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Whitham D, Bruno P, Haaker N, Arcaro KF, Pentecost BT, Darie CC. Deciphering a proteomic signature for the early detection of breast cancer from breast milk: the role of quantitative proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:81-98. [PMID: 38376826 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2320158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women in the United States. Current research regarding breast milk has been focused on the composition and its role in infant growth and development. There is little information about the proteins, immune cells, and epithelial cells present in breast milk which can be indicative of the emergence of BC cells and tumors. AREAS COVERED We summarize all breast milk studies previously done in our group using proteomics. These studies include 1D-PAGE and 2D-PAGE analysis of breast milk samples, which include within woman and across woman comparisons to identify dysregulated proteins in breast milk and the roles of these proteins in both the development of BC and its diagnosis. Our projected outlook for the use of milk for cancer detection is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Analyzing the samples by multiple methods allows one to interrogate a set of samples with various biochemical methods that complement each other, thus providing a more comprehensive proteome. Complementing methods like 1D-PAGE, 2D-PAGE, in-solution digestion and proteomics analysis with PTM-omics, peptidomics, degradomics, or interactomics will provide a better understanding of the dysregulated proteins, but also the modifications or interactions between these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Whitham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Pathea Bruno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Norman Haaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen F Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Brian T Pentecost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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Aslam Saifi M, Hirawat R, Godugu C. Lactoferrin-Decorated Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Prevent Renal Injury and Fibrosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1837-1845. [PMID: 35568769 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a hallmark feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). However, despite the increased prevalence of renal fibrosis, there is no approved antifibrotic drug for the management of renal fibrosis. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) have been demonstrated to possess a number of properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective activity. As the kidneys are rich in lactoferrin (Lf) receptors, we synthesised the lactoferrin-CONP (Lf-CONP) system to be used for active targeting of the kidneys and provide antifibrotic effects of CONPs to the kidneys. We used the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis model and treated the animals with Lf-CONP to observe the antifibrotic effects of Lf-CONP. Lf-CONP was found to inhibit the progression of renal fibrosis in a superior manner when compared to CONPs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rishabh Hirawat
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Aslebagh R, Whitham D, Channaveerappa D, Mutsengi P, Pentecost BT, Arcaro KF, Darie CC. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Human Milk to Identify Differentially Expressed Proteins in Women with Breast Cancer versus Controls. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040036. [PMID: 36412635 PMCID: PMC9680319 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that accurate risk assessment and early diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) can help reduce cancer-related mortality. Proteomics analysis of breast milk may provide biomarkers of risk and occult disease. Our group works on the analysis of human milk samples from women with BC and controls to investigate alterations in protein patterns of milk that could be related to BC. In the current study, we used mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics analysis of 12 milk samples from donors with BC and matched controls. Specifically, we used one-dimensional (1D)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) coupled with nanoliquid chromatography tandem MS (nanoLC-MS/MS), followed by bioinformatics analysis. We confirmed the dysregulation of several proteins identified previously in a different set of milk samples. We also identified additional dysregulations in milk proteins shown to play a role in cancer development, such as Lactadherin isoform A, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase, galactosyltransferase, recoverin, perilipin-3 isoform 1, histone-lysine methyltransferase, or clathrin heavy chain. Our results expand our current understanding of using milk as a biological fluid for identification of BC-related dysregulated proteins. Overall, our results also indicate that milk has the potential to be used for BC biomarker discovery, early detection and risk assessment in young, reproductively active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Aslebagh
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Danielle Whitham
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Devika Channaveerappa
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Panashe Mutsengi
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Brian T. Pentecost
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9298, USA
| | - Kathleen F. Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9298, USA
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(315)-268-7763; Fax: +1-(315)-268-6610
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Interaction of Lactoferrin with Unsaturated Fatty Acids: In Vitro and In Vivo Study of Human Lactoferrin/Oleic Acid Complex Cytotoxicity. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071602. [PMID: 33805987 PMCID: PMC8037541 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As shown recently, oleic acid (OA) in complex with lactoferrin (LF) causes the death of cancer cells, but no mechanism(s) of that toxicity have been disclosed. In this study, constitutive parameters of the antitumor effect of LF/OA complex were explored. Complex LF/OA was prepared by titrating recombinant human LF with OA. Spectral analysis was used to assess possible structural changes of LF within its complex with OA. Structural features of apo-LF did not change within the complex LF:OA = 1:8, which was toxic for hepatoma 22a cells. Cytotoxicity of the complex LF:OA = 1:8 was tested in cultured hepatoma 22a cells and in fresh erythrocytes. Its anticancer activity was tested in mice carrying hepatoma 22a. In mice injected daily with LF-8OA, the same tumor grew significantly slower. In 20% of animals, the tumors completely resolved. LF alone was less efficient, i.e., the tumor growth index was 0.14 for LF-8OA and 0.63 for LF as compared with 1.0 in the control animals. The results of testing from 48 days after the tumor inoculation showed that the survival rate among LF-8OA-treated animals was 70%, contrary to 0% rate in the control group and among the LF-treated mice. Our data allow us to regard the complex of LF and OA as a promising tool for cancer treatment.
