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Jathal MK, Mudryj MM, Dall'Era M, Ghosh PM. Amiloride Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to the Reversible Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Lapatinib by Modulating ERBB3 Subcellular Localization. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4844371. [PMID: 39257973 PMCID: PMC11384790 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4844371/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has been studied in clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) to improve the outcomes from radical prostatectomy (RP) by 'debulking' of high-risk PCa; however, using androgen deprivation at this point risks castration resistant PCa (CRPC) clonal proliferation with potentially profound side effects such as fatigue, loss of libido, hot flashes, loss of muscle mass, and weight gain. Our goal is to identify alternative NAT that reduce hormone sensitive PCa (HSPC) without affecting androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity. PCa is associated with increased expression and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, including HER2 and ErbB3. Dimerization between these receptors is required for activation of downstream targets involved in tumor progression. The FDA-approved HER2 inhibitor lapatinib has been tested in PCa but was ineffective due to continued activation of ErbB3. We now demonstrate that this is due to ErbB3 being localized to the nucleus in HSPC and thus protected from lapatinib which affect membrane localized HER2/ErbB3 dimers. Here, we show that the well-established, well-tolerated diuretic amiloride hydrochloride dose dependently prevented ErbB3 nuclear localization via formation of plasma membrane localized HER2/ErbB3 dimers. This in turn allowed lapatinib inactivation of these dimers via inhibition of its target HER2, which dephosphorylated downstream survival and proliferation regulators AKT and ERK1/2. Amiloride combined with lapatinib significantly increased apoptosis but did not affect AR transcriptional activity. Thus, our data indicate that a combination of amiloride and lapatinib could target HSPC tumors without problems associated with androgen deprivation therapy in localized PCa.
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Buck SAJ, Van Hemelryk A, de Ridder C, Stuurman D, Erkens-Schulze S, van 't Geloof S, Teubel WJ, Koolen SLW, Martens-Uzunova ES, van Royen ME, de Wit R, Mathijssen RHJ, van Weerden WM. Darolutamide Added to Docetaxel Augments Antitumor Effect in Models of Prostate Cancer through Cell Cycle Arrest at the G1-S Transition. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:711-720. [PMID: 38030379 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to taxane chemotherapy is frequently observed in metastatic prostate cancer. The androgen receptor (AR) is a major driver of prostate cancer and a key regulator of the G1-S cell-cycle checkpoint, promoting cancer cell proliferation by irreversible passage to the S-phase. We hypothesized that AR signaling inhibitor (ARSi) darolutamide in combination with docetaxel could augment antitumor effect by impeding the proliferation of taxane-resistant cancer cells. We monitored cell viability in organoids, tumor volume, and PSA secretion in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and analyzed cell cycle and signaling pathway alterations. Combination treatment increased antitumor effect in androgen-sensitive, AR-positive prostate cancer organoids and PDXs. Equally beneficial effects of darolutamide added to docetaxel were observed in a castration-resistant model, progressive on docetaxel, enzalutamide, and cabazitaxel. In vitro studies showed that docetaxel treatment with simultaneous darolutamide resulted in a reduction of cells entering the S-phase in contrast to only docetaxel. Molecular analysis in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP revealed an upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, supporting blockade of S-phase entry and cell proliferation. Our results provide a preclinical support for combining taxanes and darolutamide as a multimodal treatment strategy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer progressive on ARSi and taxane chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A J Buck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Van Hemelryk
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sem van 't Geloof
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma J Teubel
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena S Martens-Uzunova
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Habra K, Pearson JRD, Le Vu P, Puig‐Saenz C, Cripps MJ, Khan MA, Turner MD, Sale C, McArdle SEB. Anticancer actions of carnosine in cellular models of prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18061. [PMID: 38018900 PMCID: PMC10826443 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for organ-confined prostate cancer include external beam radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy/brachytherapy, cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound. None of these are cancer-specific and are commonly accompanied by side effects, including urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Moreover, subsequent surgical treatments following biochemical recurrence after these interventions are either limited or affected by the scarring present in the surrounding tissue. Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a histidine-containing naturally occurring dipeptide which has been shown to have an anti-tumorigenic role without any detrimental effect on healthy cells; however, its effect on prostate cancer cells has never been investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of carnosine on cell proliferation and metabolism in both a primary cultured androgen-resistant human prostate cancer cell line, PC346Flu1 and murine TRAMP-C1 cells. Our results show that carnosine has a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect in vitro on the proliferation of both human (PC346Flu1) and murine (TRAMP-C1) prostate cancer cells, which was confirmed in 3D-models of the same cells. Carnosine was also shown to decrease adenosine triphosphate content and reactive species which might have been caused in part by the increase in SIRT3 also shown after carnosine treatment. These encouraging results support the need for further human in vivo work to determine the potential use of carnosine, either alone or, most likely, as an adjunct therapy to surgical or other conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Habra
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
- Chemistry Department, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - J. R. D. Pearson
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
- Centre for Systems Health and integrated Metabolic Research (SHiMR), School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - P. Le Vu
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - C. Puig‐Saenz
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
- Centre for Systems Health and integrated Metabolic Research (SHiMR), School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - M. J. Cripps
- Centre for Diabetes, Chronic Diseases, and Ageing, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - M. A. Khan
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | - M. D. Turner
- Centre for Systems Health and integrated Metabolic Research (SHiMR), School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
- Centre for Diabetes, Chronic Diseases, and Ageing, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - C. Sale
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - S. E. B. McArdle
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
- Centre for Systems Health and integrated Metabolic Research (SHiMR), School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
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4
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Van Hemelryk A, Erkens-Schulze S, Lim L, de Ridder CMA, Stuurman DC, Jenster GW, van Royen ME, van Weerden WM. Viability Analysis and High-Content Live-Cell Imaging for Drug Testing in Prostate Cancer Xenograft-Derived Organoids. Cells 2023; 12:1377. [PMID: 37408211 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor organoids have been pushed forward as advanced model systems for in vitro oncology drug testing, with the eventual goal to direct personalized cancer treatments. However, drug testing efforts suffer from a large variation in experimental conditions for organoid culturing and organoid treatment. Moreover, most drug tests are restricted to whole-well viability as the sole read-out, thereby losing important information about key biological aspects that might be impacted due to the use of administered drugs. These bulk read-outs also discard potential inter-organoid heterogeneity in drug responses. To tackle these issues, we developed a systematic approach for processing organoids from prostate cancer (PCa) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) for viability-based drug testing and identified essential conditions and quality checks for consistent results. In addition, we generated an imaging-based drug testing procedure using high-content fluorescence microscopy in living PCa organoids to detect various modalities of cell death. Individual organoids and cell nuclei in organoids were segmented and quantified using a dye combination of Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide and Caspase 3/7 Green, allowing the identification of cytostatic and cytotoxic treatment effects. Our procedures provide important insights into the mechanistic actions of tested drugs. Moreover, these methods can be adapted for tumor organoids originating from other cancer types to increase organoid-based drug test validity, and ultimately, accelerate clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Hemelryk
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifani Lim
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M A de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra C Stuurman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido W Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Sailer V, von Amsberg G, Duensing S, Kirfel J, Lieb V, Metzger E, Offermann A, Pantel K, Schuele R, Taubert H, Wach S, Perner S, Werner S, Aigner A. Experimental in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models in prostate cancer research. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:158-178. [PMID: 36451039 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy has a central role in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, often causing initial tumour remission before increasing independence from signal transduction mechanisms of the androgen receptor and then eventual disease progression. Novel treatment approaches are urgently needed, but only a fraction of promising drug candidates from the laboratory will eventually reach clinical approval, highlighting the demand for critical assessment of current preclinical models. Such models include standard, genetically modified and patient-derived cell lines, spheroid and organoid culture models, scaffold and hydrogel cultures, tissue slices, tumour xenograft models, patient-derived xenograft and circulating tumour cell eXplant models as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models. These models need to account for inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity, the acquisition of primary or secondary resistance, the interaction of tumour cells with their microenvironment, which make crucial contributions to tumour progression and resistance, as well as the effects of the 3D tissue network on drug penetration, bioavailability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sailer
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Cancer Center Hamburg Eppendorf and Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Verena Lieb
- Research Division Molecular Urology, Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric Metzger
- Department of Urology, Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Offermann
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Tumour Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Clinics Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schuele
- Department of Urology, Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Research Division Molecular Urology, Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Research Division Molecular Urology, Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Institute for Tumour Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Clinics Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany.
