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Lullo V, Cecere F, Batti S, Allegretti S, Morone B, Fioriniello S, Pisapia L, Genesio R, Della Ragione F, Giardino G, Pignata C, Riccio A, Matarazzo MR, Strazzullo M. A novel iPSC-based model of ICF syndrome subtype 2 recapitulates the molecular phenotype of ZBTB24 deficiency. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1419748. [PMID: 39040103 PMCID: PMC11260623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1419748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability and Facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by variable immunodeficiency. More than half of the affected individuals show mild to severe intellectual disability at early onset. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and ZBTB24 is the causative gene of the subtype 2, accounting for about 30% of the ICF cases. ZBTB24 is a multifaceted transcription factor belonging to the Zinc-finger and BTB domain-containing protein family, which are key regulators of developmental processes. Aberrant DNA methylation is the main molecular hallmark of ICF syndrome. The functional link between ZBTB24 deficiency and DNA methylation errors is still elusive. Here, we generated a novel ICF2 disease model by deriving induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral CD34+-blood cells of a patient homozygous for the p.Cys408Gly mutation, the most frequent missense mutation in ICF2 patients and which is associated with a broad clinical spectrum. The mutation affects a conserved cysteine of the ZBTB24 zinc-finger domain, perturbing its function as transcriptional activator. ICF2-iPSCs recapitulate the methylation defects associated with ZBTB24 deficiency, including centromeric hypomethylation. We validated that the mutated ZBTB24 protein loses its ability to directly activate expression of CDCA7 and other target genes in the patient-derived iPSCs. Upon hematopoietic differentiation, ICF2-iPSCs showed decreased vitality and a lower percentage of CD34+/CD43+/CD45+ progenitors. Overall, the ICF2-iPSC model is highly relevant to explore the role of ZBTB24 in DNA methylation homeostasis and provides a tool to investigate the early molecular events linking ZBTB24 deficiency to the ICF2 clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecere
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Saveria Batti
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Allegretti
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Morone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fioriniello
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Pisapia
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Della Ragione
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria R. Matarazzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Strazzullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
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Cheng ZY, He TT, Gao XM, Zhao Y, Wang J. ZBTB Transcription Factors: Key Regulators of the Development, Differentiation and Effector Function of T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713294. [PMID: 34349770 PMCID: PMC8326903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and differentiation of T cells represents a long and highly coordinated, yet flexible at some points, pathway, along which the sequential and dynamic expressions of different transcriptional factors play prominent roles at multiple steps. The large ZBTB family comprises a diverse group of transcriptional factors, and many of them have emerged as critical factors that regulate the lineage commitment, differentiation and effector function of hematopoietic-derived cells as well as a variety of other developmental events. Within the T-cell lineage, several ZBTB proteins, including ZBTB1, ZBTB17, ZBTB7B (THPOK) and BCL6 (ZBTB27), mainly regulate the development and/or differentiation of conventional CD4/CD8 αβ+ T cells, whereas ZBTB16 (PLZF) is essential for the development and function of innate-like unconventional γδ+ T & invariant NKT cells. Given the critical role of T cells in host defenses against infections/tumors and in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, we herein summarize the roles of fourteen ZBTB family members in the development, differentiation and effector function of both conventional and unconventional T cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Padeira GL, Araújo C, Cordeiro AI, Freixo J, Martins CG, Neves JF. Case Report: Primary Immunodeficiencies, Massive EBV+ T-Cell Lympoproliferation Leading to the Diagnosis of ICF2 Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654167. [PMID: 33995370 PMCID: PMC8113761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunocompromised patients, EBV may elicit B-cell transformation and proliferation. A 5-year-old microcephalic boy was admitted with fever and non-malignant polymorphic T-cell lymphoproliferative disease associated with EBV. A presumptive diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency with inability to control EBV was made and next-generation sequencing led to the identification of a novel ZBTB24 mutation (ICF2-syndrome). This case shows that susceptibility to EBV seems to be particular of ICF-2 as it has not been described in the other types of ICF. It is mandatory to raise the hypothesis of an underlying PID in case of severe EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Luzes Padeira
- Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Araújo
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Cordeiro
- Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Freixo
- Centro de Genética Preditiva e Preventiva, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gregório Martins
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Farela Neves
- Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.,CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Banday AZ, Jindal AK, Kaur A, Kumar Y, Nameirakpam J, Patra PK, Rawat A. A young girl with hypogammaglobulinemia and granulomatous hepatitis caused by a novel mutation in ZBTB24 gene: A case based analysis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151912. [PMID: 32061411 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunodeficiency, centromeric instability and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome(s) are a group (ICF1 to ICF4) of autosomal recessive combined immunodeficiency disorders that may mimic common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) at initial presentation. Unlike CVID, autoimmune manifestations have been reported uncommonly in patients with ICF2. PROCEDURE Herein we describe a new case of ICF2 with a novel ZBTB24 mutation and granulomatous hepatitis, with a literature review of all patients with ZBTB24 mutations. RESULTS Post-neonatal hepatitis, reported in only 2 patients of ICF2 till date, was the presenting manifestation of the index child with ICF2. Evaluation revealed a homozygous mutation in ZBTB24 gene (c.433_434delGC, p.Ala145ProfsTer7). On literature review a total of 39 cases with ZBTB24 mutations reported till date were found, with two-thirds of reported patients being males. Respiratory tract infections and facial anomalies are commonest clinical features seen in more than 80 % of the patients. All patients who have immunoglobulin levels tested have at least 1 isotype decreased with decreased B cell number seen in at least one-third of patients. Decreased IgG and IgA levels are seen more frequently in patients with truncation mutations as compared to missense mutations. Candidiasis and Pneumocystis infections have been reported only in patients with truncation mutations. CONCLUSIONS Facial features should be looked for in all patients presenting with hypogammaglobulinemia. Next generation sequencing should be considered in patients who have a CVID like presentation in early age with unusual manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib Zaffar Banday
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Kumar Jindal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Anit Kaur
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Block-A, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Johnson Nameirakpam
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Patra
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Vukic M, Daxinger L. DNA methylation in disease: Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability, Facial anomalies syndrome. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:773-783. [PMID: 31724723 PMCID: PMC6923317 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification essential for normal mammalian development. Initially associated with gene silencing, more diverse roles for DNA methylation in the regulation of gene expression patterns are increasingly being recognized. Some of these insights come from studying the function of genes that are mutated in human diseases characterized by abnormal DNA methylation landscapes. The first disorder to be associated with congenital defects in DNA methylation was Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability, Facial anomalies syndrome (ICF). The hallmark of this syndrome is hypomethylation of pericentromeric satellite repeats, with mutations in four genes: DNMT3B, ZBTB24, CDCA7 and HELLS, being linked to the disease. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular interactions between these genes and consider current evidence for how aberrant DNA methylation may contribute to the abnormal phenotype present in ICF syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Vukic
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden 2300, RC, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden 2300, RC, The Netherlands
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Aktar S, Sasaki H, Unoki M. Identification of ZBTB24 protein domains and motifs for heterochromatin localization and transcriptional activation. Genes Cells 2019; 24:746-755. [PMID: 31561277 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in either DNMT3B, ZBTB24, CDCA7, HELLS or an unknown gene(s). Among the known causative genes, ZBTB24 encodes a member of the BTB-zinc finger (ZF) transcription factor family. The protein possesses a BTB domain, an AT-hook and eight C2H2 ZF motifs. All ZBTB24 mutations reported in ICF patients are predicted to disrupt at least one ZF motif. Here, we show that both AT-hook and distinct ZF motifs, particularly the 6th motif, of human and mouse ZBTB24 proteins are important for their heterochromatin localization. On the other hand, the 6th and 7th ZF motifs, and not the AT-hook or the BTB domain, of the human and mouse proteins are essential for transcriptional activation of CDCA7, another ICF causative gene and a known target of ZBTB24. By deletion analysis of the human CDCA7 promoter, we show that two motifs for ZBTB24 binding are important for transcriptional activation of this gene. These results reveal the evolutionarily conserved domains and motifs important for the biological function of ZBTB24, which provides a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ICF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Aktar
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoko Unoki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wu H, Vonk KKD, van der Maarel SM, Santen GWE, Daxinger L. A functional assay to classify ZBTB24 missense variants of unknown significance. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1077-1083. [PMID: 31066130 PMCID: PMC6771626 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of next‐generation sequencing technologies in clinical diagnostics allows large‐scale discovery of genetic variants, but also results in frequent identification of variants of unknown significance (VUSs). Their classification into disease‐causing and neutral variants is often hampered by the absence of robust functional tests. Here, we demonstrate that a luciferase reporter assay, in combination with ChIP‐qPCR, reliably separates pathogenic ZBTB24 missense variants in the context of immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome from natural variants in healthy individuals and patients of other diseases. Application of our assay to two published ZBTB24 missense VUSs indicates that they are likely not to cause ICF2 syndrome. Furthermore, we show that rare gnomAD ZBTB24 missense variants in key residues of the C2H2‐ZF domain lead to a loss of function phenotype that resembles ICF2, suggesting that these individuals are carriers of ICF syndrome. In summary, we have developed a robust functional test to validate missense variants in ZBTB24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wu
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly K D Vonk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gijs W E Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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