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Zhang Z, Jiang HJ, Yang HH, Ren JJ, Jiang GQ, Xu JY, Qin LQ. Growth differentiation factor-15 and lactoferrin immuno-expression in breast cancer: relationship with body iron-status and survival outcome. Biometals 2021; 34:303-313. [PMID: 33486678 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the expression of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and lactoferrin (Lf) in tumor and their relationship with the body iron-status and overall survival (OS) outcome of patients with breast cancer. A retrospective cohort study of female patients with primary breast cancer was performed. Clinical tumor samples from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between December 2008 and June 2014 were collected. The immuno-expression of GDF-15 and Lf was stratified into positive or negative expression. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used for data analysis. 74 breast cancer patients with a mean age of 52 years were included into our study. 14 (18.9%) patients were died by the end of August 1, 2019. The serum iron level of patients with GDF-15 (+)/Lf(-) expression was higher than that of patients with other expression patterns (18.2 ± 5.4 vs. 15.5 ± 5.0 μmol/L, P = 0.038), but was not associated with OS. In univariate Cox analyses, GDF-15(+) and GDF-15(+)/Lf(-) were significantly correlated with high mortality risk (HR = 3.75, 95%CI 1.05-13.48, P = 0.025; HR = 5.00, 95%CI 1.56-16.04, P = 0.004, respectively). After adjusted for age, menopause status and primary tumor grade, the association between GDF-15 and OS disappeared. However, the association between GDF-15/Lf and OS still existed in GDF-15(+)/Lf(-) (HR = 4.50, 95%CI 1.31-15.51, P = 0.017). The combined immuno-expression pattern of GDF-15 and Lf was significant associated with high serum iron level. GDF-15/Lf could be a powerful biomarker to predict survival outcome of patients with breast cancer but still needed to be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Jie Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan-Huan Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Jin Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Qin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jia-Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Li Y, Li J, Gong Z, Pan XH, Ma ZH, Ma SY, Wang HM, Dong HL, Gong FY, Gao XM. M860, a Monoclonal Antibody against Human Lactoferrin, Enhances Tumoricidal Activity of Low Dosage Lactoferrin via Granzyme B Induction. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203640. [PMID: 31600968 PMCID: PMC6832554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a soluble glycoprotein of the transferring family found in most biological fluids, functioning as a major first line defense molecule against infection in mammals. It also shows certain anti-tumor activity, but its clinical application in tumor therapy is limited because high dosage is required. In this study, we demonstrate that M860, a monoclonal antibody against human LF (hLF), could significantly increase the anti-tumor potential of low dosage hLF by forming LF-containing immune complex (IC). Human monocytes primed with LF-IC, but not hLF or M860 alone, or control ICs, showed strong tumoricidal activity on leukemia cell lines Jurkat and Raji through induction of secreted Granzyme B (GzB). LF-IC is able to colligate membrane-bound CD14 (a TLR4 co-receptor) and FcγRIIa (a low affinity activating Fcγ receptor) on the surface of human monocytes, thereby triggering the Syk-PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway leading to GzB production. Our work identifies a novel pathway for LF-mediated tumoricidal activity and may extend the clinical application of LF in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Biomedicine of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jie Li
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Pan
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi-Han Ma
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shu-Yan Ma
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Min Wang
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Liang Dong
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Gong
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Biomedicine of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Biomedicine of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, China.
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Tomar AK, Agarwal R, Kundu B. Most Variable Genes and Transcription Factors in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. Interdiscip Sci 2019; 11:668-678. [PMID: 30972690 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-019-00325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematologic tumor caused by cell cycle aberrations due to accumulating genetic disturbances in the expression of transcription factors (TFs), signaling oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Though survival rate in childhood ALL patients is increased up to 80% with recent medical advances, treatment of adults and childhood relapse cases still remains challenging. Here, we have performed bioinformatics analysis of 207 ALL patients' mRNA expression data retrieved from the ICGC data portal with an objective to mark out the decisive genes and pathways responsible for ALL pathogenesis and aggression. For analysis, 3361 most variable genes, including 276 transcription factors (out of 16,807 genes) were sorted based on the coefficient of variance. Silhouette width analysis classified 207 ALL patients into 6 subtypes and heat map analysis suggests a need of large and multicenter dataset for non-overlapping subtype classification. Overall, 265 GO terms and 32 KEGG pathways were enriched. The lists were dominated by cancer-associated entries and highlight crucial genes and pathways that can be targeted for designing more specific ALL therapeutics. Differential gene expression analysis identified upregulation of two important genes, JCHAIN and CRLF2 in dead patients' cohort suggesting their possible involvement in different clinical outcomes in ALL patients undergoing the same treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Tomar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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8
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Combinatorial Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics in Breast Milk for Breast Cancer Biomarker Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:451-467. [PMID: 31347064 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innovations in approaches for early detection and individual risk assessment of different cancers, including breast cancer (BC), are needed to reduce cancer morbidity and associated mortality. The assessment of potential cancer biomarkers in accessible bodily fluids provides a novel approach to identify the risk and/or onset of cancer. Biomarkers are biomolecules, such as proteins, that are indicative of an abnormality or a disease. Human milk is vastly underutilized biospecimen that offers the opportunity to investigate potential protein BC-biomarkers in young, reproductively active women. As a first step, we have examined the entire protein pattern in human milk samples from breastfeeding mothers with cancer, who were diagnosed either before or after milk donation, and from women without cancer, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics.
