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Hassanpoor N, Ebrahimiadib N, Riazi-Esfahani H, Moghaddasi A, Suri F. Bilateral helicoid peri-papillary sub-retinal fibrosis due to a biallelic NR2E3 mutation: Describing variable expressivity of a mutation. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241234396. [PMID: 38444285 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241234396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe different clinical presentations of a same NR2E3 recessive mutation in two families and within one family. DESIGN Interventional family study. RESULTS Our first case was a one-year-old male child with high hyperopia and refractive accommodative esotropia. In retinal examination, peri-papillary sub-retinal fibrosis with a helicoid configuration was observed in both eyes. The parents and the only sibling had no pathologic findings in the eyes. The child showed to have severely reduced responses in both photopic and scotopic electroretinogram components. In the genetic investigation, a homozygous autosomal recessive mutation in the NR2E3 gene (IVS1-2A > C) was discovered in the affected child, while the other family members were heterozygous for this mutation. We followed up with the patient for 3 years and no new lesion developed during this period. The second case was a 13-year-old male child referred to the retina clinic for decreased vision in the right eye. In retina examination, there were nummular pigmentary changes at the level of retinal pigment epithelium and along the vascular arcades with foveo-schitic changes in both eyes. A choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was noticed in the macula of his right eye. The genetic evaluation proved the same mutation in the NR2E3 gene as in the first case. Family history was remarkable for an uncle, an aunt, and two cousins with night blindness. CONCLUSION Same NR2E3 gene mutation can cause heterogeneous clinical manifestations such as slight retinal changes in the absence of any visual symptoms to high hyperopia associated with helicoid peri-papillary sub-retinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Hassanpoor
- Retina & Vitreous Service, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Ebrahimiadib
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hamid Riazi-Esfahani
- Retina & Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afrooz Moghaddasi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Suri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Toms M, Ward N, Moosajee M. Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2 Group E Member 3 (NR2E3): Role in Retinal Development and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1325. [PMID: 37510230 PMCID: PMC10379133 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
NR2E3 is a nuclear hormone receptor gene required for the correct development of the retinal rod photoreceptors. Expression of NR2E3 protein in rod cell precursors suppresses cone-specific gene expression and, in concert with other transcription factors including NRL, activates the expression of rod-specific genes. Pathogenic variants involving NR2E3 cause a spectrum of retinopathies, including enhanced S-cone syndrome, Goldmann-Favre syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, and clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration, with limited evidence of genotype-phenotype correlations. A common feature of NR2E3-related disease is an abnormally high number of cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to short wavelength light, the S-cones. This characteristic has been supported by mouse studies, which have also revealed that loss of Nr2e3 function causes photoreceptors to develop as cells that are intermediate between rods and cones. While there is currently no available cure for NR2E3-related retinopathies, there are a number of emerging therapeutic strategies under investigation, including the use of viral gene therapy and gene editing, that have shown promise for the future treatment of patients with NR2E3 variants and other inherited retinal diseases. This review provides a detailed overview of the current understanding of the role of NR2E3 in normal development and disease, and the associated clinical phenotypes, animal models, and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Toms
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Natasha Ward
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Interaction of human CRX and NRL in live HEK293T cells measured using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6937. [PMID: 35484285 PMCID: PMC9050680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CRX and NRL are retina-specific transcription factors that control rod photoreceptor differentiation and synergistically activate rod phototransduction gene expression. Previous experiments showed they interact in vitro and in yeast two-hybrid assays. Here, we examined CRX-NRL interaction in live HEK293T cells using two fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approaches: confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (FC-FRET). FC-FRET can provide measurements from many cells having wide donor–acceptor expression ranges. FRET efficiencies were calibrated with a series of donor (EGFP)-acceptor (mCherry) fusion proteins separated with linkers between 6–45 amino acids. CRX and NRL were fused at either terminus with EGFP or mCherry to create fluorescent proteins, and all combinations were tested in transiently transfected cells. FRET signals between CRX or NRL homo-pairs were highest with both fluorophores fused to the DNA binding domains (DBD), lower with both fused to the activation domains (AD), and not significant when fused on opposite termini. NRL had stronger FRET signals than CRX. A significant FRET signal between CRX and NRL hetero-pairs was detected when donor was fused to the CRX DNA binding domain and the acceptor fused to the NRL activation domain. FRET signals increased with CRX or NRL expression levels at a rate much higher than expected for collisional FRET alone. Together, our results show the formation of CRX-NRL complexes in live HEK293T cells that are close enough for FRET.