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6
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Van Hemelryk A, Tomljanovic I, de Ridder CMA, Stuurman DC, Teubel WJ, Erkens-Schulze S, Verhoef EI, Remmers S, Mahes AJ, van Leenders GJLH, van Royen ME, van de Werken HJG, Grudniewska M, Jenster GW, van Weerden WM. Patient-Derived Xenografts and Organoids Recapitulate Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with Sustained Androgen Receptor Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223632. [PMID: 36429059 PMCID: PMC9688335 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains an incurable and lethal malignancy. The development of new CRPC treatment strategies is strongly impeded by the scarcity of representative, scalable and transferable preclinical models of advanced, androgen receptor (AR)-driven CRPC. Here, we present contemporary patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and matching PDX-derived organoids (PDXOs) from CRPC patients who had undergone multiple lines of treatment. These models were comprehensively profiled at the morphologic, genomic (n = 8) and transcriptomic levels (n = 81). All are high-grade adenocarcinomas that exhibit copy number alterations and transcriptomic features representative of CRPC patient cohorts. We identified losses of PTEN and RB1, MYC amplifications, as well as genomic alterations in TP53 and in members of clinically actionable pathways such as AR, PI3K and DNA repair pathways. Importantly, the clinically observed continued reliance of CRPC tumors on AR signaling is preserved across the entire set of models, with AR amplification identified in four PDXs. We demonstrate that PDXs and PDXOs faithfully reflect donor tumors and mimic matching patient drug responses. In particular, our models predicted patient responses to subsequent treatments and captured sensitivities to previously received therapies. Collectively, these PDX-PDXO pairs constitute a reliable new resource for in-depth studies of treatment-induced, AR-driven resistance mechanisms. Moreover, PDXOs can be leveraged for large-scale tumor-specific drug response profiling critical for accelerating therapeutic advances in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Hemelryk
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Tomljanovic
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- GenomeScan B.V., Plesmanlaan 1/D, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M. A. de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra C. Stuurman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma J. Teubel
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther I. Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Remmers
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amrish J. Mahes
- GenomeScan B.V., Plesmanlaan 1/D, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. L. H. van Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen J. G. van de Werken
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido W. Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-107-043-674
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7
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Moll JM, Teubel WJ, Erkens SE, Jozefzoon-Agai A, Dits NF, van Rijswijk A, Jenster GW, van Weerden WM. Cell Line Characteristics Predict Subsequent Resistance to Androgen Receptor-Targeted Agents (ARTA) in Preclinical Models of Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877613. [PMID: 35769712 PMCID: PMC9234122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) has changed considerably in the last decade due to the introduction of novel androgen receptor (AR)-targeted agents (ARTAs) for patients progressing on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Preclinical research however still relies heavily on AR-negative cell line models. In order to investigate potential differences in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) growth, we set out to create a comprehensive panel of ARTA-progressive models from 4 androgen-responsive AR wild-type PCa cell lines and analyzed its androgen response as opposed to its ADT-progressive counterparts. Parallel cultures of VCaP, DuCaP, PC346C, and LAPC4 were established in their respective culture media with steroid-stripped fetal calf serum (FCS) [dextran-coated charcoal-stripped FCS (DCC)] without androgen (ADT) or in DCC plus 1 μM of the ARTAs bicalutamide, OH-flutamide, or RD162 (an enzalutamide/apalutamide analog). Cell growth was monitored and compared to those of parental cell lines. Short-term androgen response was measured using cell proliferation 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. qRT-PCR was performed to assess the mRNA expression of markers for AR signaling, steroidogenesis, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and WNT signaling. Out of 35 parallel cultures per cell line, a total of 24, 15, 34, and 16 CRPC sublines emerged for VCaP, DuCaP, PC346C, and LAPC4, respectively. The addition of bicalutamide or OH-flutamide significantly increased CRPC growth compared to ADT or RD162. VCaP, DuCaP, and PC346C CRPC clones retained an AR-responsive phenotype. The expression of AR and subsequent androgen response were completely lost in all LAPC4 CRPC lines. Markers for EMT and WNT signaling were found to be elevated in the resilient PC346C model and CRPC derivatives of VCaP, DuCaP, and LAPC4. Although the resistant phenotype is pluriform between models, it seems consistent within models, regardless of type of ARTA. These data suggest that the progression to and the phenotype of the CRPC state might already be determined early in carcinogenesis.
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8
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Li Q, Xiao X, Chen B, Song G, Zeng K, Miao J. Identification of a Gene Signature to Aid Treatment Decisions by Integrated Analysis of Mutated Genes Between Primary and Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:877086. [PMID: 35495154 PMCID: PMC9041415 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.877086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in males. Despite the recent development of advanced diagnostic platforms and treatment, patients with metastatic disease still have a poor five-year survival rate. Cancer metastasis is correlated with the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and is significantly associated with patient prognosis. In this study, we obtained mutated genes with significant differences between primary and metastatic prostate cancer from the COSMIC database. Unsupervised consensus clustering was used based on the 1,051 genes obtained, and two PCa clusters were identified, which exhibited different prognostic outcomes and immune characteristics. Next, we generated a scoring system and evaluated the prognostic value of riskscore and its potential to aid treatment decisions in clinical practice. The riskscore could be applied to predict patients’ response to immunotherapy and sensitivity to Docetaxel. In conclusion, this study performed an integrated analysis of mutated genes between primary and metastatic prostate cancer and provides a novel assessment scheme to precisely select treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingliang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoda Song
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Miao,
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9
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Mout L, van Royen ME, de Ridder C, Stuurman D, van de Geer WS, Marques R, Buck SAJ, French PJ, van de Werken HJG, Mathijssen RHJ, de Wit R, Lolkema MP, van Weerden WM. Continued Androgen Signalling Inhibition improves Cabazitaxel Efficacy in Prostate Cancer. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103681. [PMID: 34749299 PMCID: PMC8586743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) pathway is a key driver of neoplastic behaviour in the different stages of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Targeting the AR therefore remains the cornerstone for mPCa treatment. We have previously reported that activation of AR signalling affects taxane chemo-sensitivity in preclinical models of castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Here, we explored the anti-tumour efficacy of the AR targeted inhibitor enzalutamide combined with cabazitaxel. METHODS We used the AR positive CRPC model PC346C-DCC-K to assess the in vitro and in vivo activity of combining enzalutamide with cabazitaxel. Subsequent validation studies were performed using an enzalutamide resistant VCaP model. To investigate the impact of AR signalling on cabazitaxel activity we used quantitative live-cell imaging of tubulin stabilization and apoptosis related nuclear fragmentation. FINDINGS Enzalutamide strongly amplified cabazitaxel anti-tumour activity in the patient-derived xenograft models PC346C-DCC-K (median time to humane endpoint 77 versus 48 days, P<0.0001) and VCaP-Enza-B (median time to humane endpoint 80 versus 53 days, P<0.001). Although enzalutamide treatment by itself was ineffective in reducing tumour growth, it significantly suppressed AR signalling in PC346C-DCC-K tumours as shown by AR target gene expression. The addition of enzalutamide enhanced cabazitaxel induced apoptosis as shown by live-cell imaging (P<0.001). INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates that cabazitaxel efficacy can be improved by simultaneous blocking of AR signalling by enzalutamide, even if AR targeted treatment no longer affects tumour growth. These findings support clinical studies that combine AR targeted inhibitors with cabazitaxel in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Mout
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Treatment Screening Facility Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wesley S van de Geer
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Computational Biology Center Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rute Marques
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan A J Buck
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Cancer Treatment Screening Facility Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Computational Biology Center Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Treatment Screening Facility Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Computational Biology Center Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn P Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Van Hemelryk A, Mout L, Erkens-Schulze S, French PJ, van Weerden WM, van Royen ME. Modeling Prostate Cancer Treatment Responses in the Organoid Era: 3D Environment Impacts Drug Testing. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1572. [PMID: 34827570 PMCID: PMC8615701 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoid-based studies have revolutionized in vitro preclinical research and hold great promise for the cancer research field, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, experimental variability in organoid drug testing complicates reproducibility. For example, we observed PCa organoids to be less affected by cabazitaxel, abiraterone and enzalutamide as compared to corresponding single cells prior to organoid assembly. We hypothesized that three-dimensional (3D) organoid organization and the use of various 3D scaffolds impact treatment efficacy. Live-cell imaging of androgen-induced androgen receptor (AR) nuclear translocation and taxane-induced tubulin stabilization was used to investigate the impact of 3D scaffolds, spatial organoid distribution and organoid size on treatment effect. Scaffolds delayed AR translocation and tubulin stabilization, with Matrigel causing a more pronounced delay than synthetic hydrogel as well as incomplete tubulin stabilization. Drug effect was further attenuated the more centrally organoids were located in the scaffold dome. Moreover, cells in the organoid core revealed a delayed treatment effect compared to cells in the organoid periphery, underscoring the impact of organoid size. These findings indicate that analysis of organoid drug responses needs careful interpretation and requires dedicated read-outs with consideration of underlying technical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Hemelryk
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.V.H.); (L.M.); (S.E.-S.)
| | - Lisanne Mout
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.V.H.); (L.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.V.H.); (L.M.); (S.E.-S.)
| | - Pim J. French
- Cancer Treatment Screening Facility, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.V.H.); (L.M.); (S.E.-S.)
