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A Tuft Cell-Like Signature Is Highly Prevalent in Thymic Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Delineates New Molecular Subsets Among the Major Lung Cancer Histotypes. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:1003-1016. [PMID: 33609752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In-depth genomic characterization of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), comprising thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs), failed to identify targetable mutations and suggested unique biology of TETs, including KIT expression in most TCs. Recently, tuft cell-like medullary thymic epithelial cells were identified in the murine thymus, and our reanalysis of the published gene expression data revealed that these cells express KIT. In addition, recently, a minor subset of SCLCs with tuft cell-like features was described. METHODS We interrogated mRNA expression data from our tumor cohorts (N = 60) and publicly available, independent data sets from TETs and NSCLC (N = 1199) for expression of tuft cell genes and KIT. Expression of KIT and of POU2F3 protein, the master regulator of tuft cells, was analyzed in cancer tissue (N = 344) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Normal human thymic tuft cells and most TCs coexpressed KIT and known tuft cell genes, particularly POU2F3 and GFI1B. Unexpectedly, small subsets of tuft cell-like tumors coexpressing POU2F3, GFI1B, and KIT were also identified among pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and clustered together in each histologic cohort. In addition to the tuft cell-like signature, both thymic and lung tuft cell-like carcinomas had distinct genetic, pathologic, and clinical features in each cohort. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the tuft cell-like phenotype defines novel subsets of thymic and pulmonary carcinoma. Its high prevalence in thymic squamous cell carcinomas that have no known toxic or viral etiologies suggests a new mechanism of carcinogenesis that may lead to specific drug susceptibilities.
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Jeong JH, Pyo JS, Kim NY, Kang DW. Diagnostic Roles of Immunohistochemistry in Thymic Tumors: Differentiation between Thymic Carcinoma and Thymoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E460. [PMID: 32640732 PMCID: PMC7399973 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aims to evaluate the diagnostic roles of various immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in thymic tumors, including thymic carcinoma (TC) and thymoma (TM). Methods: Eligible studies were obtained by searching the PubMed databases and screening the searched articles. Thirty-eight articles were used in the present meta-analysis and included 636 TCs and 1861 TMs. Besides, for IHC markers with statistical significance, a diagnostic test accuracy review was performed. Results: The comparison of various IHC expressions between TC and TM was performed for 32 IHC markers. Among these IHC markers, there were significant differences between TC and TM for beta-5t, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), calretinin, CD1a, CD5, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin19 (CK19), CD117, glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), mesothelin, MOC31, mucin1 (MUC1), p21, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Markers with higher expressions in TCs were Bcl-2, calretinin, CD5, CEA, CD117, Glut-1, IGF-1R, mesothelin, MOC31, MUC1, and p21. Among these markers, there were no significant differences between TC and TM type B3 in immunohistochemistries for Bcl-2 and CK19. On the other hand, β-catenin and CD205 showed a considerable difference in IHC expressions between TC and TM type B3, but not between TC and overall TM. In diagnostic test accuracy review, MUC1 and beta-5t were the most useful markers for TC and TM, respectively. Conclusions: Taken together, our results showed that the expression rates for various IHC markers significantly differed between TC and TM. The IHC panel can be useful for differentiation from limited biopsied specimens in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Han Jeong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61453, Korea;
| | - Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon Eulji University Hospial, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea;
| | - Nae-Yu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea;
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa Street, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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Kim IK, Rao G, Zhao X, Fan R, Avantaggiati ML, Wang Y, Zhang YW, Giaccone G. Mutant GTF2I induces cell transformation and metabolic alterations in thymic epithelial cells. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2263-2279. [PMID: 32034314 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) is poorly understood. Recently we reported the frequent occurrence of a missense mutation in the GTF2I gene in TETs and hypothesized that GTF2I mutation might contribute to thymic tumorigenesis. Expression of mutant TFII-I altered the transcriptome of normal thymic epithelial cells and upregulated several oncogenic genes. Gtf2i L424H knockin cells exhibited cell transformation, aneuploidy, and increase tumor growth and survival under glucose deprivation or DNA damage. Gtf2i mutation also increased the expression of several glycolytic enzymes, cyclooxygenase-2, and caused modifications of lipid metabolism. Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression by Gtf2i mutation was required for survival under metabolic stress and cellular transformation of thymic epithelial cells. Our findings identify GTF2I mutation as a new oncogenic driver that is responsible for transformation of thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyu Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Guanhua Rao
