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Zeke A, Dobson L, Szekeres LI, Langó T, Tusnády GE. PolarProtDb: A Database of Transmembrane and Secreted Proteins showing Apical-Basal Polarity. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166705. [PMID: 33186585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most cells in multicellular organisms are somehow asymmetric, polarized: maintaining separate membrane domains. Typical examples are the epithelial cells (apical-basal polarization), neurons (dendritic-axonal domains), or migratory cells (with a leading and a trailing edge). Here we present the most comprehensive database containing experimentally verified mammalian proteins that display polarized sorting or secretion, focusing on epithelial polarity. In addition to the source cells or tissues, homology-based inferences and transmembrane topology (if applicable) are all provided. PolarProtDb also offers a detailed interface displaying all information that may be relevant for trafficking: including post-translational modifications (glycosylations and phosphorylations), known or predicted short linear motifs conserved across orthologs, as well as potential interaction partners. Data on polarized sorting has so far been scattered across myriads of publications, hence difficult to access. This information can help researchers in several areas, such as scanning for potential entry points of viral agents like COVID-19. PolarProtDb shall be a useful resource to design future experiments as well as for comparative analyses. The database is available at http://polarprotdb.enzim.hu.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Zeke
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Dobson
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Levente István Szekeres
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Langó
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor E Tusnády
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Calvanese L, D'Auria G, Vangone A, Falcigno L, Oliva R. Structural Basis for Mutations of Human Aquaporins Associated to Genetic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1577. [PMID: 29799470 PMCID: PMC6032259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are among the best structural-characterized membrane proteins, fulfilling the role of allowing water flux across cellular membranes. Thus far, 34 single amino acid polymorphisms have been reported in HUMSAVAR for human aquaporins as disease-related. They affect AQP2, AQP5 and AQP8, where they are associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, keratoderma and colorectal cancer, respectively. For half of these mutations, although they are mostly experimentally characterized in their dysfunctional phenotypes, a structural characterization at a molecular level is still missing. In this work, we focus on such mutations and discuss what the structural defects are that they appear to cause. To achieve this aim, we built a 3D molecular model for each mutant and explored the effect of the mutation on all of their structural features. Based on these analyses, we could collect the structural defects of all the pathogenic mutations (here or previously analysed) under few main categories, that we found to nicely correlate with the experimental phenotypes reported for several of the analysed mutants. Some of the structural analyses we present here provide a rationale for previously experimentally observed phenotypes. Furthermore, our comprehensive overview can be used as a reference frame for the interpretation, on a structural basis, of defective phenotypes of other aquaporin pathogenic mutants.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aquaporin 2/chemistry
- Aquaporin 2/genetics
- Aquaporin 2/metabolism
- Aquaporin 5/chemistry
- Aquaporin 5/genetics
- Aquaporin 5/metabolism
- Aquaporins/chemistry
- Aquaporins/genetics
- Aquaporins/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Databases, Protein
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/genetics
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/metabolism
- Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/genetics
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/metabolism
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Multimerization
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Calvanese
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
| | - Gabriella D'Auria
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
| | - Anna Vangone
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucia Falcigno
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Napoli I-80134, Italy.
| | - Romina Oliva
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University Parthenope of Naples, Napoli I-80143, Italy.
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Bichet DG, Bockenhauer D. Genetic forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI): Vasopressin receptor defect (X-linked) and aquaporin defect (autosomal recessive and dominant). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 30:263-76. [PMID: 27156763 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which can be inherited or acquired, is characterized by an inability to concentrate urine despite normal or elevated plasma concentrations of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). Polyuria with hyposthenuria and polydipsia are the cardinal clinical manifestations of the disease. About 90% of patients with congenital NDI are males with X-linked NDI who have mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2) gene encoding the vasopressin V2 receptor. In less than 10% of the families studied, congenital NDI has an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) gene. When studied in vitro, most AVPR2 and AQP2 mutations lead to proteins trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum and are unable to reach the plasma membrane. Prior knowledge of AVPR2 or AQP2 mutations in NDI families and perinatal mutation testing is of direct clinical value and can avert the physical and mental retardation associated with repeated episodes of dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bichet
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal, Canada; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, QC, Canada H4J 1C5.