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de Carvalho ER, Robson AG, Arno G, Boon CJF, Webster AA, Michaelides M. Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome: Spectrum of Clinical, Imaging, Electrophysiologic, and Genetic Findings in a Retrospective Case Series of 56 Patients. Ophthalmol Retina 2021; 5:195-214. [PMID: 32679203 PMCID: PMC7861019 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the detailed phenotype, long-term clinical course, clinical variability, and genotype of patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS). DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-six patients with ESCS. METHODS Clinical history, examination, imaging, and electrophysiologic findings of 56 patients (age range, 1-75 years) diagnosed with ESCS were reviewed. Diagnosis was established by molecular confirmation of disease-causing variants in the NR2E3 gene (n = 38) or by diagnostic full-field electroretinography findings (n = 18). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age at onset of visual symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), quantitative age-related electrophysiologic decline, and imaging findings. RESULTS Mean age at onset of visual symptoms was 4.0 years, and median age at presentation was 20.5 years, with mean follow-up interval being 6.1 years. Six patients were assessed once. Disease-causing variants in NR2E3 were identified in 38 patients. Mean BCVA of the better-seeing eye was 0.32 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) at baseline and 0.39 logMAR at follow-up. In most eyes (76% [76/100]), BCVA remained stable, with a mean BCVA change of 0.07 logMAR during follow-up. Nyctalopia was the most common initial symptom, reported in 92.9% of patients (52/56). Clinical findings were highly variable and included foveomacular schisis (41.1% [26/56]), yellow-white dots (57.1% [32/56]), nummular pigmentation (85.7% [48/56]), torpedo-like lesions (10.7% [6/56]), and circumferential subretinal fibrosis (7.1% [4/56]). Macular and peripheral patterns of autofluorescence were classified as (1) minimal change, (2) hypoautofluorescent (mild diffuse, moderate speckled, moderate diffuse, or advanced), or (3) hyperautofluorescent flecks. One patient showed undetectable electroretinography findings; quantification of main electroretinography components in all other patients revealed amplitude and peak time variability but with pathognomonic electroretinography features. The main electroretinography components showed evidence of age-related worsening over 6.7 decades, at a rate indistinguishable from that seen in unaffected control participants. Eighteen sequence variants in NR2E3 were identified, including 4 novel missense changes. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced S-cone syndrome has a highly variable phenotype with relative clinical and imaging stability over time. Most electroretinography findings have pathognomonic features, but quantitative assessment reveals variability and a normal mean rate of age-related decline, consistent with largely nonprogressive peripheral retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel R de Carvalho
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony G Robson
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin Arno
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Webster
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Iannaccone A, Brabbit E, Lopez-Miro C, Love Z, Griffiths V, Kedrov M, Haider NB. Interspecies Correlations between Human and Mouse NR2E3-Associated Recessive Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030475. [PMID: 33513943 PMCID: PMC7865474 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NR2E3-associated recessive disease in humans is historically defined by congenital night blinding retinopathy, characterized by an initial increase in short-wavelength (S)-cone sensitivity and progressive loss of rod and cone function. The retinal degeneration 7 (rd7) murine model, harboring a recessive mutation in the mouse ortholog of NR2E3, has been a well-studied disease model and recently evaluated as a therapeutic model for NR2E3-associated retinal degenerations. This study aims to draw parallels between human and mouse NR2E3-related disease through examination of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging between different stage of human disease and its murine counterpart. We propose that SD-OCT is a useful non-invasive diagnostic tool to compare human clinical dystrophy presentation with that of the rd7 mouse and make inference that may be of therapeutically relevance. Additionally, a longitudinal assessment of rd7 disease progression, utilizing available clinical data from our patients as well as extensive retrospective analysis of visual acuity data from published cases of human NR2E3-related disease, was curated to identify further valuable correlates between human and mouse Nr2e3 disease. Results of this study validate the slow progression of NR2E3-associated disease in humans and the rd7 mice and identify SD-OCT characteristics in patients at or near the vascular arcades that correlate well with the whorls and rosettes that are seen also in the rd7 mouse and point to imaging features that appear to be associated with better preserved S-cone mediated retinal function. The correlation of histological findings between rd7 mice and human imaging provides a solid foundation for diagnostic use of pathophysiological and prognostic information to further define characteristics and a relevant timeline for therapeutic intervention in the field of NR2E3-associated retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- Center for Retinal Degenerations and Ophthalmic Genetic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.-M.); (V.G.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (N.B.H.)