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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11
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Konoshenko MY, Bryzgunova OE, Laktionov PP. miRNAs and androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188625. [PMID: 34534639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is mainly used for the treatment of advanced, metastatic or recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). However, patients progress to ADT resistance and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with a poor prognosis. Reliable validated markers of ADT resistance with proven clinical utility are necessary for timely correction of the therapy as well as for improvement of patient quality of life. MiRNAs involved in the ADT response and CRPC development via multiple mechanisms may act as biomarkers for patient outcomes. Available data on miRNAs associated with the ADT response (resistance and sensitivity) are summarized and analyzed in the manuscript, including analyses using bioinformatics resources. Molecular targets of miRNAs, as well as reciprocal relations between miRNAs and their targets, were studied using different databases. Special attention was dedicated to the mechanisms of ADT resistance and CRPC development, including testosterone, PI3K-AKT, VEGF pathways and associated genes. Several different approaches can be used to search for miRNAs associated with the ADT response, each of which focuses on the associated set of miRNAs - potential markers of ADT. The intersection of these approaches and combined analysis allowed us to select the most promising miRNA markers of the ADT response. Meta-analysis of the current data indicated that the selected 5 miRNAs (miRNAs - 125b, miR-21, miR-23b, miR-27b and miR-221) and 14 genes are involved in the regulation of key processes of CRPC development and represent the most promising predictors of the ADT response, further demonstrating their potential in combination therapy for advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yu Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Olga E Bryzgunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel P Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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12
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NanoBiT System and Hydrofurimazine for Optimized Detection of Viral Infection in Mice-A Novel in Vivo Imaging Platform. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165863. [PMID: 32824188 PMCID: PMC7461499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter genes are used to visualize intracellular biological phenomena, including viral infection. Here we demonstrate bioluminescent imaging of viral infection using the NanoBiT system in combination with intraperitoneal injection of a furimazine analogue, hydrofurimazine. This recently developed substrate has enhanced aqueous solubility allowing delivery of higher doses for in vivo imaging. The small high-affinity peptide tag (HiBiT), which is only 11 amino-acids in length, was engineered into a clinically used oncolytic adenovirus, and the complementary large protein (LgBiT) was constitutively expressed in tumor cells. Infection of the LgBiT expressing cells with the HiBiT oncolytic virus will reconstitute NanoLuc in the cytosol of the cell, providing strong bioluminescence upon treatment with substrate. This new bioluminescent system served as an early stage quantitative viral transduction reporter in vitro and also in vivo in mice, for longitudinal monitoring of oncolytic viral persistence in infected tumor cells. This platform provides novel opportunities for studying the biology of viruses in animal models.
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13
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BCAR4 activates GLI2 signaling in prostate cancer to contribute to castration resistance. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3702-3712. [PMID: 30513511 PMCID: PMC6326698 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found essential for tumorigenesis of prostate cancer (PC), but its role in the regulation of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is poorly identified. Here, we showed that a lncRNA, Breast-Cancer Anti-Estrogen Resistance 4 (BCAR4), which plays a pivotal role in the tamoxifen-resistance of breast cancer, was significantly upregulated in CRPC, but not in castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC), compared to normal prostate tissue. High BCAR4 levels in CRPC were correlated with poor patients' overall survival. Androgen increased growth and migration of androgen receptor (AR)-positive PC346 cells, which was abolished by the antagonist of androgen. Overexpression of BCAR4 in PC346 cells increased cell growth and migration, but turned the cells insensitive to androgen. On the other hand, growth and migration of AR-negative DU145 cells are insensitive to androgen, while depletion of BCAR4 in DU145 cells not only decreased cell growth, but also turned the cells sensitive again to androgen. Moreover, BCAR4 activated GLI2 downstream genes, and correlated with the levels of these GLI2-target genes in CRPC. Depletion of GLI2 abolished the effects of BCAR4 on cell growth and migration. Together, our data suggest that BCAR4 may activate GLI2 signaling in PC to contribute to castration resistance.
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14
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Ponnusamy S, He Y, Hwang DJ, Thiyagarajan T, Houtman R, Bocharova V, Sumpter BG, Fernandez E, Johnson D, Du Z, Pfeffer LM, Getzenberg RH, McEwan IJ, Miller DD, Narayanan R. Orally Bioavailable Androgen Receptor Degrader, Potential Next-Generation Therapeutic for Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6764-6780. [PMID: 31481513 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen receptor (AR)-targeting prostate cancer drugs, which are predominantly competitive ligand-binding domain (LBD)-binding antagonists, are inactivated by common resistance mechanisms. It is important to develop next-generation mechanistically distinct drugs to treat castration- and drug-resistant prostate cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Second-generation AR pan antagonist UT-34 was selected from a library of compounds and tested in competitive AR binding and transactivation assays. UT-34 was tested using biophysical methods for binding to the AR activation function-1 (AF-1) domain. Western blot, gene expression, and proliferation assays were performed in various AR-positive enzalutamide-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Pharmacokinetic and xenograft studies were performed in immunocompromised rats and mice. RESULTS UT-34 inhibits the wild-type and LBD-mutant ARs comparably and inhibits the in vitro proliferation and in vivo growth of enzalutamide-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer xenografts. In preclinical models, UT-34 induced the regression of enzalutamide-resistant tumors at doses when the AR is degraded; but, at lower doses, when the AR is just antagonized, it inhibits, without shrinking, the tumors. This indicates that degradation might be a prerequisite for tumor regression. Mechanistically, UT-34 promotes a conformation that is distinct from the LBD-binding competitive antagonist enzalutamide and degrades the AR through the ubiquitin proteasome mechanism. UT-34 has a broad safety margin and exhibits no cross-reactivity with G-protein-coupled receptor kinase and nuclear receptor family members. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, UT-34 exhibits the properties necessary for a next-generation prostate cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Rene Houtman
- PamGene International, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elias Fernandez
- Biochemistry and Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Molecular Bioinformatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ziyun Du
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Iain J McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
- West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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15
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Apalutamide Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Ionizing Radiation via Inhibition of Non-Homologous End-Joining DNA Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101593. [PMID: 31635359 PMCID: PMC6827010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen-deprivation therapy was shown to improve treatment outcome of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). DNA damage response (DDR) was suggested to play a role in the underlying mechanism, but conflicting results were reported. This study aims to reveal the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in EBRT-induced DDR and to investigate whether next-generation AR inhibitor apalutamide can radiosensitize PCa. PCa cell lines and tissue slices were treated with anti-androgen alone or combined with EBRT. The effect of treatments on cell growth, tissue viability, DDR, and cell cycle were investigated. RAD51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) levels were determined by Western blotting. Homologous recombination (HR) capacity was measured with the directed repeats-green fluorescent protein (DR-GFP) assay. We report the radiosensitizing effect of anti-androgens, which showed synergism in combination with EBRT in AR-expressing tumor slices and cell lines. Moreover, a compromised DDR was observed in AR-expressing cells upon AR suppression. We found that AR inhibition downregulated DNA-PKcs expression, resulting in reduced non-homologous end-joining repair. DDR through HR was a secondary effect due to cell-cycle change. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the combination regimen and support the clinical use of apalutamide together with EBRT for localized PCa patients.