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Aslebagh R, Channaveerappa D, Arcaro KF, Darie CC. Comparative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) of human milk to identify dysregulated proteins in breast cancer. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1723-1734. [PMID: 29756217 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains a major cause of mortality, and early detection is considered important for reducing BC-associated deaths. Early detection of BC is challenging in young women, due to the limitations of mammography on the dense breast tissue of young women. We recently reported results of a pilot proteomics study, using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS) to investigate differences in milk proteins from women with and without BC. Here, we applied two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and MS to compare the protein pattern in milk from the breasts of a single woman who was diagnosed with BC in one breast 24 months after donating her milk. Statistically different gel spots were picked for protein digestion followed by nanoliquid chromatography tandem MS (nanoLC-MS/MS) analysis. The upregulated proteins in BC versus control are alpha-amylase, gelsolin isoform a precursor, alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 zinc isoform CRA_b partial, apoptosis-inducing factor 2 and vitronectin. Several proteins were downregulated in the milk of the breast later diagnosed with cancer as compared to the milk from the healthy breast, including different isoforms of albumin, cholesterol esterase, different isoforms of lactoferrin, different proteins from the casein family and different isoforms of lysozyme. Results warrant further studies to determine the usefulness of these milk proteins for assessing risk and detecting occult disease. MS data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Aslebagh
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Devika Channaveerappa
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen F Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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Wang J, Shi H, Zhang T, Huang J, Li Z, Ma G, Zhang X. The lactoferrin content variation and its related factors in milk of Xinong Saanen goats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1453818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gongzhen Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Smart PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Quercetin: Cellular uptake and in-vitro anticancer study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ieni A, Barresi V, Licata L, Cardia R, Fazzari C, Nuciforo G, Caruso F, Caruso M, Adamo V, Tuccari G. Immunoexpression of lactoferrin in triple-negative breast cancer patients: A proposal to select a less aggressive subgroup. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3205-3209. [PMID: 28521427 PMCID: PMC5431335 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) indicates a subset of breast carcinomas that does not express estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). According to the literature, TNBCs are aggressive tumors, characterized by a high incidence of recurrence and a high risk of disease progression. Lactoferrin (LF) is a single-chain, iron-binding glycoprotein of ~700 amino acids, which is involved in a wide range of biological activities, including iron-trafficking and carcinogenesis. The present study aimed to assess LF expression in human TNBC samples and the possible correlation with clinico-pathological parameters associated with biological aggressiveness. LF immunohistochemical expression was investigated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of human TNBC. Cases were analyzed according to an intensity distribution (ID) score, and only those showing an ID score of >2 were considered as positive for LF. LF immunostaining was encountered in 26.15% cases. A significant correlation was found between LF expression and a low Ki-67 labeling index (P=0.040), the absence of recurrence (P=0.010) and alive status (P=0.020). LF may assist in identifying a subset of TNBC with less aggressive biological behavior. The meaning of LF expression in TNBC remains unclear and is controversial. The present findings indicated that LF expression is correlated with a low growth fraction in these tumors. Thus, it is possible that the inhibition of the LF axis may be a valid therapeutic target for TNBC, and this should be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Polyclinic ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Polyclinic ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Polyclinic ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Polyclinic ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmine Fazzari
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Humanitas Catanese Center of Oncology, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nuciforo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Humanitas Catanese Center of Oncology, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Humanitas Catanese Center of Oncology, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Caruso
- Department of Oncology, Humanitas Catanese Center of Oncology, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Adamo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Polyclinic ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
- Oncology Unit, Papardo Hospital, I-98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Polyclinic ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
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Giansanti F, Panella G, Leboffe L, Antonini G. Lactoferrin from Milk: Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E61. [PMID: 27690059 PMCID: PMC5198036 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein present in large quantities in colostrum and in breast milk, in external secretions and in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lactoferrin's main function is non-immune protection. Among several protective activities shown by lactoferrin, those displayed by orally administered lactoferrin are: (i) antimicrobial activity, which has been presumed due to iron deprivation, but more recently attributed also to a specific interaction with the bacterial cell wall and extended to viruses and parasites; (ii) immunomodulatory activity, with a direct effect on the development of the immune system in the newborn, together with a specific antinflammatory effects; (iii) a more recently discovered anticancer activity. It is worth noting that most of the protective activities of lactoferrin have been found, sometimes to a greater extent, also in peptides derived from limited proteolysis of lactoferrin that could be generated after lactoferrin ingestion. Lactoferrin could therefore be considered an ideal nutraceutic product because of its relatively cheap production from bovine milk and of its widely recognized tolerance after ingestion, along with its well demonstrated protective activities. The most important protective activities shown by orally administered bovine lactoferrin are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems INBB, Rome I-00136, Italy.
| | - Gloria Panella
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy.
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome I-00146, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems INBB, Rome I-00136, Italy.
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome I-00146, Italy.
