and expanded.
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Small fragment homologous replacement: evaluation of factors influencing modification efficiency in an eukaryotic assay system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30851. [PMID: 22359552 PMCID: PMC3281040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous Replacement is used to modify specific gene sequences of chromosomal DNA in a process referred to as “Small Fragment Homologous Replacement”, where DNA fragments replace genomic target resulting in specific sequence changes. To optimize the efficiency of this process, we developed a reporter based assay system where the replacement frequency is quantified by cytofluorimetric analysis following restoration of a stably integrated mutated eGFP gene in the genome of SV-40 immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF-SV-40). To obtain the highest correction frequency with this system, several parameters were considered: fragment synthesis and concentration, cell cycle phase and methylation status of both fragment and recipient genome. In addition, different drugs were employed to test their ability to improve technique efficiency. SFHR-mediated genomic modification resulted to be stably transmitted for several cell generations and confirmed at transcript and genomic levels. Modification efficiency was estimated in a range of 0.01–0.5%, further increasing when PARP-1 repair pathway was inhibited. In this study, for the first time SFHR efficiency issue was systematically approached and in part addressed, therefore opening new potential therapeutic ex-vivo applications.
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Sargent RG, Kim S, Gruenert DC. Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene modification: strategies and therapeutic potential. Oligonucleotides 2011; 21:55-75. [PMID: 21417933 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide- and polynucleotide-based gene modification strategies were developed as an alternative to transgene-based and classical gene targeting-based gene therapy approaches for treatment of genetic disorders. Unlike the transgene-based strategies, oligo/polynucleotide gene targeting approaches maintain gene integrity and the relationship between the protein coding and gene-specific regulatory sequences. Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene modification also has several advantages over classical vector-based homologous recombination approaches. These include essentially complete homology to the target sequence and the potential to rapidly engineer patient-specific oligo/polynucleotide gene modification reagents. Several oligo/polynucleotide-based approaches have been shown to successfully mediate sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA in mammalian cells. The strategies involve the use of polynucleotide small DNA fragments, triplex-forming oligonucleotides, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides to mediate homologous exchange. The primary focus of this review will be on the mechanistic aspects of the small fragment homologous replacement, triplex-forming oligonucleotide-mediated, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated gene modification strategies as it relates to their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Geoffrey Sargent
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, California 94115, USA
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10
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Breukers RD, Gilmore KJ, Kita M, Wagner KK, Higgins MJ, Moulton SE, Clark GM, Officer DL, Kapsa RMI, Wallace GG. Creating conductive structures for cell growth: Growth and alignment of myogenic cell types on polythiophenes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:256-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Bedayat B, Abdolmohamadi A, Ye L, Maurisse R, Parsi H, Schwarz J, Emamekhoo H, Nicklas JA, O'Neill JP, Gruenert DC. Sequence-specific correction of genomic hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mutations in lymphoblasts by small fragment homologous replacement. Oligonucleotides 2010; 20:7-16. [PMID: 19995283 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2009.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene targeting strategies provide new options for achieving sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA and have implications for the development of new therapies and transgenic animal models. One such gene modification strategy, small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR), was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in human lymphoblasts that contain a single base substitution in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT1) gene. Because HPRT1 mutant cells are readily discernable from those expressing the wild type (wt) gene through growth in selective media, it was possible to identify and isolate cells that have been corrected by SFHR. Transfection of HPRT1 mutant cells with polynucleotide small DNA fragments (SDFs) comprising wild type HPRT1 (wtHPRT1) sequences resulted in clones of cells that grew in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium. Initial studies quantifying the efficiency of correction in 3 separate experiments indicate frequencies ranging from 0.1% to 2%. Sequence analysis of DNA and RNA showed correction of the HPRT1 mutation. Random integration was not indicated after transfection of the mutant cells with an SDF comprised of green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequences that are not found in human genomic DNA. Random integration was also not detected following Southern blot hybridization analysis of an individual corrected cell clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bedayat
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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12
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Skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation on polypyrrole substrates doped with extracellular matrix components. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5292-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Isman O, Roberts ML, Morgan JE, Graham IR, Goldring K, Lawrence-Watt DJ, Lu QL, Dunckley MG, Porter AC, Partridge TA, Dickson G. Adenovirus-Based Targeting in Myoblasts Is Hampered by Nonhomologous Vector Integration. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:1000-8. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Isman
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- Regulon, Athens 17455, Greece
| | - Jennifer E. Morgan
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Graham
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstin Goldring
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Diana J. Lawrence-Watt
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Long Lu
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, U.S.A
| | - Matthew G. Dunckley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C.G. Porter
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Terence A. Partridge
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010, U.S.A
| | - George Dickson
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Non-viral gene transfer into skeletal muscle in vivo is enhanced by electroporation (EP) to efficiencies far beyond any other (non-EP) method reported to date. Electroporation consistently delivers high levels of transgene to muscle and has been used extensively for the delivery of therapeutic transgenes to dystrophic mouse muscle such as the mdx mouse model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Since the earliest applications, electroporation has consistently and reproducibly achieved highly efficient DNA delivery to a high proportion (greater than 70%) of fibres in treated muscles. This manuscript describes a methodology for introduction of corrective nucleic acids (CNAs) for the purpose of correcting the dystrophin gene (DMD ( mdx )) mutation responsible for muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse model of human DMD by targeted corrective gene conversion (TCGC).
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