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16
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Hwang DJ, He Y, Ponnusamy S, Mohler ML, Thiyagarajan T, McEwan IJ, Narayanan R, Miller DD. New Generation of Selective Androgen Receptor Degraders: Our Initial Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Compounds with Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 62:491-511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Michael L. Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
- GTx, Inc., Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Iain J. McEwan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, U.K
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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17
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18
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Cioni B, Nevedomskaya E, Melis MHM, van Burgsteden J, Stelloo S, Hodel E, Spinozzi D, de Jong J, van der Poel H, de Boer JP, Wessels LFA, Zwart W, Bergman AM. Loss of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes CCL2- and CXCL8-mediated cancer cell migration. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1308-1323. [PMID: 29808619 PMCID: PMC6068356 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are abundantly present in the prostate tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) which play a key role in cancer development. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is the main driver of prostate cancer (PCa) progression, and stromal cells in the TME also express AR. High‐grade tumor and poor clinical outcome are associated with low AR expression in the TME, which suggests a protective role of AR signaling in the stroma against PCa development. However, the mechanism of this relation is not clear. In this study, we isolated AR‐expressing CAF‐like cells. Testosterone (R1881) exposure did not affect CAF‐like cell morphology, proliferation, or motility. PCa cell growth was not affected by culturing in medium from R1881‐exposed CAF‐like cells; however, migration of PCa cells was inhibited. AR chromatin immune precipitation sequencing (ChIP‐seq) was performed and motif search suggested that AR in CAF‐like cells bound the chromatin through AP‐1‐elements upon R1881 exposure, inducing enhancer‐mediated AR chromatin interactions. The vast majority of chromatin binding sites in CAF‐like cells were unique and not shared with AR sites observed in PCa cell lines or tumors. AR signaling in CAF‐like cells decreased expression of multiple cytokines; most notably CCL2 and CXCL8 and both cytokines increased migration of PCa cells. These results suggest direct paracrine regulation of PCa cell migration by CAFs through AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cioni
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H M Melis
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van Burgsteden
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Stelloo
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Hodel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Spinozzi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jong
- Division of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van der Poel
- Division of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul de Boer
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, The Netherlands.,Faculty of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Andries M Bergman
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Matsuoka D, Watanabe H, Shimizu Y, Kimura H, Yagi Y, Kawai R, Ono M, Saji H. Structure–activity relationships of succinimidyl-Cys-C(O)-Glu derivatives with different near-infrared fluorophores as optical imaging probes for prostate-specific membrane antigen. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2291-2301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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A mononucleotide repeat in PRRT2 is an important, frequent target of mismatch repair deficiency in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6043-6056. [PMID: 27907910 PMCID: PMC5351611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system corrects DNA replication mismatches thereby contributing to the maintenance of genomic stability. MMR deficiency has been observed in prostate cancer but its impact on the genomic landscape of these tumours is not known. In order to identify MMR associated mutations in prostate cancer we have performed whole genome sequencing of the MMR deficient PC346C prostate cancer cell line. We detected a total of 1196 mutations in PC346C which was 1.5-fold higher compared to a MMR proficient prostate cancer sample (G089). Of all different mutation classes, frameshifts in mononucleotide repeat (MNR) sequences were significantly enriched in the PC346C sample. As a result, a selection of genes with frameshift mutations in MNR was further assessed regarding its mutational status in a comprehensive panel of prostate, ovarian, endometrial and colorectal cancer cell lines. We identified PRRT2 and DAB2IP to be frequently mutated in MMR deficient cell lines, colorectal and endometrial cancer patient samples. Further characterization of PRRT2 revealed an important role of this gene in cancer biology. Both normal prostate cell lines and a colorectal cancer cell line showed increased proliferation, migration and invasion when expressing the mutated form of PRRT2 (ΔPRRT2). The wild-type PRRT2 (PRRT2wt) had an inhibitory effect in proliferation, consistent with the low expression level of PRRT2 in cancer versus normal prostate samples.
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21
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Mout L, de Wit R, Stuurman D, Verhoef E, Mathijssen R, de Ridder C, Lolkema M, van Weerden W. Testosterone Diminishes Cabazitaxel Efficacy and Intratumoral Accumulation in a Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model. EBioMedicine 2018; 27:182-186. [PMID: 29276148 PMCID: PMC5828553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay of (metastatic) prostate cancer therapy. Ultimately, the AR pathway will be re-activated despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Thereby, maintaining its role even in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The recent STAMPEDE and CHAARTED trials showed that docetaxel in combination with ADT increased survival in hormone sensitive prostate cancer patients, suggesting cross-talk between AR signaling and chemotherapy efficacy. We hypothesized that a similar interaction may also apply for CRPC that is treated with cabazitaxel. We studied the impact of androgen status on the efficacy, pharmacodynamics and -kinetics of cabazitaxel in a unique and clinically relevant patient derived xenograft model of castration resistant disease. We found that cabazitaxel is highly effective in a castrate setting with strongly reduced AR activation, while tumor growth inhibition by cabazitaxel was completely abolished in the presence of high AR pathway activity. Moreover, additional experiments showed that intratumoral cabazitaxel levels were 3.5 times higher in tumors from castrated mice as compared to tumors from androgen-supplemented animals. We confirmed that cabazitaxel pharmacokinetics were not affected by testosterone, suggesting that androgen status might influence cabazitaxel tumor uptake directly. This study reveals the impact of androgen status on cabazitaxel efficacy and supports the potential of combination of taxane chemotherapeutics with AR axis targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Mout
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske van Weerden
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Matsuoka D, Watanabe H, Shimizu Y, Kimura H, Ono M, Saji H. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe based on succinimidyl-Cys-C(O)-Glu that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen for optical imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4876-4880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Lundqvist J, Tringali C, Oskarsson A. Resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs inhibit activation of both wild-type and T877A mutant androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:161-168. [PMID: 28888979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer growth and progression are mainly dependent on androgens and many current prostate cancer treatment options target the synthesis or function of androgens. We have previously reported that resveratrol and synthetic analogs of resveratrol with a higher bioavailability inhibit the synthesis of androgens in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Now we have studied the antiandrogenic properties of resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs in two different prostate cell lines; LNCaP and RWPE. LNCaP carry a T877A mutation in the androgen receptor while RWPE has a wild-type androgen receptor. We found that resveratrol, piceatannol and all studied analogs were able to inhibit a dihydrotestosterone-induced activation of the androgen receptor, showing that they act as antiandrogens. In LNCaP cells, all studied compounds were able to statistically significantly decrease the androgenic signaling in concentrations ≥1μM and the synthetic analogs trimethylresveratrol (RSVTM) and tetramethylpiceatannol (PICTM) were the most potent compounds. RWPE cells were not as responsive to the studied compounds as the LNCaP cells. A statistically significant decrease in the androgenic signaling was observed at concentrations ≤5μM for most compounds and RSVTM was found to be the most potent compound. Further, we studied the effects of resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs on the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in LNCaP cells and found that all studied compounds decreased the level of PSA and that the synthetic analogs diacetylresveratrol (RSVDA), triacetylresveratrol (RSVTA) and RSVTM were the most potent compounds, decreasing the PSA level by approx. 50% at concentrations ≥10μM. In a cell-free receptor binding assay we were unable to show binding of resveratrol or analogs to the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor, indicating that the observed effects are mediated via other mechanisms than direct ligand competition. We conclude that the resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs are highly interesting for chemoprevention of prostate cancer, since they have a high potency both as inhibitors of androgen synthesis and androgen receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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McClurg UL, Cork DMW, Darby S, Ryan-Munden CA, Nakjang S, Mendes Côrtes L, Treumann A, Gaughan L, Robson CN. Identification of a novel K311 ubiquitination site critical for androgen receptor transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1793-1804. [PMID: 27903893 PMCID: PMC5389688 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver of prostate cancer (PC) development and progression, and the primary therapeutic target in PC. To date, two functional ubiquitination sites have been identified on AR, both located in its C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD). Recent reports highlight the emergence of AR splice variants lacking the LBD that can arise during disease progression and contribute to castrate resistance. Here, we report a novel N-terminal ubiquitination site at lysine 311. Ubiquitination of this site plays a role in AR stability and is critical for its transcriptional activity. Inactivation of this site causes AR to accumulate on chromatin and inactivates its transcriptional function as a consequence of inability to bind to p300. Additionally, mutation at lysine 311 affects cellular transcriptome altering the expression of genes involved in chromatin organization, signaling, adhesion, motility, development and metabolism. Even though this site is present in clinically relevant AR-variants it can only be ubiquitinated in cells when AR retains LBD suggesting a role for AR C-terminus in E2/E3 substrate recognition. We report that as a consequence AR variants lacking the LBD cannot be ubiquitinated in the cellular environment and their protein turnover must be regulated via an alternate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula L McClurg
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David M W Cork
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Steven Darby
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Claudia A Ryan-Munden
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sirintra Nakjang
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leticia Mendes Côrtes
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Achim Treumann
- Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis, Devonshire Building, Devonshire Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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25
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Leach DA, Need EF, Toivanen R, Trotta AP, Palethorpe HM, Palenthorpe HM, Tamblyn DJ, Kopsaftis T, England GM, Smith E, Drew PA, Pinnock CB, Lee P, Holst J, Risbridger GP, Chopra S, DeFranco DB, Taylor RA, Buchanan G. Stromal androgen receptor regulates the composition of the microenvironment to influence prostate cancer outcome. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16135-50. [PMID: 25965833 PMCID: PMC4599261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling in stromal cells is important in prostate cancer, yet the mechanisms underpinning stromal AR contribution to disease development and progression remain unclear. Using patient-matched benign and malignant prostate samples, we show a significant association between low AR levels in cancer associated stroma and increased prostate cancer-related death at one, three and five years post-diganosis, and in tissue recombination models with primary prostate cancer cells that low stromal AR decreases castration-induced apoptosis. AR-regulation was found to be different in primary human fibroblasts isolated from adjacent to cancerous and non-cancerous prostate epithelia, and to represent altered activation of myofibroblast pathways involved in cell cycle, adhesion, migration, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Without AR signaling, the fibroblast-derived ECM loses the capacity to promote attachment of both myofibroblasts and cancer cells, is less able to prevent cell-matrix disruption, and is less likely to impede cancer cell invasion. AR signaling in prostate cancer stroma appears therefore to alter patient outcome by maintaining an ECM microenvironment inhibitory to cancer cell invasion. This paper provides comprehensive insight into AR signaling in the non-epithelial prostate microenvironment, and a resource from which the prognostic and therapeutic implications of stromal AR levels can be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eleanor F Need