| | - Emily Brabbit
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Christiaan Lopez-Miro
- Center for Retinal Degenerations and Ophthalmic Genetic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.-M.); (V.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Zoe Love
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Victoria Griffiths
- Center for Retinal Degenerations and Ophthalmic Genetic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.-M.); (V.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Marina Kedrov
- Center for Retinal Degenerations and Ophthalmic Genetic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.-M.); (V.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.B.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (N.B.H.)
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Al-khuzaei S, Broadgate S, Halford S, Jolly JK, Shanks M, Clouston P, Downes SM. Novel Pathogenic Sequence Variants in NR2E3 and Clinical Findings in Three Patients. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1288. [PMID: 33138239 PMCID: PMC7716234 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective review of the clinical records of patients seen at the Oxford Eye Hospital identified as having NR2E3 mutations was performed. The data included symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity, multimodal retinal imaging, visual fields and electrophysiology testing. Three participants were identified with biallelic NR2E3 pathogenic sequence variants detected using a targeted NGS gene panel, two of which were novel. Participant I was a Nepalese male aged 68 years, and participants II and III were white Caucasian females aged 69 and 10 years old, respectively. All three had childhood onset nyctalopia, a progressive decrease in central vision, and visual field loss. Patients I and III had photopsia, patient II had photosensitivity and patient III also had photophobia. Visual acuities in patients I and II were preserved even into the seventh decade, with the worst visual acuity measured at 6/36. Visual field constriction was severe in participant I, less so in II, and fields were full to bright targets targets in participant III. Electrophysiology testing in all three demonstrated loss of rod function. The three patients share some of the typical distinctive features of NR2E3 retinopathies, as well as a novel clinical observation of foveal ellipsoid thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoud Al-khuzaei
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.A.-k.); (J.K.J.)
| | - Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Jasleen K. Jolly
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.A.-k.); (J.K.J.)
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Morag Shanks
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; (M.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Penny Clouston
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; (M.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Susan M. Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.A.-k.); (J.K.J.)
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (S.H.)
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Nr2e3 functional domain ablation by CRISPR-Cas9D10A identifies a new isoform and generates retinitis pigmentosa and enhanced S-cone syndrome models. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105122. [PMID: 33007388 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NR2E3 cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) in humans. This gene produces a large isoform encoded in 8 exons and a previously unreported shorter isoform of 7 exons, whose function is unknown. We generated two mouse models by targeting exon 8 of Nr2e3 using CRISPR/Cas9-D10A nickase. Allele Δ27 is an in-frame deletion of 27 bp that ablates the dimerization domain H10, whereas allele ΔE8 (full deletion of exon 8) produces only the short isoform, which lacks the C-terminal part of the ligand binding domain (LBD) that encodes both H10 and the AF2 domain involved in the Nr2e3 repressor activity. The Δ27 mutant shows developmental alterations and a non-progressive electrophysiological dysfunction that resembles the ESCS phenotype. The ΔE8 mutant exhibits progressive retinal degeneration, as occurs in human RP patients. Our mutants suggest a role for Nr2e3 as a cone-patterning regulator and provide valuable models for studying mechanisms of NR2E3-associated retinal dystrophies and evaluating potential therapies.