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Wang B, Zheng L, Chou J, Li C, Zhang Y, Meng X, Xi T. CYP4Z1 3′UTR represses migration of human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:900-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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The roles of ribosomal protein S19 C-terminus in a shortened neutrophil lifespan through delta lactoferrin. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1085-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Escobar-Ramirez A, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Mortuaire M, Huvent I, Hardivillé S, Hoedt E, Lefebvre T, Pierce A. Modification by SUMOylation Controls Both the Transcriptional Activity and the Stability of Delta-Lactoferrin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129965. [PMID: 26090800 PMCID: PMC4474976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-lactoferrin is a transcription factor, the expression of which is downregulated or silenced in case of breast cancer. It possesses antitumoral activities and when it is re-introduced in mammary epithelial cancer cell lines, provokes antiproliferative effects. It is posttranslationally modified and our earlier investigations showed that the O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation interplay plays a major role in the regulation of both its stability and transcriptional activity. Here, we report the covalent modification of delta-lactoferrin with the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO-1. Mutational and reporter gene analyses identified five different lysine residues at K13, K308, K361, K379 and K391 as SUMO acceptor sites. The SUMOylation deficient M5S mutant displayed enhanced transactivation capacity on a delta-lactoferrin responsive promoter, suggesting that SUMO-1 negatively regulates the transactivation function of delta-lactoferrin. K13, K308 and K379 are the main SUMO sites and among them, K308, which is located in a SUMOylation consensus motif of the NDSM-like type, is a key SUMO site involved in repression of delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity. K13 and K379 are both targeted by other posttranslational modifications. We demonstrated that K13 is the main acetylation site and that favoring acetylation at K13 reduced SUMOylation and increased delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity. K379, which is either ubiquitinated or SUMOylated, is a pivotal site for the control of delta-lactoferrin stability. We showed that SUMOylation competes with ubiquitination and protects delta-lactoferrin from degradation by positively regulating its stability. Collectively, our results indicate that multi-SUMOylation occurs on delta-lactoferrin to repress its transcriptional activity. Reciprocal occupancy of K13 by either SUMO-1 or an acetyl group may contribute to the establishment of finely regulated mechanisms to control delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity. Moreover, competition between SUMOylation and ubiquitination at K379 coordinately regulates the stability of delta-lactoferrin toward proteolysis. Therefore SUMOylation of delta-lactoferrin is a novel mechanism controlling both its activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelma Escobar-Ramirez
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Vercoutter-Edouart
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marlène Mortuaire
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Stephan Hardivillé
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Esthelle Hoedt
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Annick Pierce
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Zhang Y, Lima CF, Rodrigues LR. Anticancer effects of lactoferrin: underlying mechanisms and future trends in cancer therapy. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:763-73. [PMID: 25406879 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin has been widely studied over the last 70 years, and its role in diverse biological functions is now well known and generally accepted by the scientific community. Usually, alterations of the lactoferrin gene in cells are associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Several studies suggest that exogenous treatment with lactoferrin and its derivatives can efficiently inhibit the growth of tumors and reduce susceptibility to cancer. None of these studies, however, reported a consistent outcome with regard to the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of lactoferrin. In this review, the association of lactoferrin with cancer is thoroughly discussed, from lactoferrin gene expression to the potential use of lactoferrin in cancer therapy. Lactoferrin cytotoxicity against several cancers is reported to occur in distinct ways under different conditions, namely by cell membrane disruption, apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and cell immunoreaction. Based on these mechanisms, new strategies to improve the anticancer effects of the lactoferrin protein and/or its derivatives are proposed. The potential for lactoferrin in the field of cancer research (including as a chemotherapeutic agent in cancer therapy) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhang
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; College of Life Science, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Hoedt E, Chaoui K, Huvent I, Mariller C, Monsarrat B, Burlet-Schiltz O, Pierce A. SILAC-based proteomic profiling of the human MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cell line in response to the two antitumoral lactoferrin isoforms: the secreted lactoferrin and the intracellular delta-lactoferrin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104563. [PMID: 25116916 PMCID: PMC4130549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactoferrins exhibit antitumoral activities either as a secretory lactoferrin or an intracellular delta-lactoferrin isoform. These activities involve processes such as regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis. While lactoferrin has been shown to exert its function by activating different transduction pathways, delta-lactoferrin has been proven to act as a transcription factor. Like many tumor suppressors, these two proteins are under-expressed in several types of cancer, particularly in breast cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to compare the differential effects of the re-introduction of lactoferrin isoforms in breast cancer cells we chose the cancerous mammary gland MDA-MB-231 cell line as a model. We produced a cell line stably expressing delta-lactoferrin. We also treated these cells with fresh purified human breast lactoferrin. We performed two quantitative proteomic studies in parallel using SILAC coupled to mass spectrometry in order to compare the effects of different doses of the two lactoferrin isoforms. The proteome of untreated, delta-lactoferrin expressing and human lactoferrin treated MDA-MB-231 cells were compared. Overall, around 5300 proteins were identified and quantified using the in-house developed MFPaQ software. Among these, expression was increased by 1.5-fold or more for around 300 proteins in delta-lactoferrin expressing cells and 190 proteins in lactoferrin treated cells. At the same time, about 200 and 40 proteins were found to be downregulated (0-0.7-fold) in response to delta-lactoferrin and lactoferrin, respectively. Conclusions/Significance Re-introduction of delta-lactoferrin and lactoferrin expression in MDA-MB-231 mainly leads to modifications of protein profiles involved in processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, the ubiquitin pathway, translation and mRNA quality control. Moreover, this study identified new target genes of delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity such as SelH, GTF2F2 and UBE2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esthelle Hoedt
- UGSF, UMR 8576 CNRS, USTL, IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- UGSF, UMR 8576 CNRS, USTL, IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Bernard Monsarrat
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Annick Pierce