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Department of Anatomy and Development, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P Trotta
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M Palethorpe
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M Palenthorpe
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Tina Kopsaftis
- Urology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, SA, Australia
| | - Georgina M England
- Department of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at Flinders Medical Centre, SA, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul A Drew
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology and Urology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Development, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Samarth Chopra
- Urology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, SA, Australia.,Department of Urology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and Garvan Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Development, Monash University, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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26
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Böttcher R, Hoogland AM, Dits N, Verhoef EI, Kweldam C, Waranecki P, Bangma CH, van Leenders GJLH, Jenster G. Novel long non-coding RNAs are specific diagnostic and prognostic markers for prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4036-50. [PMID: 25686826 PMCID: PMC4414171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers such as PSA are not optimal in distinguishing cancer from benign prostate diseases and predicting disease outcome. To discover additional biomarkers, we investigated PCa-specific expression of novel unannotated transcripts. Using the unique probe design of Affymetrix Human Exon Arrays, we identified 334 candidates (EPCATs), of which 15 were validated by RT-PCR. Combined into a diagnostic panel, 11 EPCATs classified 80% of PCa samples correctly, while maintaining 100% specificity. High specificity was confirmed by in situ hybridization for EPCAT4R966 and EPCAT2F176 (SChLAP1) on extensive tissue microarrays. Besides being diagnostic, EPCAT2F176 and EPCAT4R966 showed significant association with pT-stage and were present in PIN lesions. We also found EPCAT2F176 and EPCAT2R709 to be associated with development of metastases and PCa-related death, and EPCAT2F176 to be enriched in lymph node metastases. Functional significance of expression of 9 EPCATs was investigated by siRNA transfection, revealing that knockdown of 5 different EPCATs impaired growth of LNCaP and 22RV1 PCa cells. Only the minority of EPCATs appear to be controlled by androgen receptor or ERG. Although the underlying transcriptional regulation is not fully understood, the novel PCa-associated transcripts are new diagnostic and prognostic markers with functional relevance to prostate cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Böttcher
- Dept. of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept. of Bioinformatics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | | | - Natasja Dits
- Dept. of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Chris H Bangma
- Dept. of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Jenster
- Dept. of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Capturing complex tumour biology in vitro: histological and molecular characterisation of precision cut slices. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17187. [PMID: 26647838 PMCID: PMC4673528 DOI: 10.1038/srep17187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut slices of in vivo tumours permit interrogation in vitro of heterogeneous cells from solid tumours together with their native microenvironment. They offer a low throughput but high content in vitro experimental platform. Using mouse models as surrogates for three common human solid tumours, we describe a standardised workflow for systematic comparison of tumour slice cultivation methods and a tissue microarray-based method to archive them. Cultivated slices were compared to their in vivo source tissue using immunohistochemical and transcriptional biomarkers, particularly of cellular stress. Mechanical slicing induced minimal stress. Cultivation of tumour slices required organotypic support materials and atmospheric oxygen for maintenance of integrity and was associated with significant temporal and loco-regional changes in protein expression, for example HIF-1α. We recommend adherence to the robust workflow described, with recognition of temporal-spatial changes in protein expression before interrogation of tumour slices by pharmacological or other means.
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28
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Prencipe M, O’Neill A, O’Hurley G, Nguyen LK, Fabre A, Bjartell A, Gallagher WM, Morrissey C, Kay EW, Watson RW. Relationship between serum response factor and androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1704-17. [PMID: 26250344 PMCID: PMC4579008 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum response factor (SRF) is an important transcription factor in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Since CRPC is associated with androgen receptor (AR) hypersensitivity, we investigated the relationship between SRF and AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transcriptional activity was assessed by luciferase assay. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT and flow cytometry. Protein expression in patients was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS To investigate AR involvement in SRF response to androgen, AR expression was down-regulated using siRNA. This resulted in the abrogation of SRF induction post-DHT. Moreover, DHT stimulation failed to induce SRF transcriptional activity in AR-negative PC346 DCC cells, which was only restored following AR over-expression. Next, SRF expression was down-regulated by siRNA, resulting in AR increased transcriptional activity in castrate-resistant LNCaP Abl cells but not in the parental LNCaP. This negative feedback loop in the resistant cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry which showed a negative correlation between AR and SRF expression in CRPC bone metastases and a positive correlation in androgen-naïve prostatectomies. Cell proliferation was next assessed following SRF inhibition, demonstrating that SRF inhibition is more effective than AR inhibition in castrate-resistant cells. CONCLUSION Our data support SRF as a promising therapeutic target in combination with current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prencipe
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel:
+353 1716 6913,
| | - Amanda O’Neill
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian O’Hurley
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lan K. Nguyen
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent’s University Hospital,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital,
Malmö, Sweden
| | - William M. Gallagher
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, RCSI Education and Research Centre;
Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R William Watson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Cabazitaxel Remains Active in Patients Progressing After Docetaxel Followed by Novel Androgen Receptor Pathway Targeted Therapies. Eur Urol 2015; 68:228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Marques RB, Aghai A, de Ridder CMA, Stuurman D, Hoeben S, Boer A, Ellston RP, Barry ST, Davies BR, Trapman J, van Weerden WM. High Efficacy of Combination Therapy Using PI3K/AKT Inhibitors with Androgen Deprivation in Prostate Cancer Preclinical Models. Eur Urol 2014; 67:1177-1185. [PMID: 25220373 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is frequently activated during prostate cancer (PCa) progression through loss or mutation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. Following the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, it is the second major driver of PCa growth. OBJECTIVE To assess efficacy of novel PI3K/AKT-targeted therapies in PCa models, as a single agent and in combination with androgen deprivation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Twelve human PCa cell lines were tested in vitro for sensitivity to the AKT inhibitor AZD5363 and the PI3K beta/delta inhibitor AZD8186. The combination of AZD5363 and AZD8186 with castration was evaluated in vivo in PTEN-negative versus PTEN-positive patient-derived xenografts. Tumors and plasma were collected for biomarker analysis. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS In vitro growth inhibition was determined by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. In vivo efficacy was monitored by caliper measurements of subcutaneous tumor volume. PI3K/AKT and AR pathway activity was analyzed by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS AZD5363 and AZD8186 inhibited in vitro growth of 10 of 12 and 7 of 12 PCa cell lines, respectively, with increased sensitivity under androgen depletion. In vivo, AZD5363 and AZD8186 as single agents significantly inhibited growth of PTEN-negative PC346C xenografts compared to placebo by 60% and 66%, respectively. Importantly, combination of either agent with castration resulted in long-lasting tumor regression, which persisted after treatment cessation. Expression of AR-target genes kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3, also known as PSA); transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2); and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) was upregulated after PI3K/AKT inhibition. Neither compound inhibited tumor growth in the PTEN-positive PC310 model. CONCLUSIONS Combination with hormonal therapy improved efficacy of PI3K/AKT-targeted agents in PTEN-negative PCa models. Upregulation of AR-target genes upon PI3K/AKT inhibition suggests a compensatory crosstalk between the PI3K-AR pathways. These data strongly advocate for further clinical evaluation. PATIENT SUMMARY Inactivation of the PTEN gene is a common event promoting prostate cancer (PCa) progression. This preclinical study illustrates the potent anticancer activity of novel PTEN-targeted drugs on PCa models, particularly in combination with hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute B Marques
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ashraf Aghai
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M A de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Hoeben
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Boer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon T Barry
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Barry R Davies
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Leach DA, Need EF, Trotta AP, Grubisha MJ, DeFranco DB, Buchanan G. Hic-5 influences genomic and non-genomic actions of the androgen receptor in prostate myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:185-99. [PMID: 24440747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive knowledge of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in cancer cells, but less regarding androgen action in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment. We report here the genome-wide effects of a stromal cell specific molecular adapter and AR coregulator, hydrogen peroxide-inducible gene 5 (Hic-5/TGFB1I1), on AR function in prostate myofibroblasts. Following androgen stimulation, Hic-5 rapidly translocates to the nucleus, coincident with increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. As a coregulator, Hic-5 acted to amplify or inhibit regulation of approximately 50% of AR target genes, affected androgen regulation of growth, cell adhesion, motility and invasion. These data suggest Hic-5 as a transferable adaptor between focal adhesions and the nucleus of prostate myofibroblasts, where it acts a key mediator of the specificity and sensitivity of AR signaling. We propose a model in which Hic-5 coordinates AR signaling with adhesion and extracellular matrix contacts to regulate cell behavior in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Cancer Biology Group, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eleanor F Need
- Cancer Biology Group, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew P Trotta
- Cancer Biology Group, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melanie J Grubisha
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Grant Buchanan
- Cancer Biology Group, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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32
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Next-generation sequencing reveals novel rare fusion events with functional implication in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:568-77. [PMID: 24488012 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene fusions, mainly between TMPRSS2 and ERG, are frequent early genomic rearrangements in prostate cancer (PCa). In order to discover novel genomic fusion events, we applied whole-genome paired-end sequencing to identify structural alterations present in a primary PCa patient (G089) and in a PCa cell line (PC346C). Overall, we identified over 3800 genomic rearrangements in each of the two samples as compared with the reference genome. Correcting these structural variations for polymorphisms using whole-genome sequences of 46 normal samples, the numbers of cancer-related rearrangements were 674 and 387 for G089 and PC346C, respectively. From these, 192 in G089 and 106 in PC346C affected gene structures. Exclusion of small intronic deletions left 33 intergenic breaks in G089 and 14 in PC346C. Out of these, 12 and 9 reassembled genes with the same orientation, capable of generating a feasible fusion transcript. Using PCR we validated all the reliable predicted gene fusions. Two gene fusions were in-frame: MPP5-FAM71D in PC346C and ARHGEF3-C8ORF38 in G089. Downregulation of FAM71D and MPP5-FAM71D transcripts in PC346C cells decreased proliferation; however, no effect was observed in the RWPE-1-immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells. Together, our data showed that gene rearrangements frequently occur in PCa genomes but result in a limited number of fusion transcripts. Most of these fusion transcripts do not encode in-frame fusion proteins. The unique in-frame MPP5-FAM71D fusion product is important for proliferation of PC346C cells.