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Ruzong Fan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Maria Laura Avantaggiati
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yisong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Basic and Mechanistic Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCAIH), NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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KRAS, EGFR, PDGFR-α, KIT and COX-2 status in carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE). Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:116. [PMID: 24934485 PMCID: PMC4078982 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CASTLE (Carcinoma showing thymus-like elements) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the thyroid resembling lymphoepithelioma-like and squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus with different biological behaviour and a better prognosis than anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. Methods We retrospectively investigated 6 cases of this very rare neoplasm in order to investigate the mutational status of KRAS, EGFR, PDGFR-α and KIT, as well as the immunohistochemical expression pattern of CD117, EGFR and COX-2, and possibly find new therapeutic targets. Results Diagnosis was confirmed by a moderate to strong expression of CD5, CD117 and CK5/6, whereas thyroglobulin, calcitonin and TTF-1 were negative in all cases. Tumors were also positive for COX-2 and in nearly all cases for EGFR. In four cases single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be detected in exon 12 of the PDGFR-α gene (rs1873778), in three cases SNPs were found in exon 20 of the EGFR gene (rs1050171). No mutations were found in the KIT and KRAS gene. Conclusions All tumors showed a COX-2 expression as well as an EGFR expression except for one case and a wild-type KRAS status. No activating mutations in the EGFR, KIT and PDGFR-α gene could be detected. Our data may indicate a potential for targeted therapies, but if these therapeutic strategies are of benefit in CASTLE remains to be determined. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1658499296115016
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Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms: A 12-Year Canadian Regional Cancer Program Experience. Clin Lung Cancer 2014; 15:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rashid OM, Cassano AD, Takabe K. Thymic neoplasm: a rare disease with a complex clinical presentation. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:173-83. [PMID: 23585946 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thymic neoplasms constitute a broad category of rare lesions with a wide spectrum of pathologic characteristics and clinical presentations which therefore require a high index of suspicion to diagnose. The natural history of the disease is seldom predictable, anywhere from an indolent to an aggressively malignant course. Although the classification and staging of these lesions are complex and controversial, complete radical surgical resection remains the gold standard of therapy. Radiation and chemotherapy are important elements of the multimodality approach to treating these patients and it is important for thoracic surgeons to work closely with their colleagues in other disciplines in the management of and future research endeavors in thymic neoplasm. In this review, we discuss the evaluation of the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, the classification and staging of thymic neoplasms, the role of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy in treating this disease, as well as future directions in research for novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Rashid
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Radiation induced COX-2 expression and mutagenesis at non-targeted lung tissues of gpt delta transgenic mice. Br J Cancer 2012; 108:91-8. [PMID: 23321513 PMCID: PMC3553512 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although radiation-induced bystander effects have been confirmed using a variety of endpoints, the mechanism(s) underlying these effects are not well understood, especially for in vivo study. METHODS A 1-cm(2) area (1 cm × 1 cm) in the lower abdominal region of gpt delta transgenic mice was irradiated with 5 Gy of 300 keV X-rays, and changes in out-of-field lung and liver were observed. RESULTS Compared with sham-treated controls, the Spi(-) mutation frequency increased 2.4-fold in non-targeted lung tissues at 24 h after partial body irradiation (PBIR). Consistent with dramatic Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) induction in the non-targeted bronchial epithelial cells, increasing levels of prostaglandin, together with 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, in the out-of-field lung tissues were observed after PBIR. In addition, DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis were induced in bystander lung tissues after PBIR. CONCLUSION The PBIR induces DNA damage and mutagenesis in non-targeted lung tissues, especially in bronchial epithelial cells, and COX-2 has an essential role in bystander mutagenesis.
