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Shawki S, Ashburn J, Signs SA, Huang E. Colon Cancer: Inflammation-Associated Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2017; 27:269-287. [PMID: 29496089 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colitis-associated cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer with an unclear pathogenesis. Colitis-associated cancer serves as a prototype of inflammation-associated cancers. Advanced colonoscopic techniques are considered standard of care for surveillance in patients with long-standing colitis, especially those with other risk factors, including sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer. When colitis-associated cancer is diagnosed, the standard operation involves total proctocolectomy. Restorative procedures and surveillance after colectomy require special considerations. In these contexts, new 3-dimensional human models may be used to usher in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Shawki
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, A30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jean Ashburn
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, A30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Steven A Signs
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NE3, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, A30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, NE3, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Surveillance of long-standing colitis: the role of image-enhanced endoscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:687-97. [PMID: 26381312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease of the colon are at an increased risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. Surveillance programs have been implemented with the aim of detecting neoplastic lesions in an early stage. Due to limitations of conventional white light endoscopy, several new techniques to enhance the detection of dysplastic lesions in this setting have been explored. These advanced endoscopic techniques use a variety of methods to improve visualization, such as pancolonic dye-spraying (chromoendoscopy), optical filters (narrow-band imaging) and autofluorescence of mucosal tissue (autofluorescence imaging). At present, most guidelines have adopted chromoendoscopy as the preferred method for surveillance, based on several controlled studies. It is currently unknown if widespread implementation of chromoendoscopy will lead to an improved clinical outcome. This review explores the current evidence on image-enhanced endoscopic techniques used in the detection of neoplastic lesions in patients with long standing colitis.
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Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. Low Prevalence of Colon Polyps in Chronic Inflammatory Conditions of the Colon. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1056-61. [PMID: 25916222 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have reported a low prevalence of colon polyps in patients with microscopic colitis. The aim of the study was to test whether such inverse associations applied to other inflammatory diseases of the colon. METHODS In a case-control study among 130,204 patients undergoing colonoscopy for the work-up of diarrhea, we compared the prevalence of colon polyps in a case population of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microscopic colitis, histologic signs of active colitis, diverticulitis, or ischemic colitis, and in a control population with normal colon mucosa. Case and control subjects were compared using odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS In 11,176 patients with microscopic colitis, the prevalence of hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and tubular adenomas were all reduced: odds ratios=0.46 (95% confidence intervals=0.43-0.49), 0.24 (0.19-0.30), and 0.35 (0.33-0.38), respectively. In 4,435 patients with IBD, the corresponding values were: 0.18 (0.15-0.21), 0.24 (0.16-0.35), and 0.18 (0.15-0.21), respectively. In 6,501 patients with histologically active colitis, the corresponding values were: 0.58 (0.53-0.63), 0.57 (0.46-0.70), and 0.63 (0.58-0.68), respectively. No such consistent reduction in polyp prevalence was found in patients with diverticulitis or ischemic colitis. CONCLUSIONS Chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon are associated with a decreased prevalence of colon polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Sonnenberg
- 1] Miraca Life Sciences, Irving, Texas, USA [2] Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Robert M Genta
- 1] Miraca Life Sciences, Irving, Texas, USA [2] University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, Texas, USA
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Shergill AK, Lightdale JR, Bruining DH, Acosta RD, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Decker GA, Early DS, Evans JA, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Fonkalsrud L, Foley K, Hwang JH, Jue TL, Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Sharaf R, Cash BD, DeWitt JM. The role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81:1101-21.e1-13. [PMID: 25800660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Herszényi L, Barabás L, Miheller P, Tulassay Z. Colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the true impact of the risk. Dig Dis 2014; 33:52-7. [PMID: 25531497 DOI: 10.1159/000368447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The association between IBD and CRC is well supported, but reported risk estimates vary widely. Although recent evidence from population-based studies reports a decline in risk, CRC accounts for 10-15% of all deaths in IBD. The potential causes of recent epidemiological trends and the real magnitude of risk of CRC in IBD are subjects of debate. The molecular pathway leading to CRC differs from the classic adenoma-to-CRC sequence. Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of low- and high-grade dysplasia which may further convert into CRC. Patients with a young age at onset, long-standing and extensive colitis with severe inflammatory burden, a family history of sporadic CRC, and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis are at greatest risk. The CRC risk in patients with colonic Crohn's disease is similar to that of ulcerative colitis. IBD-associated CRC can frequently be detected at late stages and at a younger age. The long-term prognosis of CRC may be poorer in patients with IBD than in those with sporadic CRC. Regular surveillance colonoscopies may permit earlier detection of CRC, with a corresponding improved prognosis. The interval between surveillance colonoscopies is dependent on each patient's personal risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Herszényi