- UGSF, UMR 8576 CNRS, USTL, IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Delta-lactoferrin induces cell death via the mitochondrial death signaling pathway by upregulating bax expression. Biometals 2014; 27:875-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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McBride J, Walker LR, Grange PA, Dupin N, Akula SM. Molecular biology of lactoferrin and its role in modulating immunity and viral pathogenesis. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), also known as lactotransferrin, is a globular glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family that is widely expressed in several fluids such as milk, tears, gastric fluid and saliva. Apart from its ability to bind and regulate iron levels in body secretions, Lf possesses antimicrobial activity and is specifically a component of the innate immune system. The antibacterial activity of Lf occurs by depriving the environment of iron essential for bacterial growth. In the case of antiviral activity, Lf may act as a competitor for the cell membrane receptors commonly used by viruses to enter cells. This review summarizes the roles of Lf under normal physiology, with a special emphasis on viruses. The authors also discuss in great detail the interactions between Lf and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, as well as possible future directions of research that may progress toward designing modern-day therapeutics to counter viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McBride
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Lia R Walker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Philippe A Grange
- Laboratoire de Dermatologie, EA 1833 – Centre National de Référence de la Syphilis, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupin
- Laboratoire de Dermatologie, EA 1833 – Centre National de Référence de la Syphilis, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Kim B, Kang S, Kim SJ. Genome-wide pathway analysis reveals different signaling pathways between secreted lactoferrin and intracellular delta-lactoferrin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55338. [PMID: 23383159 PMCID: PMC3559342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein involved in immunomodulation, cellular growth, and differentiation. In addition to its secreted form (sLF), an alternative form (ΔLF) lacking the signal sequence has been found to be downregulated in cancer. Although the signaling pathways mediated by LF have been studied in a few cell models, there have been no relevant systemic approaches. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify and compare signaling networks provoked by the two LF isoforms. For this, the two forms were overexpressed in HEK293 cells using the Flp-In T-Rex system, after which genome-wide expression analysis of 18,367 genes was conducted. Pathway analysis of the genes showing altered expression identified pathways which are responsible for cell survival and apoptosis. In addition, the pathways mediated by the two LF forms were within distantly related networks. GPCR, PI3K complex, and POU5F1, which are involved in receptor-mediated pathways, were centered in the sLF network, whereas RIF1, NOS3, and RNPS1, which are involved in intracellular signaling, were centered in the ΔLF network. These results suggest that structural differences between the LF isoforms, mainly glycosylation, determine the fate of LF signaling. Furthermore, these findings provide information relating to the role of ΔLF which is downregulated during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungtak Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongeun Kang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sozmen M, Beytut E. An investigation of growth factors and lactoferrin in naturally occurring ovine pulmonary adenomatosis. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:441-51. [PMID: 22721818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA), also known as jaagsiekte, is a transmissible beta retrovirus-induced lung tumour of sheep that has several features resembling human bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAC). Angiogenesis has been suggested to be one of the most important factors underlying tumour growth and invasion. This process involves the action of growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C and its receptor (PDGFR-α). Bovine lactoferrin (bLF), an iron and heparin-binding glycoprotein secreted into various biological fluids, has been implicated in innate immunity and has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour functions. Tissues from 16 cases of OPA were compared with tissues from seven healthy control sheep by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the markers was assessed semi-quantitatively by ascribing an immunoreactivity score (IRS) with a maximum value of 300. VEGF-C, bFGF, PDGF-C, PDGFR-α and bLF signals were detected in 10/16, 15/16, 12/16, 15/16 and 10/16 of the OPA cases studied, respectively. bLF expression was weak in the neoplastic epithelial cells (IRS 21.4 ± 10.0) in contrast to high levels detected in infiltrating macrophages and plasma cells (IRS 141.3 ± 24.8 and 140.0 ± 25.1, respectively). The PDGFR-α IRS was elevated for neoplastic epithelial cells (108.9 ± 18.2) and was lowest for macrophages and plasma cells (20.4 ± 13.1 and 13.7 ± 12.4, respectively). These results suggest that bFGF, VEGF-C and PDGF-C have roles in the pathogenesis of OPA. bLF may activate macrophages and plasma cells in these lesions, but limited expression of bLF by neoplastic cells may be a consequence of defective or impaired function of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey.
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Mariller C, Hardivillé S, Hoedt E, Huvent I, Pina-Canseco S, Pierce A. Delta-lactoferrin, an intracellular lactoferrin isoform that acts as a transcription factor1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:307-19. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-lactoferrin (ΔLf) is a transcription factor of which the expression is downregulated in cancer. It is a healthy tissue marker and a high expression level of its transcripts was correlated with a good prognosis in breast cancer. ΔLf results from alternative promoter usage of the hLf gene leading to the production of 2 isoforms with alternative N-termini: lactoferrin, which is secreted, and ΔLf, its nucleocytoplasmic counterpart. ΔLf possesses antiproliferative properties and induces cell cycle arrest. It is an efficient transcription factor interacting in vivo via a ΔLf response element found in the Skp1, Bax, DcpS, and SelH promoters. Since ΔLf possesses different target genes, modifications in its activity or concentration may have crucial effects on cell homeostasis. Posttranslational modifications modulate ΔLf transcription factor activity. Our earlier investigations showed that O-GlcNAcylation negatively regulates ΔLf transcriptional activity, whilst inhibiting its ubiquitination and increasing its half-life. On the other hand, phosphorylation potentiates ΔLf transcriptional activity. Recently, we showed that ΔLf is also modified by SUMOylation. Therefore, cooperation and (or) competition among SUMOylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to the establishment of a fine regulation of ΔLf transcriptional activity depending on the type of target gene and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mariller
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 148, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Stephan Hardivillé
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 148, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Esthelle Hoedt
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 148, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 148, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Socorro Pina-Canseco
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 148, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Annick Pierce