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33
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van Soest RJ, van Royen ME, de Morrée ES, Moll JM, Teubel W, Wiemer EAC, Mathijssen RHJ, de Wit R, van Weerden WM. Cross-resistance between taxanes and new hormonal agents abiraterone and enzalutamide may affect drug sequence choices in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3821-30. [PMID: 24200698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment options for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have expanded in recent years with the introduction of cabazitaxel, abiraterone and enzalutamide. With new systemic therapies available, the optimal treatment sequence of these drugs in mCRPC becomes increasingly important. As shown recently, patients who had previously been treated with abiraterone showed impaired responses to docetaxel, suggesting clinical cross-resistance [1]. In the present study, we aimed to identify cross-resistance between taxanes (docetaxel and cabazitaxel) and the new hormonal agents abiraterone and enzalutamide. As a potential mechanism for cross-resistance, we investigated the effects on androgen receptor (AR) nuclear translocation of these compounds. METHODS To identify cross-resistance, we determined the effects of docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone and enzalutamide on cell viability in prostate cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide. Time-lapse confocal microscopy was used to study the dynamics of AR nuclear translocation. RESULTS We observed impaired efficacy of docetaxel, cabazitaxel and enzalutamide in the abiraterone-resistant cell line, compared to the non-resistant cell line, providing evidence for in vitro cross-resistance. Impaired efficacy of docetaxel, cabazitaxel and abiraterone was observed in the enzalutamide-resistant cell line. Furthermore, docetaxel and cabazitaxel inhibited AR nuclear translocation, which was also observed for abiraterone and enzalutamide. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion we found substantial preclinical evidence for cross-resistance between the taxanes docetaxel and cabazitaxel, and AR targeting agents abiraterone and enzalutamide. Since these compounds all interfere with AR-signalling, this strongly suggests a common mechanism of action, and thus a potential mechanism for cross-resistance in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J van Soest
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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34
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Chang C, Lee SO, Yeh S, Chang TM. Androgen receptor (AR) differential roles in hormone-related tumors including prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast and liver. Oncogene 2013; 33:3225-34. [PMID: 23873027 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in many cell types and the androgen/AR signaling has been found to have important roles in modulating tumorigenesis and metastasis in several cancers including prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast and liver. However, whether AR has differential roles in the individual cells within these tumors that contain a variety of cell types remains unclear. Generation of AR knockout (ARKO) mouse models with deletion of AR in selective cells within tumors indeed have uncovered many unique AR roles in the individual cell types during cancer development and progression. This review will discuss the results obtained from various ARKO mice and different human cell lines with special attention to the cell type- and tissue-specific ARKO models. The understanding of various results showing the AR indeed has distinct and contrasting roles in each cell type within many hormone-related tumors (as stimulator in bladder, kidney and lung metastases vs as suppressor in prostate and liver metastases) may eventually help us to develop better therapeutic approaches by targeting the AR or its downstream signaling in individual cell types to better battle these hormone-related tumors in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chang
- 1] George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA [2] Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S O Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T M Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Sampson N, Neuwirt H, Puhr M, Klocker H, Eder IE. In vitro model systems to study androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R49-64. [PMID: 23447570 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common causes of male cancer-related death in Western nations. The cellular response to androgens is mediated via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-inducible transcription factor whose dysregulation plays a key role during PCa development and progression following androgen deprivation therapy, the current mainstay systemic treatment for advanced PCa. Thus, a better understanding of AR signaling and new strategies to abrogate AR activity are essential for improved therapeutic intervention. Consequently, a large number of experimental cell culture models have been established to facilitate in vitro investigations into the role of AR signaling in PCa development and progression. These different model systems mimic distinct stages of this heterogeneous disease and exhibit differences with respect to AR expression/status and androgen responsiveness. Technological advances have facilitated the development of in vitro systems that more closely reflect the physiological setting, for example via the use of three-dimensional coculture to study the interaction of prostate epithelial cells with the stroma, endothelium, immune system and tissue matrix environment. This review provides an overview of the most commonly used in vitro cell models currently available to study AR signaling with particular focus on their use in addressing key questions relating to the development and progression of PCa. It is hoped that the continued development of in vitro models will provide more biologically relevant platforms for mechanistic studies, drug discovery and design ensuring a more rapid transfer of knowledge from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Tan IDA, Ricciardelli C, Russell DL. The metalloproteinase ADAMTS1: a comprehensive review of its role in tumorigenic and metastatic pathways. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2263-76. [PMID: 23444028 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As it was first characterized in 1997, the ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin motifs) metalloprotease family has been associated with many physiological and pathological conditions. Of the 19 proteases belonging to this family, considerable attention has been devoted to the role of its first member ADAMTS1 in cancer. Elevated ADAMTS1 promotes pro-tumorigenic changes such as increased tumor cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and altered vascularization. Importantly, it facilitates significant peritumoral remodeling of the extracellular matrix environment to promote tumor progression and metastasis. However, discrepancy exists, as several studies also depict ADAMTS1 as a tumor suppressor. This article reviews the current understanding of ADAMTS1 regulation and the consequence of its dysregulation in primary cancer and ADAMTS1-mediated pathways of cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izza de Arao Tan
- Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Univeristy of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Jadvar H. Imaging evaluation of prostate cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT: utility and limitations. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40 Suppl 1:S5-10. [PMID: 23429934 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major public health problem in developed countries. The remarkable biological and clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer provides unique opportunities as well as challenges for the diagnostic imaging evaluation of this prevalent disease. The disease is characterized by a natural history that ranges from localized slowly growing hormone-dependent tumor progressing to metastatic hormone-refractory disease. PET is an ideal imaging tool for noninvasive interrogation of the underlying tumor biology. (18)F-FDG is the most common PET radiotracer used for oncological applications based upon elevated glucose metabolism in malignant tissue in comparison to normal tissue. FDG uptake in prostate cancer depends on tumor differentiation with low accumulation in well-differentiated tumors and high uptake in aggressive poorly differentiated tumors. Cumulative current evidence suggests that FDG PET may be useful in detection of disease in a small fraction of patients with biochemical recurrence, in the imaging evaluation of extent and treatment response in metastatic disease and in prediction of patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jadvar
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 102, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
KCNMA1 encodes the α-subunit of the large conductance, voltage and Ca2+-activated (BK) potassium channel and has been reported as a target gene of genomic amplification at 10q22 in prostate cancer. To investigate the prevalence of the amplification in other human cancers, the copy number of KCNMA1 was analyzed by fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization (FISH) in 2,445 tumors across 118 different tumor types. Amplification of KCNMA1 was restricted to a small but distinct fraction of breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer with the highest prevalence in invasive ductal breast cancers and serous carcinoma of ovary and endometrium (3–7%). We performed an extensive analysis on breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMA) of 1,200 tumors linked to prognosis. KCNMA1 amplification was significantly associated with high tumor stage, high grade, high tumor cell proliferation, and poor prognosis. Immunofluorescence revealed moderate or strong KCNMA1 protein expression in 8 out of 9 human breast cancers and in the breast cancer cell line MFM223. KCNMA1-function in breast cancer cell lines was confirmed by whole-cell patch clamp recordings and proliferation assays, using siRNA-knockdown, BK channel activators such as 17ß-estradiol and the BK-channel blocker paxilline. Our findings revealed that enhanced expression of KCNMA1 correlates with and contributes to high proliferation rate and malignancy of breast cancer.