- Second Departments of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Verschuren EC, Ong DE, Kamm MA, Desmond PV, Lust M. Inflammatory bowel disease cancer surveillance in a tertiary referral hospital: attitudes and practice. Intern Med J 2014; 44:40-9. [PMID: 24015799 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician adherence to guidelines for colorectal cancer (CRC) surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often poor. This may lead to adverse patient outcomes and excess endoscopic workload. AIMS To assess the attitudes and practice of IBD specialists in a tertiary centre towards colonoscopic surveillance. METHODS First, a questionnaire evaluating attitudes and approach to CRC surveillance was issued to 36 clinicians at one tertiary referral hospital. Second, a retrospective audit of IBD surveillance colonoscopy practice over a 2-year period was performed. RESULTS Questionnaire response rate was 97%. Sixty-nine per cent of respondents were aware of, and used, Australian guidelines. Surveillance was undertaken by all clinicians in patients with extensive colitis, 83% in patients with left-sided colitis and 51% in patients with proctitis. Seventy-six per cent used chromoendoscopy, and 47% took 10 to 20 random biopsies. Colectomy was considered appropriate in 0% for unifocal low-grade dysplasia, 35% for multifocal low-grade dysplasia and 83% for high-grade dysplasia. Sixty-six per cent would remove elevated dysplastic lesions endoscopically. The audit identified 103 surveillance colonoscopies in 81 patients. Chromoendoscopy was used in 21% of cases, and the median number of random biopsies was 13. Sixty-two per cent of colonoscopies were performed outside the guidelines in relation to colonoscopic frequency. Following colonoscopy, an appropriate recommendation for subsequent surveillance was documented in 40% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge and practice of CRC surveillance in IBD vary among specialist clinicians and often deviate from guidelines. Many clinicians perform surveillance earlier and more frequently than recommended. These findings have implications for patient outcomes and workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Verschuren
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, Vu University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fang JY, Zheng S, Jiang B, Lai MD, Fang DC, Han Y, Sheng QJ, Li JN, Chen YX, Gao QY. Consensus on the Prevention, Screening, Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Tumors in China: Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, October 14-15, 2011, Shanghai, China. Gastrointest Tumors 2014; 1:53-75. [PMID: 26672726 DOI: 10.1159/000362585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is steadily increasing in China. Colorectal adenoma (CRA) is the most important precancerous disease of CRC. Screening for colorectal tumors can aid early diagnosis. Advances in endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection can aid the early treatment of colorectal tumors. Furthermore, because of high risk of recurrence after removal of adenomas under endoscopy, factors contributing to recurrence, the follow-up mode and the interval established, and the feasibility of application and the time of various chemical preventions should be concerned. However, a relevant consensus on the screening, early diagnosis and treatment, and prevention of colorectal tumors in China is lacking. SUMMARY The consensus recommendations include epidemiology, pathology, screening, early diagnosis, endoscopic treatment, monitoring and follow-up, and chemoprevention of colorectal tumors in China. KEY MESSAGE This is the first consensus on the prevention, screening, early diagnosis and treatment of CRA and CRC in China based on evidence in the literature and on local data. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Through reviewing the literature, regional data and passing the consensus by an anonymous vote, gastroenterology experts from all over China launch the consensus recommendations in Shanghai. The incidence and mortality of CRC in China has increased, and the incidence or detection rate of CRA has increased rapidly. Screening for colorectal tumors should be performed at age 50-74 years. Preliminary screening should be undertaken to find persons at high risk, followed by colonoscopy. A screening cycle of 3 years is recommended for persistent interventions. Opportunistic screening is a mode suitable for the current healthcare system and national situation. Colonoscopy combined with pathological examination is the standard method for the diagnosis of colorectal tumors. CRA removal under endoscopy can prevent CRC to some extent, but CRA has an obvious recurrence trend. The follow-up interval after the removal or surgery of colorectal tumors should be different with lesions. Primary prevention of CRA includes improved diet with more fiber, supplements containing calcium and vitamin D, supplements containing folic acid for those with low hemoglobin levels, and cessation of tobacco smoking. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been recognized to prevent recurrence after adenoma removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China ; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China ; Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-De Lai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Chun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Jiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Nan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China ; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Yan Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China ; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Rogler G. Chronic ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:235-41. [PMID: 23941831 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important consequences of chronically active ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) - the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - is the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). An increased risk for the occurrence of CRC in up to 30% of affected patients after 35years of UC has been reported. Recent evidence from population based studies indicates a lower risk. Nevertheless the incidence is still significantly increased as compared to individuals without chronic colitis. Colitis-associated CRC (CAC) does not display the adenoma-carcinoma sequence which is typical for sporadic CRC and the pathophysiology appears to be different. Chronic inflammation and the increased turnover of epithelial cells contribute to the development of low- and high-grade dysplasia which may further transform into CAC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the inflammatory infiltrate are thought to contribute to the generation of dysplastic lesions. In sporadic CRC the sequence of mutations that finally lead to malignancy involves early activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway (in 90% of cases) including mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene, its regulating kinase GSK3β and β-catenin itself. β-catenin mutations are rarer in CAC and mutations in APC occur rather late during the disease progression, whereas there are earlier mutations in p53 and K-ras. Recent data indicate that the intestinal microbiome and its interaction with a functionally impaired mucosal barrier may also play a role in CAC development. CACs frequently show aggressive growth and early metastases. The treatment of CAC in patients with colitis always includes proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis as meta- or synchronic lesions are frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Visceral Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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