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Escher P. Comment: Novel mutations in the OPN1LW and NR2R3 genes in a patient with blue cone monochromacy. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:591. [PMID: 30707043 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1573908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Escher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Neuhaus C, Eisenberger T, Decker C, Nagl S, Blank C, Pfister M, Kennerknecht I, Müller-Hofstede C, Charbel Issa P, Heller R, Beck B, Rüther K, Mitter D, Rohrschneider K, Steinhauer U, Korbmacher HM, Huhle D, Elsayed SM, Taha HM, Baig SM, Stöhr H, Preising M, Markus S, Moeller F, Lorenz B, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Khan AO, Bolz HJ. Next-generation sequencing reveals the mutational landscape of clinically diagnosed Usher syndrome: copy number variations, phenocopies, a predominant target for translational read-through, and PEX26 mutated in Heimler syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:531-552. [PMID: 28944237 PMCID: PMC5606877 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combined retinal degeneration and sensorineural hearing impairment is mostly due to autosomal recessive Usher syndrome (USH1: congenital deafness, early retinitis pigmentosa (RP); USH2: progressive hearing impairment, RP). Methods Sanger sequencing and NGS of 112 genes (Usher syndrome, nonsyndromic deafness, overlapping conditions), MLPA, and array‐CGH were conducted in 138 patients clinically diagnosed with Usher syndrome. Results A molecular diagnosis was achieved in 97% of both USH1 and USH2 patients, with biallelic mutations in 97% (USH1) and 90% (USH2), respectively. Quantitative readout reliably detected CNVs (confirmed by MLPA or array‐CGH), qualifying targeted NGS as one tool for detecting point mutations and CNVs. CNVs accounted for 10% of identified USH2A alleles, often in trans to seemingly monoallelic point mutations. We demonstrate PTC124‐induced read‐through of the common p.Trp3955* nonsense mutation (13% of detected USH2A alleles), a potential therapy target. Usher gene mutations were found in most patients with atypical Usher syndrome, but the diagnosis was adjusted in case of double homozygosity for mutations in OTOA and NR2E3, genes implicated in isolated deafness and RP. Two patients with additional enamel dysplasia had biallelic PEX26 mutations, for the first time linking this gene to Heimler syndrome. Conclusion Targeted NGS not restricted to Usher genes proved beneficial in uncovering conditions mimicking Usher syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Nagl
- Bioscientia Center for Human GeneticsIngelheimGermany
| | | | - Markus Pfister
- HNO-Praxis SarnenSarnenSwitzerland.,Molecular Genetics, THRCDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Ingo Kennerknecht
- Institute of Human GeneticsWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätMünsterGermany
| | | | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB)University of BonnBonnGermany.,Oxford Eye HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Raoul Heller
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Bodo Beck
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
| | | | - Diana Mitter
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leipzig Hospitals and ClinicsLeipzigGermany
| | | | | | - Heike M Korbmacher
- Department of OrthodonticsGiessen and Marburg University Hospital, Marburg CampusMarburgGermany
| | | | - Solaf M Elsayed
- Medical Genetics CenterCairoEgypt.,Children's HospitalAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | | | - Shahid M Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics LaboratoryHealth Biotechnology DivisionNational Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE)FaisalabadPakistan
| | - Heidi Stöhr
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity Medical Center RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Markus Preising
- Department of OphthalmologyJustus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | | | - Fabian Moeller
- Department of Cell and Matrix BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Johannes GutenbergUniversity of MainzMainzGermany
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of OphthalmologyJustus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Department of Cell and Matrix BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Johannes GutenbergUniversity of MainzMainzGermany
| | - Arif O Khan
- Division of Pediatric OphthalmologyKing Khaled Eye Specialist HospitalRiyadhSaudi Arabia.,Eye InstituteCleveland ClinicAbu DhabiUAE
| | - Hanno J Bolz
- Bioscientia Center for Human GeneticsIngelheimGermany.,Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