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Vinall RL, Mahaffey CM, Davis RR, Luo Z, Gandour-Edwards R, Ghosh PM, Tepper CG, de Vere White RW. Dual blockade of PKA and NF-κB inhibits H2 relaxin-mediated castrate-resistant growth of prostate cancer sublines and induces apoptosis. Discov Oncol 2011; 2:224-38. [PMID: 21789713 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-011-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that H2 relaxin (RLN2) facilitates castrate-resistant (CR) growth of prostate cancer (CaP) cells through PI3K/Akt/β-catenin-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. As inhibition of this pathway caused only ~50% reduction in CR growth, the goal of the current study was to identify additional RLN2-activated pathways that contribute to CR growth. Next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome and gene ontology analyses comparing LNCaP stably transfected with RLN2 versus LNCaP-vector identified differential expression of genes associated with cell proliferation (12.7% of differentially expressed genes), including genes associated with the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathways. Subsequent molecular analyses confirmed that the cAMP/PKA and NF-κB pathways play a role in facilitating H2 relaxin-mediated CR growth of CaP cells. Inhibition of PKA-attenuated RLN2-mediated AR activity inhibited proliferation and caused a small but significant increase in apoptosis. Combined inhibition of the PKA and NF-κB signaling pathways via inhibition of PKA and Akt induced significant apoptosis and dramatically reduced clonogenic potential, outperforming docetaxel, the standard of care treatment for CR CaP. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays in combination with multispectral quantitative imaging comparing RLN2 levels in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and CaP determined that RLN2 is significantly upregulated in CaP vs BPH (p = 0.002). The combined data indicate RLN2 overexpression is frequent in CaP patients and provides a growth advantage to CaP cells. A near-complete inhibition of RLN2-induced CR growth can be achieved by simultaneous blockade of both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Vinall
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine and Cancer Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Marques RB, Dits NF, Erkens-Schulze S, van IJcken WFJ, van Weerden WM, Jenster G. Modulation of androgen receptor signaling in hormonal therapy-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23144. [PMID: 21829708 PMCID: PMC3150397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate epithelial cells depend on androgens for survival and function. In (early) prostate cancer (PCa) androgens also regulate tumor growth, which is exploited by hormonal therapies in metastatic disease. The aim of the present study was to characterize the androgen receptor (AR) response in hormonal therapy-resistant PC346 cells and identify potential disease markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Human 19K oligoarrays were used to establish the androgen-regulated expression profile of androgen-responsive PC346C cells and its derivative therapy-resistant sublines: PC346DCC (vestigial AR levels), PC346Flu1 (AR overexpression) and PC346Flu2 (T877A AR mutation). In total, 107 transcripts were differentially-expressed in PC346C and derivatives after R1881 or hydroxyflutamide stimulations. The AR-regulated expression profiles reflected the AR modifications of respective therapy-resistant sublines: AR overexpression resulted in stronger and broader transcriptional response to R1881 stimulation, AR down-regulation correlated with deficient response of AR-target genes and the T877A mutation resulted in transcriptional response to both R1881 and hydroxyflutamide. This AR-target signature was linked to multiple publicly available cell line and tumor derived PCa databases, revealing that distinct functional clusters were differentially modulated during PCa progression. Differentiation and secretory functions were up-regulated in primary PCa but repressed in metastasis, whereas proliferation, cytoskeletal remodeling and adhesion were overexpressed in metastasis. Finally, the androgen-regulated genes ENDOD1, MCCC2 and ACSL3 were selected as potential disease markers for RT-PCR quantification in a distinct set of human prostate specimens. ENDOD1 and ACSL3 showed down-regulation in high-grade and metastatic PCa, while MCCC2 was overexpressed in low-grade PCa. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE AR modifications altered the transcriptional response to (anti)androgens in therapy-resistant cells. Furthermore, selective down-regulation of genes involved in differentiation and up-regulation of genes promoting proliferation and invasion suggest a disturbed balance between the growth and differentiation functions of the AR pathway during PCa progression. These findings may have implications in the current treatment and development of novel therapeutical approaches for metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute B. Marques
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja F. Dits
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Emonds KM, Swinnen JV, van Weerden WM, Vanderhoydonc F, Nuyts J, Mortelmans L, Mottaghy FM. Do androgens control the uptake of 18F-FDG, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate in human prostate cancer cell lines? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1842-53. [PMID: 21732108 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of androgen ablation therapy in different prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines--reflecting different stages of the disease--on (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 11C-choline and 11C-acetate uptake. METHODS Uptake experiments were performed in androgen-sensitive (LNCaP, PC346C) and independent cell lines (22Rv1, PC346DCC, PC-3) as well as in a benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-1) cell line. Tracer uptake was assessed under androgen ablation. Results of the cancer cell lines were normalized to those of BPH-1. To evaluate the effect of androgen on the uptake of 18F-FDG, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate in PCa cell lines, 10(-8) M R1881, 10(-10) M R1881, the combination of 10(-10) M R1881 plus 10(-6) M Casodex or 10(-6) M Casodex alone were added in parallel cell cultures 1 day before uptake experiments. Uptake in androgen-supplemented cell cultures was compared to the uptake under androgen deprivation. Uptake was corrected for cell number using protein content. RESULTS Compared to BPH-1, a higher 18F-FDG uptake was observed only in PC346C cells, whereas a higher 11C-choline and markedly increased 11C-acetate uptake was seen in all cancer cell lines. Androgens significantly modulated the uptake of 18F-FDG in LNCaP, PC346C and 22Rv1 cells, and of 11C-choline in the PC346C and 22Rv1 cell line. No androgenic effect on 11C-choline and 18F-FDG uptake was observed in PC-3 and PC346DCC cells. 11C-Acetate uptake was independent of androgen status in all PCa cell lines studied. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG uptake in PCa cell lines showed the highest variability and strongest androgen effect, suggesting its poor potential for metabolic imaging of advanced PCa. In contrast to 18F-FDG and 11C-choline, 11C-acetate uptake was unaffected by androgens and thus 11C-acetate seems best for monitoring PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimy M Emonds
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Shi XB, Xue L, Ma AH, Tepper CG, Kung HJ, deVere White RW. miR-125b promotes growth of prostate cancer xenograft tumor through targeting pro-apoptotic genes. Prostate 2011; 71:538-49. [PMID: 20886540 PMCID: PMC3017658 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence demonstrates that aberrantly regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the initiation and progression of human cancer. We previously have demonstrated that miR-125b stimulated the growth of prostate cancer (CaP) cells. In this study, we further determined the influence of miR-125b on the pathogenesis of CaP. METHODS To evaluate the effect of miR-125b on xenograft tumor growth, male athymic mice were subcutaneously injected with PC-346C-miR-125b cells that stably overexpressed miR-125b. Potential direct target transcripts of miR-125b were identified using a bioinformatics approach and three miR-125b targeted molecules were confirmed by means of biochemical analyses. RESULTS Enforced expression of miR-125b promoted tumor growth in both intact and castrated male nude mice. In an effort to define the molecular mechanism(s) mediating its tumor growth properties, we found that miR-125b directly targets eight transcripts, including three key pro-apoptotic genes: p53, Puma, and Bak1. Increasing the abundance of miR-125b resulted in a dramatic decrease in the levels of these three proteins in CaP cells. A direct repressive effect on each of these was supported by the ability of miR-125b to significantly reduce the activity of luciferase reporters containing their 3'-untranslated regions of each gene encompassing the miR-125b-binding sites. Additionally, we found that repression of miR-125b activity was able to sensitize CaP cells to different therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSION Data obtained in this study demonstrate that miR-125b promotes growth of prostatic xenograft tumors by down-regulating three key pro-apoptotic genes. This suggests that miR-125b is oncogenic and makes it an attractive therapeutic target in CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bao Shi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lingru Xue
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Clifford G. Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ralph W. deVere White
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Marques RB, Dits NF, Erkens-Schulze S, van Weerden WM, Jenster G. Bypass mechanisms of the androgen receptor pathway in therapy-resistant prostate cancer cell models. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13500. [PMID: 20976069 PMCID: PMC2957443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is initially dependent on androgens for survival and growth, making hormonal therapy the cornerstone treatment for late-stage tumors. However, despite initial remission, the cancer will inevitably recur. The present study was designed to investigate how androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells eventually survive and resume growth under androgen-deprived and antiandrogen supplemented conditions. As model system, we used the androgen-responsive PC346C cell line and its therapy-resistant sublines: PC346DCC, PC346Flu1 and PC346Flu2. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Microarray technology was used to analyze differences in gene expression between the androgen-responsive and therapy-resistant PC346 cell lines. Microarray analysis revealed 487 transcripts differentially-expressed between the androgen-responsive and the therapy-resistant cell lines. Most of these genes were common to all three therapy-resistant sublines and only a minority (∼5%) was androgen-regulated. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in functions involving cellular movement, cell growth and cell death, as well as association with cancer and reproductive system disease. PC346DCC expressed residual levels of androgen receptor (AR) and showed significant down-regulation of androgen-regulated genes (p-value = 10(-7)). Up-regulation of VAV3 and TWIST1 oncogenes and repression of the DKK3 tumor-suppressor was observed in PC346DCC, suggesting a potential AR bypass mechanism. Subsequent validation of these three genes in patient samples confirmed that expression was deregulated during prostate cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Therapy-resistant growth may result from adaptations in the AR pathway, but androgen-independence may also be achieved by alternative survival mechanisms. Here we identified TWIST1, VAV3 and DKK3 as potential players in the bypassing of the AR pathway, making them good candidates as biomarkers and novel therapeutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute B. Marques
