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Woods C, Kapur RP, Bischoff A, Lovell M, Arnold M, Peña A, Flockton A, Sharkey KA, Belkind-Gerson J. Neurons populating the rectal extrinsic nerves in humans express neuronal and Schwann cell markers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14074. [PMID: 33382200 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mice, Schwann cell (SC) progenitors give rise to autonomic ganglion cells and migrate into the gut to become enteric neurons. It is unknown whether SC progenitors have a similar fate in humans. In search of evidence for human SC-derived neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, we studied the rectums from cadaveric controls and children with anorectal malformations (ARM). METHODS We analyzed distal rectal tissue taken at autopsy from 10 children with normal GI tracts and resected rectal specimens in 48 cases of ARM. Of these specimens, 6 had neurons within the extrinsic rectal innervation. These were further investigated with immunohistochemistry for neuronal and SC/glial markers. KEY RESULTS Perirectal tissue from control and ARM contained GLUT1-positive extrinsic nerves, many containing neurons. SC/glial markers (SOX10, CDH19, and PLP1) were expressed by glia in the enteric nervous system and perirectal nerves, while MPZ predominated only in glia of perirectal nerves, in both control and ARM. Neurons in perirectal nerves were 61% larger in ARM samples and co-expressed SOX10 (81%), PLP1 (73%), and CDH19 (56%). In ARM, cytoplasmic SOX10 was co-expressed with neuronal antigens in ~57% of submucosal and myenteric neurons, vs. ~3% in control. Furthermore, intrinsic gut neurons in ARM specimens co-expressed PLP1 (18%) and CDH19 (18%); however, neuronal co-expression of PLP1 and CDH19 was rarely (<2%) observed in controls. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Dual expression of glial and neuronal markers in rectal and perirectal neurons support a model of Schwann cell-derived neurogenesis in the innervation of the human GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Woods
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea Bischoff
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, International Center for Colorectal and Urogenital Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark Lovell
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael Arnold
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alberto Peña
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, International Center for Colorectal and Urogenital Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Flockton
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neurogastroenterology and Motility Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Firouzabadi N, Alimoradi N, Najafizadeh M, Najafizadeh P. Effect of escitalopram on an acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:782-790. [PMID: 33561885 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) disorder with an unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. Regarding the effectiveness of antidepressants on UC in animal models of depression and the known anti-inflammatory effects of escitalopram this study was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of escitalopram on an acetic acid-induced UC model without depression. UC model was induced by intra rectal (i.r.) administration of 4% acetic acid in rats after 24 hours of fasting. Animals were treated with three doses of escitalopram (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). Prednisolone (4 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug in UC. Histological and oxidative stress markers were measured in all groups. Results showed significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as significant decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, macroscopic factors (ulcer surface area, ulcer severity and weight-to-colon ratio) and microscopic and histological parameters (severity and extent of inflammation, cryptic destruction and severity of tissue involvement) in escitalopram treated rats (10, 20 mg/kg) compared to the UC group. In conclusion, the results of our study are in support of beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of escitalopram in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nahid Alimoradi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Najafizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Langner C. Colorectal normal histology and histopathologic findings in patients with chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012; 41:561-80. [PMID: 22917164 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are common causes of chronic watery diarrhea that are characterized by distinct histopathologic abnormalities without endoscopically visible lesions and are summarized as microscopic colitis. Several variants of microscopic colitis have been described, although their clinical significance still has to be defined. Preserved mucosal architecture is a histologic hallmark of microscopic colitis and distinguishes the disease from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition to architectural abnormalities, the diagnosis of IBD rests on characteristic inflammatory changes. Differential diagnosis of IBD mainly includes prolonged infection and diverticular disease-associated colitis, also known as segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Langner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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Kato J, Kuriyama M, Hiraoka S, Yamamoto K. Is sigmoidoscopy sufficient for evaluating inflammatory status of ulcerative colitis patients? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:683-7. [PMID: 21054518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An adequate range of colonic observations for precise evaluation of inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients has not been reported. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 545 colonoscopic examinations of UC patients was carried out. Severity of mucosal inflammation was evaluated using the Mayo score of endoscopic index at each location (rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, and the oral side of the splenic flexure) in each patient. The colonic site with maximum inflammation was determined for each patient. RESULTS Of 545 patients, 319 (59%) had maximum inflammation in the rectum, 79 (14%) in the sigmoid colon, 70 (13%) in the descending colon, and 77 (14%) on the oral side of the splenic flexure. Severe inflammatory activity (Mayo 3) was observed more frequently in patients who had maximum activity in the descending colon or the more proximal portion than those who had this in the rectum or sigmoid colon (42% vs 25%, P<0.0001). The first-attack patients were significantly more frequently found in patients with maximum severity in the descending colon or the oral side of splenic flexure than those with maximum severity in the rectum or sigmoid colon (P=0.016). Moreover, among 134 patients with no inflammation in the rectum and sigmoid colon, 54 (40%) had inflamed mucosa in the descending colon or the more proximal portion. CONCLUSIONS Sigmoidoscopy is not sufficient for evaluating inflammation in UC patients. In particular, colonoscopy is necessary for first-attack patients and patients who have a discrepancy between rectosigmoid observation and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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