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Nakamura PA, Tang S, Shimchuk AA, Ding S, Reh TA. Potential of Small Molecule-Mediated Reprogramming of Rod Photoreceptors to Treat Retinitis Pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:6407-6415. [PMID: 27893103 PMCID: PMC5134355 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in rod photoreceptor genes can cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Rod gene expression is regulated by the nuclear hormone receptor, Nr2e3. Genetic deletion of Nr2e3 reprograms rods into cells that resemble cone photoreceptors, and might therefore prevent their death from some forms of RP. There are no identified ligands for Nr2e3; however, reverse agonists might mimic the genetic rescue effect and may be therapeutically useful for the treatment of RP. Methods We screened for small molecule modulators of Nr2e3 using primary retinal cell cultures and characterized the most potent, which we have named photoregulin1 (PR1), in vitro and in vivo. We also tested the ability of PR1 to slow the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in two common mouse models of autosomal dominant RP, the RhoP23H and the Pde6brd1 mutations. Results In developing retina, PR1 causes a decrease in rod gene expression and an increase in S opsin+ cones. Photoregulin1 continues to inhibit rod gene expression in adult mice. When applied to two mouse models of RP, PR1 slows the degeneration of photoreceptors. Conclusions Chemical compounds identified as modulators of Nr2e3 activity may be useful for the treatment of RP through their effects on expression of disease-causing mutant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nakamura
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Shibing Tang
- University of California-San Francisco, UCSF School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco California, United States
| | - Andy A Shimchuk
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- University of California-San Francisco, UCSF School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco California, United States
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Achermann JC, Schwabe J, Fairall L, Chatterjee K. Genetic disorders of nuclear receptors. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1181-1192. [PMID: 28368288 DOI: 10.1172/jci88892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the first isolation of nuclear receptor (NR) genes, genetic disorders caused by NR gene mutations were initially discovered by a candidate gene approach based on their known roles in endocrine pathways and physiologic processes. Subsequently, the identification of disorders has been informed by phenotypes associated with gene disruption in animal models or by genetic linkage studies. More recently, whole exome sequencing has associated pathogenic genetic variants with unexpected, often multisystem, human phenotypes. To date, defects in 20 of 48 human NR genes have been associated with human disorders, with different mutations mediating phenotypes of varying severity or several distinct conditions being associated with different changes in the same gene. Studies of individuals with deleterious genetic variants can elucidate novel roles of human NRs, validating them as targets for drug development or providing new insights into structure-function relationships. Importantly, human genetic discoveries enable definitive disease diagnosis and can provide opportunities to therapeutically manage affected individuals. Here we review germline changes in human NR genes associated with "monogenic" conditions, including a discussion of the structural basis of mutations that cause distinctive changes in NR function and the molecular mechanisms mediating pathogenesis.
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Fulton J, Mazumder B, Whitchurch JB, Monteiro CJ, Collins HM, Chan CM, Clemente MP, Hernandez-Quiles M, Stewart EA, Amoaku WM, Moran PM, Mongan NP, Persson JL, Ali S, Heery DM. Heterodimers of photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor (PNR/NR2E3) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) are disrupted by retinal disease-associated mutations. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2677. [PMID: 28300834 PMCID: PMC5386588 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor (PNR/NR2E3) and Tailless homolog (TLX/NR2E1) are human orthologs of the NR2E group, a subgroup of phylogenetically related members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. We assessed the ability of these NRs to form heterodimers with other members of the human NRs representing all major subgroups. The TLX ligand-binding domain (LBD) did not appear to form homodimers or interact directly with any other NR tested. The PNR LBD was able to form homodimers, but also exhibited robust interactions with the LBDs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)/NR1C3 and thyroid hormone receptor b (TRb) TRβ/NR1A2. The binding of PNR to PPARγ was specific for this paralog, as no interaction was observed with the LBDs of PPARα/NR1C1 or PPARδ/NR1C2. In support of these findings, PPARγ and PNR were found to be co-expressed in human retinal tissue extracts and could be co-immunoprecipitated as a native complex. Selected sequence variants in the PNR LBD associated with human retinopathies, or a mutation in the dimerization region of PPARγ LBD associated with familial partial lipodystrophy type 3, were found to disrupt PNR/PPARγ complex formation. Wild-type PNR, but not a PNR309G mutant, was able to repress PPARγ-mediated transcription in reporter assays. In summary, our results reveal novel heterodimer interactions in the NR superfamily, suggesting previously unknown functional interactions of PNR with PPARγ and TRβ that have potential importance in retinal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fulton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bismoy Mazumder
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Chun M Chan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A Stewart
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Winfried M Amoaku
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paula M Moran
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny L Persson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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