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 148, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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van Leeuwen SS, Schoemaker RJW, Timmer CJAM, Kamerling JP, Dijkhuizen L. Use of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin affinity chromatography in the structural analysis of the bovine lactoferrin N-linked glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1444-55. [PMID: 22245701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the years, the N-glycosylation of both human and bovine lactoferrin (LF) has been studied extensively, however not all aspects have been studied in as much detail. Typically, the bovine LF complex-type N-glycans include certain epitopes, not found in human LF N-glycans, i.e. Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc (αGal), GalNAc(β1-4)GlcNAc (LacdiNAc), and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The combined presence of complex-type N-glycans, with αGal, LacdiNAc, LacNAc [Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc], Neu5Ac (N-acetylneuraminic acid), and Neu5Gc epitopes, and oligomannose-type N-glycans complicates the high-throughput analysis of such N-glycoprofiles highly. METHODS For the structural analysis of enzymatically released N-glycan pools, containing both LacNAc and LacdiNAc epitopes, a prefractionation protocol based on Wisteria floribunda agglutinin affinity chromatography was developed. The sub pools were analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS and HPLC-FD profiling, including sequential exoglycosidase treatments. RESULTS This protocol separates the N-glycan pool into three sub pools, with (1) free of LacdiNAc epitopes, (2) containing LacdiNAc epitopes, partially shielded by sialic acid, and (3) containing LacdiNAc epitopes, without shielding by sialic acid. Structural analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS and HPLC-FD showed a complex pattern of oligomannose-, hybrid-, and complex-type di-antennary structures, both with, and without LacdiNAc, αGal and sialic acid. CONCLUSIONS Applying the approach to bovine LF has led to a more detailed N-glycome pattern, including LacdiNAc, αGal, and Neu5Gc epitopes, than was shown in previous studies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Bovine milk proteins contain glycosylation patterns that are absent in human milk proteins; particularly, the LacdiNAc epitope is abundant. Analysis of bovine milk serum proteins is therefore excessively complicated. The presented sub fractionation protocol allows a thorough analysis of the full scope of bovine milk protein glycosylation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S van Leeuwen
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tuccari G, Barresi G. Lactoferrin in human tumours: immunohistochemical investigations during more than 25 years. Biometals 2011; 24:775-84. [PMID: 21472415 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, today known to have multifunctional physiological activities. In humans, under normal conditions, LF has been found in blood, mucosal secretions, gastrointestinal fluids, urine and mostly in milk and colostrum. The first pioneering immunohistochemical report about LF distribution in human tissues dated in 1978; successively, many studies have been performed to analyze the LF immunohistochemical pattern in different normal and neoplastic tissues. In this review, we present data from literature concerning the evidence of LF in tumors together with those by us obtained during more than 25 years; the immunohistochemical applications to human neoplastic tissues have been done to investigate the LF pathogenetic role as well as its activity in cancer. After a systematic analysis of LF immunoreactivity in different human districts, a possible explanation for its presence and function has been modulated for each site or tissue, according to experimental evidences obtained either by in vivo as well as by in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Policlinico G.Martino", Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Cizkova M, Cizeron-Clairac G, Vacher S, Susini A, Andrieu C, Lidereau R, Bièche I. Gene expression profiling reveals new aspects of PIK3CA mutation in ERalpha-positive breast cancer: major implication of the Wnt signaling pathway. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15647. [PMID: 21209903 PMCID: PMC3012715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PI3K/AKT pathway plays a pivotal role in breast cancer development and maintenance. PIK3CA, encoding the PI3K catalytic subunit, is the oncogene exhibiting a high frequency of gain-of-function mutations leading to PI3K/AKT pathway activation in breast cancer. PIK3CA mutations have been observed in 30% to 40% of ERα-positive breast tumors. However the physiopathological role of PIK3CA mutations in breast tumorigenesis remains largely unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings To identify relevant downstream target genes and signaling activated by aberrant PI3K/AKT pathway in breast tumors, we first analyzed gene expression with a pangenomic oligonucleotide microarray in a series of 43 ERα-positive tumors with and without PIK3CA mutations. Genes of interest were then investigated in 249 ERα-positive breast tumors by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. A robust collection of 19 genes was found to be differently expressed in PIK3CA-mutated tumors. PIK3CA mutations were associated with over-expression of several genes involved in the Wnt signaling pathway (WNT5A, TCF7L2, MSX2, TNFRSF11B), regulation of gene transcription (SEC14L2, MSX2, TFAP2B, NRIP3) and metal ion binding (CYP4Z1, CYP4Z2P, SLC40A1, LTF, LIMCH1). Conclusion/Significance This new gene set should help to understand the behavior of PIK3CA-mutated cancers and detailed knowledge of Wnt signaling activation could lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cizkova
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Géraldine Cizeron-Clairac
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Aurélie Susini
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Catherine Andrieu
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Rosette Lidereau
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, U745, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
- * E-mail:
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Ieni A, Barresi V, Grosso M, Speciale G, Rosa MA, Tuccari G. Does lactoferrin behave as an immunohistochemical oncofetal marker in bone and cartilage human neoplasms? Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 17:287-93. [PMID: 20972893 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By immunohistochemistry, lactoferrin (LF) has been extensively investigated in human neoplastic tissues; moreover, LF is able to promote bone growth in a murine model. Until now, no systematic studies on human osteocartilagineous fetal samples have been performed in comparison to corresponding neoplastic specimens to verify if LF may represent an oncofetal marker in this field of pathology. By a monoclonal antibody (clone 1A1; Biodesign International; w.d. 1:75) the distribution pattern of LF in bones of 25 human fetal tissues (8-34 gestation weeks), 10 adults (47-82 years) and 30 cartilage as well as 27 bone tumours (9-76 years) was analyzed. LF was encountered in 23/57 cases of osteocartilagineous tumors and namely in 10/10 giant cell tumours, 5/7 osteoid osteomas, 3/3 chondroblastomas, 3/3 chondromyxoid fibromas, 1/1 myeloma, 1/1 adamantinoma. No LF immunoexpression was detected in osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, ossifying fibromas, osteochondroma and enchondromas. In embryo-fetal tissues, LF immunoreactivity was localized in mesenchymal cells as well as in chondroblasts at the 8th gestational week and in immature osteocytes and osteoblasts up to the 18th gestation week, with a considerable decrease by the 24th week. No LF expression was found in any bone district since the 30th and up to the 34th week of gestation as well as in corresponding adult samples. Our findings indicate a role for LF as a bone growth regulator in the early phases of the human endochondral ossification, although the hypothesis of LF as oncofetal marker appears questionable in bone tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Liao Y, Du X, Lönnerdal B. miR-214 regulates lactoferrin expression and pro-apoptotic function in mammary epithelial cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:1552-6. [PMID: 20610637 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.124289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an abundantly expressed protein in human milk. Lactoferrin exhibits several important biological functions, and its expression is regulated by multiple environmental factors. Cellular endogenous factors, however, have not been extensively studied with regard to lactoferrin gene expression. In this study, we showed that lactoferrin gene expression and function are directly targeted by miR-214 in HC11 and MCF7 cells. In the lactoferrin mRNA 3 prime untranslated region (UTR) of human, mouse, rat, pig, bovine, camel, and goat species, there is a conserved region that perfectly matches the seed region of miR-214. Transfection of miR-214 mimic in HEK293 cells dose-dependently inhibited the activity of pGL3-control vector containing lactoferrin mRNA 3 prime UTR downstream of the luciferase gene. In HC11 cells, miR-214 overexpression inhibited the induction of lactoferrin expression by beta -estradiol (E2) and dexamethasone-prolactin-insulin (DPI). Furthermore, in MCF7 cells, overexpression of miR-214 markedly decreased lactoferrin expression (P lt 0.05), and inhibition of endogenous miR-214 expression increased lactoferrin expression and cellular apoptotic activities (P lt 0.05). In summary, our data showed that miR-214 is directly involved in lactoferrin expression and lactoferrin mediated cancer susceptibility (proapoptotic activities) in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liao