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja F. Dits
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Maitland N, Chambers K, Georgopoulos L, Simpson-Holley M, Leadley R, Evans H, Essand M, Danielsson A, van Weerden W, de Ridder C, Kraaij R, Bangma CH. Gene Transfer Vectors Targeted to Human Prostate Cancer: Do We Need Better Preclinical Testing Systems? Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:815-27. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Maitland
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Chambers
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Georgopoulos
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Simpson-Holley
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Leadley
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Evans
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Essand
- Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelika Danielsson
- Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wytske van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Schroten C, Kraaij R, Veldhoven JL, Berrevoets CA, den Bakker MA, Ma Q, Sadelain M, Bangma CH, Willemsen RA, Debets R. T cell activation upon exposure to patient-derived tumor tissue: A functional assay to select patients for adoptive T cell therapy. J Immunol Methods 2010; 359:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lopez-Barcons LA. Serially heterotransplanted human prostate tumours as an experimental model. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1385-95. [PMID: 19874422 PMCID: PMC3829006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
* Introduction * Serially heterotransplanted human tumours in immunosuppressed mice: similarity to the tumour of origin - Cytological and histological analysis - Karyotype - Marker expression - Other PC markers - Tumour cell proliferation and frequency of mitosis - Vasculature - Stromal compartment - Heterotransplant hormone dependency - Androgen dependent - Partially androgen dependent - Androgen independent - Metastases * Conclusions Preclinical research on prostate cancer (PC) therapies uses several models to represent the human disease accurately. A common model uses patient prostate tumour biopsies to develop a cell line by serially passaging and subsequent implantation, in immunodeficient mice. An alternative model is direct implantation of patient prostate tumour biopsies into immunodeficient mice, followed by serial passage in vivo. The purpose of this review is to compile data from the more than 30 years of human PC serial heterotransplantation research. Serially heterotransplanted tumours are characterized by evaluating the histopathology of the resulting heterotransplants, including cellular differentiation, karyotype, marker expression, hormone sensitivity, cellular proliferation, metastatic potential and stromal and vascular components. These data are compared with the initial patient tumour specimen and, depending on available information, the patient's clinical outcome was compared with the heterotransplanted tumour. The heterotansplant model is a more accurate preclinical model than older generation serially passaged or genetic models to investigate current and newly developed androgen-deprivation agents, antitumour compounds, anti-angiogenic drugs and positron emission tomography radiotracers, as well as new therapeutic regimens for the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis-A Lopez-Barcons
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Differential androgen receptor signals in different cells explain why androgen-deprivation therapy of prostate cancer fails. Oncogene 2010; 29:3593-604. [PMID: 20440270 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related death in the western world. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for the suppression of androgens binding to the androgen receptor (AR) has been the norm of prostate cancer treatment. Despite early success to suppress prostate tumor growth, ADT eventually fails leading to recurrent tumor growth in a hormone-refractory manner, even though AR remains to function in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Interestingly, some prostate cancer survivors who received androgen replacement therapy had improved quality of life without adverse effect on their cancer progression. These contrasting clinical data suggest that differential androgen/AR signals in individual cells of prostate tumors can exist in the same or different patients, and may be used to explain why ADT of prostate cancer fails. Such a hypothesis is supported by the results obtained from transgenic mice with selective knockout of AR in prostatic stromal vs epithelial cells and orthotopic transplants of various human prostate cancer cell lines with AR over-expression or knockout. These studies concluded that AR functions as a stimulator for prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis in stromal cells, as a survival factor of prostatic cancer epithelial luminal cells, and as a suppressor for prostate cancer basal intermediate cell growth and metastasis. These dual yet opposite functions of the stromal and epithelial AR may challenge the current ADT to battle prostate cancer and should be taken into consideration when developing new AR-targeting therapies in selective prostate cancer cells.
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Narizhneva NV, Tararova ND, Ryabokon P, Shyshynova I, Prokvolit A, Komarov PG, Purmal AA, Gudkov AV, Gurova KV. Small molecule screening reveals a transcription-independent pro-survival function of androgen receptor in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:4155-67. [PMID: 19946220 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.24.10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PCa) patients, initial responsiveness to androgen deprivation therapy is frequently followed by relapse due to development of treatment-resistant androgen-independent PCa. This is typically associated with acquisition of mutations in AR that allow activity as a transcription factor in the absence of ligand, indicating that androgen-independent PCa remains dependent on AR function. Our strategy to effectively target AR in androgen-independent PCa involved using a cell-based readout to isolate small molecules that inhibit AR transactivation function through mechanisms other than modulation of ligand binding. A number of the identified inhibitors were toxic to AR-expressing PCa cells regardless of their androgen dependence. Among these, some only suppressed PCa cell growth (ARTIS), while others induced cell death (ARTIK). ARTIK, but not ARTIS, compounds caused disappearance of AR protein from treated cells. siRNA against AR behaved like ARTIK compounds, while a dominant negative AR mutant that prevents AR-mediated transactivation but does not eliminate the protein showed only a growth suppressive effect. These observations reveal a transcription-independent function of AR that is essential for PCa cell viability and, therefore, is an ideal target for anti-PCa treatment. Indeed, several of the identified AR inhibitors demonstrated in vivo efficacy in mouse models of PCa and are candidates for pharmacologic optimization.
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Féau C, Arnold LA, Kosinski A, Zhu F, Connelly M, Guy RK. Novel flufenamic acid analogues as inhibitors of androgen receptor mediated transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:834-43. [PMID: 19645433 PMCID: PMC2763043 DOI: 10.1021/cb900143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), which mediates the signals of androgens, plays a crucial role in prostate-related diseases. Although widely used, currently marketed anti-androgenic drugs have significant side effects. Several studies have revealed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as flufenamic acid, block AR transcriptional activity. Herein we describe the development of small molecule analogues of flufenamic acid that antagonize AR. This novel class of AR inhibitors binds to the hormone binding site, blocks AR transcription activity, and acts on AR target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Féau
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Aaron Kosinski
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fangyi Zhu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michele Connelly
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - R. Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Mellado B, Codony J, Ribal MJ, Visa L, Gascón P. Molecular biology of androgen-independent prostate cancer: the role of the androgen receptor pathway. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11:5-10. [PMID: 19155198 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) cells express the androgen receptor (AR) and need the presence of androgens to survive. Androgen suppression is the gold standard first-line therapy for metastatic disease. Almost all PC patients initially respond to hormonal therapy, but most of them gradually develop resistance to castration. There is evidence that these tumours that are considered castration-resistant continue to depend on AR signalling. Several mechanisms that enhance AR signalling in an androgen-depleted environment have been elucidated: (1) AR mutations that allow activation by low androgen levels or by other endogenous steroids, (2) AR amplification and/or overexpression, (3) increased local intracrine synthesis of androgens, (4) changes in AR cofactors and (5) cross-talk with cytokines and growth factors. Today, there are a number of novel agents targeting the AR signalling pathway under development, including more effective antiandrogens; inhibitors of CYP17, inhibitors of HSP90, inhibitors of histone deacetylases and inhibitors of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, ICMHO, Laboratory of Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
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