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Heat Shock Protein 90-Sheltered Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Contributes to Malignancy of Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2237-49. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Immunohistochemistry of Thymic Epithelial Tumors as a Tool in Translational Research. Thorac Surg Clin 2011; 21:33-46, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Marx A, Rieker R, Toker A, Länger F, Ströbel P. Thymic Carcinoma: Is it a Separate Entity? From Molecular to Clinical Evidence. Thorac Surg Clin 2011; 21:25-31. v-vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ehemann V, Kern MA, Breinig M, Schnabel PA, Gunawan B, Schulten HJ, Schlaeger C, Radlwimmer B, Steger CM, Dienemann H, Lichter P, Schirmacher P, Rieker RJ. Establishment, characterization and drug sensitivity testing in primary cultures of human thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2719-25. [PMID: 18360827 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are peculiar epithelial tumors of the anterior mediastinum. They may show aggressive clinical behavior and are a paradigm for the interaction between the tumor and the immune system. So far, adequate functional studies enabling a better understanding of this malignancy have not been performed, since human thymoma/thymic carcinoma cell lines have not been available. Here, the authors describe the establishment, characterization and functional analyses of epithelial cell lines from a Type B1-thymoma and a poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma. By Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses, both cell lines were aneuploid. The aneuploid cell fraction of the thymic carcinoma cell line was characterized by a high proliferation index of 55.9%, in contrast to a lower proliferation rate of the aneuploid cell fraction of the thymoma (19.7%). Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and conventional cytogenetic analysis of the thymoma revealed only minor imbalances whereas the thymic carcinoma was characterized by a complex karyotype in the hyperdiploid range that was readily defined with multicolor FISH (mFISH). Application of a selective COX-2 inhibitor reduced cell viability in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, these first cell lines of a thymoma and a CD5-positive thymic carcinoma are useful tools for further in vitro studies of cellular, molecular and genetic aspects of the disease and for functional tests to evaluate new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Ehemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Marchevsky AM, McKenna RJ, Gupta R. Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms: A Review of Current Concepts Using an Evidence-Based Pathology Approach. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008; 22:543-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huang J, Riely GJ, Rosenzweig KE, Rusch VW. Multimodality therapy for locally advanced thymomas: state of the art or investigational therapy? Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85:365-7. [PMID: 18222226 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Meister M, Schirmacher P, Dienemann H, Mechtersheimer G, Schnabel PA, Kern MA, Herpel E, Xu EC, Muley T, Thomas M, Rieker RJ. Mutational status of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2007; 248:186-91. [PMID: 16919868 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tumours of the thymus (thymoma, thymic carcinoma) are rare tumours of the anterior mediastinum. Current treatment options of advanced stage thymomas and thymic carcinomas include a multimodal therapy with radio- and chemotherapy as well as surgery. In recent years, new therapeutic targets such as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), COX-2 and KIT have emerged as new potential therapeutic targets. So far, EGFR mutational status of different subtypes of epithelial tumours of the thymus has been analyzed only inappropriately. We have investigated 20 different subtypes of thymomas (type A, AB, and B3) and thymic carcinomas for mutations in exons 18, 19, 20, and 21 of the EGFR gene and performed immunohistochemistry for EGFR. Concerning immunohistochemistry, most of the cases (17/20) had a strong positive staining. Although sequence alterations were found in four samples, none of these alterations led to amino acid changes in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR comparable to those in non-small cell lung cancer. Thus EGFR-expression in thymic tumours does not rely on mutations in critical functional (activation) domains of the EGFR-gene. Experimental and therapeutic approaches have to consider this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meister
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Amalienstr 5, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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