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hardivillé S, Hoedt E, Mariller C, Benaïssa M, Pierce A. O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation cycling at Ser10 controls both transcriptional activity and stability of delta-lactoferrin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19205-18. [PMID: 20404350 PMCID: PMC2885199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.080572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-lactoferrin (DeltaLf) is a transcription factor that up-regulates DcpS, Skp1, and Bax genes, provoking cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It is post-translationally modified either by O-GlcNAc or phosphate, but the effects of the O-GlcNAc/phosphorylation interplay on DeltaLf function are not yet understood. Here, using a series of glycosylation mutants, we showed that Ser(10) is O-GlcNAcylated and that this modification is associated with increased DeltaLf stability, achieved by blocking ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, demonstrating that O-GlcNAcylation protects against polyubiquitination. We highlighted the (391)KSQQSSDPDPNCVD(404) sequence as a functional PEST motif responsible for DeltaLf degradation and defined Lys(379) as the main polyubiquitin acceptor site. We next investigated the control of DeltaLf transcriptional activity by the O-GlcNAc/phosphorylation interplay. Reporter gene analyses using the Skp1 promoter fragment containing a DeltaLf response element showed that O-GlcNAcylation at Ser(10) negatively regulates DeltaLf transcriptional activity, whereas phosphorylation activates it. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we showed that O-GlcNAcylation inhibits DNA binding. Deglycosylation leads to DNA binding and transactivation of the Skp1 promoter at a basal level. Basal transactivation was markedly enhanced by 2-3-fold when phosphorylation was mimicked at Ser(10) by aspartate. Moreover, using double chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that the DeltaLf transcriptional complex binds to the DeltaLf response element and is phosphorylated and/or ubiquitinated, suggesting that DeltaLf transcriptional activity and degradation are concomitant events. Collectively, our results indicate that reciprocal occupancy of Ser(10) by either O-phosphate or O-GlcNAc coordinately regulates DeltaLf stability and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphan Hardivillé
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 147, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Esthelle Hoedt
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 147, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Mariller
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 147, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Monique Benaïssa
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 147, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Annick Pierce
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, IFR 147, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Discrimination and evaluation of lactoferrin and delta-lactoferrin gene expression levels in cancer cells and under inflammatory stimuli using TaqMan real-time PCR. Biometals 2010; 23:441-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pierce A, Legrand D, Mazurier J. La lactoferrine : une protéine multifonctionnelle. Med Sci (Paris) 2009; 25:361-9. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2009254361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rodrigues L, Teixeira J, Schmitt F, Paulsson M, Månsson HL. Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:203-17. [PMID: 19093266 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701856157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is composed of the transferrin family and is predominantly found in the products of the exocrine glands located in the gateways of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems, suggesting a role in the non-specific defence against invading pathogens. Additionally, several physiological roles have been attributed to LF, namely regulation of iron homeostasis, host defence against infection and inflammation, regulation of cellular growth, and differentiation and protection against cancer development and metastasis. These findings have suggested LF's great potential therapeutic use in cancer disease prevention and/or treatment, namely as a chemopreventive agent. This review looks at the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the multifunctional roles of LF and future perspectives on its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Rodrigues
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Ieni A, Barresi V, Grosso M, Rosa MA, Tuccari G. Lactoferrin immuno-expression in human normal and neoplastic bone tissue. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:364-71. [PMID: 19240970 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) expression was investigated by using a Lf monoclonal antibody in 50 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human bone tumours [10 giant cell tumours (GCTs), 7 osteoid osteomas, 6 ossifying fibromas, 19 enchondromas, 2 chondroblastomas, 2 chondrosarcomas, 2 chondroblastic osteosarcomas, 1 myeloma and 1 adamantinoma] as well as in 8 samples of adult and foetal human normal bone specimens. In addition, the immunohistochemical expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki-67 antigen was analysed on parallel sections from the same specimens. Quantification of Lf immunoreactivity was performed by using an Intensity Distribution (ID) score. Lf immuno-expression with a variable ID score was encountered in 19/50 tumours and specifically in 10/10 GCTs, in 5/7 osteoid osteomas, in 2/2 chondroblastomas as well as in the adamantinoma and in the myeloma. With reference to normal bone samples, Lf was expressed by the osteoblasts only in the foetal bone. No immunoreactivity for ER and PR was encountered in all neoplastic samples, and no correlation was found between Lf and sex steroid hormone receptor (ER and PR) immuno-expression. Even more, no association was evidenced between Lf immuno-reactivity and the growth fraction of the tumours, reflected by the Ki-67 labelling index. Lf expression in the osteoblastic lineage of bone-forming tumours, together with its presence in the osteoblasts of foetal bone, requires further investigations, although it cannot be ruled out that Lf might be involved in the bone formation in humans, similarly to what has been demonstrated in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Dahn A, Saunders S, Hammond JA, Carter D, Kirjavainen P, Anukam K, Reid G. Effect of bacterial vaginosis, Lactobacillus and Premarin estrogen replacement therapy on vaginal gene expression changes. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:620-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Newsome AL, Johnson JP, Seipelt RL, Thompson MW. Apolactoferrin inhibits the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by zinc chelation. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 85:563-72. [PMID: 17901898 DOI: 10.1139/o07-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LTF) is a multifunctional iron-binding protein that is also capable of binding other divalent metal cations, especially Zn2+. Recent investigations indicate that lactoferrin levels are elevated in many disease conditions in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2, are also elevated, suggesting that the 2 proteins may interact. This possibility was examined by determining the effect of LTF in its holo (metal-bound) and apo (metal-free) forms on the proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and other similar zinc metalloproteases. Pre-incubation with apolactoferrin, but not hololactoferrin, greatly reduced the hydrolysis of a peptide substrate by MMP-2, but not by MMP-1, -8, -9, or -13. This inhibition was specific for the 42 kDa catalytic domain fragment of MMP-2 lacking the hemopexin domain, since the 66 kDa form was poorly inhibited by apolactoferrin. The inhibition of the MMP-2 catalytic domain was strongly temperature sensitive, indicating that the conformation of one or both proteins is crucial to this interaction. To ascertain the mechanism of inhibition, increasing concentrations of ZnCl2 and FeCl2 were added to the reaction. While addition of Fe2+ did not reverse inhibition, the addition of Zn2+ resulted in a recovery of MMP-2 activity, and furthermore, zinc-saturated LTF did not inhibit MMP-2. Together, these data strongly suggest that apolactoferrin is capable of removing the catalytic zinc from the active site of MMP-2, although an exosite-based interaction between the 2 proteins cannot be fully ruled out. This inhibitory activity suggests a novel function for LTF and may represent a novel regulatory mechanism that regulates proteolysis by MMP-2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Newsome
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennesee State University, 1301 E. Main Street, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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Lactoferrin Structure and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 606:163-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mariller C, Benaïssa M, Hardivillé S, Breton M, Pradelle G, Mazurier J, Pierce A. Human delta-lactoferrin is a transcription factor that enhances Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein) gene expression. FEBS J 2007; 274:2038-53. [PMID: 17371504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Delta-lactoferrin is a cytoplasmic lactoferrin isoform that can locate to the nucleus, provoking antiproliferative effects and cell cycle arrest in S phase. Using macroarrays, the expression of genes involved in the G(1)/S transition was examined. Among these, Skp1 showed 2-3-fold increased expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein) belongs to the Skp1/Cullin-1/F-box ubiquitin ligase complex responsible for the ubiquitination of cellular regulators leading to their proteolysis. Skp1 overexpression was also found after delta-lactoferrin transient transfection in other cell lines (HeLa, MDA-MB-231, HEK 293) at comparable levels. Analysis of the Skp1 promoter detected two sequences that were 90% identical to those previously known to interact with lactoferrin, the secretory isoform of delta-lactoferrin (GGCACTGTAC-S1(Skp1), located at - 1067 bp, and TAGAAGTCAA-S2(Skp1), at - 646 bp). Both gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that delta-lactoferrin interacts in vitro and in vivo specifically with these sequences. Reporter gene analysis confirmed that delta-lactoferrin recognizes both sequences within the Skp1 promoter, with a higher activity on S1(Skp1). Deletion of both sequences totally abolished delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity, identifying them as delta-lactoferrin-responsive elements. Delta-lactoferrin enters the nucleus via a short bipartite RRSDTSLTWNSVKGKK(417-432) nuclear localization signal sequence, which was demonstrated to be functional using mutants. Our results show that delta-lactoferrin binds to the Skp1 promoter at two different sites, and that these interactions lead to its transcriptional activation. By increasing Skp1 gene expression, delta-lactoferrin may regulate cell cycle progression via control of the proteasomal degradation of S-phase actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mariller
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Calza S, Hall P, Auer G, Bjöhle J, Klaar S, Kronenwett U, Liu ET, Miller L, Ploner A, Smeds J, Bergh J, Pawitan Y. Intrinsic molecular signature of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of 412 patients. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R34. [PMID: 16846532 PMCID: PMC1779468 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular markers and the rich biological information they contain have great potential for cancer diagnosis, prognostication and therapy prediction. So far, however, they have not superseded routine histopathology and staging criteria, partly because the few studies performed on molecular subtyping have had little validation and limited clinical characterization. Methods We obtained gene expression and clinical data for 412 breast cancers obtained from population-based cohorts of patients from Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden. Using the intrinsic set of approximately 500 genes derived in the Norway/Stanford breast cancer data, we validated the existence of five molecular subtypes – basal-like, ERBB2, luminal A/B and normal-like – and characterized these subtypes extensively with the use of conventional clinical variables. Results We found an overall 77.5% concordance between the centroid prediction of the Swedish cohort by using the Norway/Stanford signature and the k-means clustering performed internally within the Swedish cohort. The highest rate of discordant assignments occurred between the luminal A and luminal B subtypes and between the luminal B and ERBB2 subtypes. The subtypes varied significantly in terms of grade (p < 0.001), p53 mutation (p < 0.001) and genomic instability (p = 0.01), but surprisingly there was little difference in lymph-node metastasis (p = 0.31). Furthermore, current users of hormone-replacement therapy were strikingly over-represented in the normal-like subgroup (p < 0.001). Separate analyses of the patients who received endocrine therapy and those who did not receive any adjuvant therapy supported the previous hypothesis that the basal-like subtype responded to adjuvant treatment, whereas the ERBB2 and luminal B subtypes were poor responders. Conclusion We found that the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer are broadly present in a diverse collection of patients from a population-based cohort in Sweden. The intrinsic gene set, originally selected to reveal stable tumor characteristics, was shown to have a strong correlation with progression-related properties such as grade, p53 mutation and genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calza
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobel väg 12A, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Department of Biotechnologies and Biomedical Sciences, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobel väg 12A, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gert Auer
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judith Bjöhle
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Klaar
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Kronenwett
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edison T Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Genome, 138672 Singapore
| | - Lance Miller
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Genome, 138672 Singapore
| | - Alexander Ploner
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobel väg 12A, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Smeds
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yudi Pawitan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobel väg 12A, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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