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Moeller HB, Rittig S, Fenton RA. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: essential insights into the molecular background and potential therapies for treatment. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:278-301. [PMID: 23360744 PMCID: PMC3610677 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2), expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, plays a pivotal role in maintaining body water balance. The channel is regulated by the peptide hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which exerts its effects through the type 2 vasopressin receptor (AVPR2). Disrupted function or regulation of AQP2 or the AVPR2 results in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), a common clinical condition of renal origin characterized by polydipsia and polyuria. Over several years, major research efforts have advanced our understanding of NDI at the genetic, cellular, molecular, and biological levels. NDI is commonly characterized as hereditary (congenital) NDI, arising from genetic mutations in the AVPR2 or AQP2; or acquired NDI, due to for exmple medical treatment or electrolyte disturbances. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic, cell biological, and pathophysiological causes of NDI, with emphasis on the congenital forms and the acquired forms arising from lithium and other drug therapies, acute and chronic renal failure, and disturbed levels of calcium and potassium. Additionally, we provide an overview of the exciting new treatment strategies that have been recently proposed for alleviating the symptoms of some forms of the disease and for bypassing G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne B Moeller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, and Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 3, Building 1234, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: the current state of affairs. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:2183-204. [PMID: 22427315 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The anti-diuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the pituitary upon hypovolemia or hypernatremia, and regulates water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct principal cells. Binding of AVP to the arginine vasopressin receptor type 2 (AVPR2) in the basolateral membrane leads to translocation of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) water channels to the apical membrane of the collecting duct principal cells, inducing water permeability of the membrane. This results in water reabsorption from the pro-urine into the medullary interstitium following an osmotic gradient. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a disorder associated with mutations in either the AVPR2 or AQP2 gene, causing the inability of patients to concentrate their pro-urine, which leads to a high risk of dehydration. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the cell biological aspects of congenital X-linked, autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant NDI while specifically addressing the latest developments in the field. Based on deepened mechanistic understanding, new therapeutic strategies are currently being explored, which we also discuss here.
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Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are unique organelles in the endocytic pathway that contain vesicles in their lumen. Sorting and incorporation of material into such vesicles is a critical cellular process that has been intensely studied following discovery of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery just more than a decade ago. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the cellular functions of MVBs and how the ESCRT machinery contributes to MVB morphogenesis. We also highlight the importance of MVBs and ESCRTs in human health. We identify critical areas in which further mechanistic and spatiotemporal studies in living cells will advance this exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis I Hanson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Vasopressin increases S261 phosphorylation in AQP2-P262L, a mutant in recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:4389-97. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Bichet DG, El Tarazi A, Matar J, Lussier Y, Arthus MF, Lonergan M, Bockenhauer D, Bissonnette P. Aquaporin-2: new mutations responsible for autosomal-recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-update and epidemiology. Clin Kidney J 2012; 5:195-202. [PMID: 26069764 PMCID: PMC4400507 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfs029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is clinically useful to distinguish between two types of hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI): a ‘pure’ type characterized by loss of water only and a complex type characterized by loss of water and ions. Patients with congenital NDI bearing mutations in the vasopressin 2 receptor gene, AVPR2, or in the aquaporin-2 gene, AQP2, have a pure NDI phenotype with loss of water but normal conservation of sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium. Patients with hereditary hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies have a complex phenotype with loss of water and ions. They have polyhydramnios, hypercalciuria and hypo- or isosthenuria and were found to bear KCNJ1 (ROMK) and SLC12A1 (NKCC2) mutations. Patients with polyhydramnios, profound polyuria, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis and sensorineural deafness were found to bear BSND mutations. These clinical phenotypes demonstrate the critical importance of the proteins ROMK, NKCC2 and Barttin to transfer NaCl in the medullary interstitium and thereby to generate, together with urea, a hypertonic milieu. This editorial describes two new developments: (i) the genomic information provided by the sequencing of the AQP2 gene is key to the routine care of these patients, and, as in other genetic diseases, reduces health costs and provides psychological benefits to patients and families and (ii) the expression of AQP2 mutants in Xenopus oocytes and in polarized renal tubular cells recapitulates the clinical phenotypes and reveals a continuum from severe loss of function with urinary osmolalities <150 mOsm/kg H2O to milder defects with urine osmolalities >200 mOsm/kg H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bichet
- Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires (GÉPROM), Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada ; Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdulah El Tarazi
- Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires (GÉPROM), Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jessica Matar
- Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires (GÉPROM), Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yoann Lussier
- Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires (GÉPROM), Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Michèle Lonergan
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Pierre Bissonnette
- Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires (GÉPROM), Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Moeller HB, Olesen ETB, Fenton RA. Regulation of the water channel aquaporin-2 by posttranslational modification. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F1062-73. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00721.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular functions of many eukaryotic membrane proteins, including the vasopressin-regulated water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2), are regulated by posttranslational modifications. In this article, we discuss the experimental discoveries that have advanced our understanding of how posttranslational modifications affect AQP2 function, especially as they relate to the role of AQP2 in the kidney. We review the most recent data demonstrating that glycosylation and, in particular, phosphorylation and ubiquitination are mechanisms that regulate AQP2 activity, subcellular sorting and distribution, degradation, and protein interactions. From a clinical perspective, posttranslational modification resulting in protein misrouting or degradation may explain certain forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In addition to providing major insight into the function and dynamics of renal AQP2 regulation, the analysis of AQP2 posttranslational modification may provide general clues as to the role of posttranslational modification for regulation of other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne B. Moeller
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma T. B. Olesen
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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