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Lee JY, Bhandare RR, Boddu SHS, Shaik AB, Saktivel LP, Gupta G, Negi P, Barakat M, Singh SK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumour suppressor genes in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116275. [PMID: 38394846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor genes play a cardinal role in the development of a large array of human cancers, including lung cancer, which is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Therefore, extensive studies have been committed to deciphering the underlying mechanisms of alterations of tumour suppressor genes in governing tumourigenesis, as well as resistance to cancer therapies. In spite of the encouraging clinical outcomes demonstrated by lung cancer patients on initial treatment, the subsequent unresponsiveness to first-line treatments manifested by virtually all the patients is inherently a contentious issue. In light of the aforementioned concerns, this review compiles the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of some of the tumour suppressor genes implicated in lung cancer that are either frequently mutated and/or are located on the chromosomal arms having high LOH rates (1p, 3p, 9p, 10q, 13q, and 17p). Our study identifies specific genomic loci prone to LOH, revealing a recurrent pattern in lung cancer cases. These loci, including 3p14.2 (FHIT), 9p21.3 (p16INK4a), 10q23 (PTEN), 17p13 (TP53), exhibit a higher susceptibility to LOH due to environmental factors such as exposure to DNA-damaging agents (carcinogens in cigarette smoke) and genetic factors such as chromosomal instability, genetic mutations, DNA replication errors, and genetic predisposition. Furthermore, this review summarizes the current treatment landscape and advancements for lung cancers, including the challenges and endeavours to overcome it. This review envisages inspired researchers to embark on a journey of discovery to add to the list of what was known in hopes of prompting the development of effective therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Richie R Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afzal B Shaik
- St. Mary's College of Pharmacy, St. Mary's Group of Institutions Guntur, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Chebrolu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522212, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
| | - Lakshmana Prabu Saktivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman-11937, Jordan
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara 144411, India; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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2
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Ku X, Wang J, Li H, Meng C, Yu F, Yu W, Li Z, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Hua Y, Yan W, Jin J. Proteomic Portrait of Human Lymphoma Reveals Protein Molecular Fingerprint of Disease Specific Subtypes and Progression. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:148-166. [PMID: 37197640 PMCID: PMC10110798 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An altered proteome in lymph nodes often suggests abnormal signaling pathways that may be associated with diverse lymphatic disorders. Current clinical biomarkers for histological classification of lymphomas have encountered many discrepancies, particularly for borderline cases. Therefore, we launched a comprehensive proteomic study aimed to establish a proteomic landscape of patients with various lymphatic disorders and identify proteomic variations associated with different disease subgroups. In this study, 109 fresh-frozen lymph node tissues from patients with various lymphatic disorders (with a focus on Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) were analyzed by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. A quantitative proteomic landscape was comprehensively characterized, leading to the identification of featured protein profiles for each subgroup. Potential correlations between clinical outcomes and expression profiles of signature proteins were also probed. Two representative signature proteins, phospholipid-binding proteins Annexin A6 (ANXA6) and Phospholipase C Gamma 2 (PLCG2), were successfully validated via immunohistochemistry. We also evaluated the capability of acquired proteomic signatures to segregate multiple lymphatic abnormalities and identified several core signature proteins, such as Sialic Acid Binding Ig Like Lectin 1 (SIGLEC1) and GTPase of immunity-associated protein 5 (GIMAP5). In summary, the established lympho-specific data resource provides a comprehensive map of protein expression in lymph nodes during multiple disease states, thus extending the existing human tissue proteome atlas. Our findings will be of great value in exploring protein expression and regulation underlying lymphatic malignancies, while also providing novel protein candidates to classify various lymphomas for more precise medical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00075-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ku
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Haikuo Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- Present Address: Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63130 USA
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Can Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Ying Hua
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Wei Yan
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310003 China
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3
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Yang J, Qian X, Qiu Q, Xu L, Pan M, Li J, Ren J, Lu B, Qiu T, Chen E, Ying K, Zhang H, Lu Y, Liu P. LCAT1 is an oncogenic LncRNA by stabilizing the IGF2BP2-CDC6 axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:877. [PMID: 36257938 PMCID: PMC9579176 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is known to play vital roles in modulating tumorigenesis. We previously reported that LCAT1, a novel lncRNA, promotes the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of LCAT1 as an oncogenic regulator remains elusive. Here, we showed that LCAT1 physically interacts with and stabilizes IGF2BP2, an m6A reader protein, by preventing its degradation via autolysosomes. IGF2BP2 is overexpressed in lung cancer tissues, which is associated with poor survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients, suggesting its oncogenic role. Biologically, IGF2BP2 depletion inhibits growth and survival as well as the migration of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, the LCAT1/IGF2BP2 complex increased the levels of CDC6, a key cell cycle regulator, by stabilizing its mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner. Like IGF2BP2, CDC6 is also overexpressed in lung cancer tissues with poor patient survival, and CDC6 knockdown has oncogenic inhibitory activity. Taken together, the LCAT1-IGF2BP2-CDC6 axis appears to play a vital role in promoting the growth and migration of lung cancer cells, and is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. Importantly, our finding also highlights a previously unknown critical role of LCAT1 in m6A-dependent gene regulation by preventing autolytic degradation of IGF2BP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juze Yang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Xinyi Qian
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Qiongzi Qiu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 China
| | - Lingling Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Meidie Pan
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Jia Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Jiayi Ren
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Bingjian Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 China
| | - Ting Qiu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Enguo Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Kejing Ying
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pathology, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCancer center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013 China
| | - Yan Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCancer center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013 China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCancer center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013 China ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Physiology and Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
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Xu H, Huang J, Hua S, Liang L, He X, Zhan M, Lu L, Chu J. Interactome analysis of gene expression profiles identifies CDC6 as a potential therapeutic target modified by miR-215-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2926-2940. [PMID: 33173413 PMCID: PMC7646103 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Illustrating the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis as well as identifying specific biomarkers are of great significance. Methods: The original CEL files were obtain from Gene Expression Omnibus, then affymetrix package was used to preprocess the CEL files, the function of DEGs were investigated by multiple bioinformatics approach. Finally, typical HCC cell lines and tissue samples were using to validate the role of CDC6 in vitro. Bioinformatics software was used to predict potential microRNA of CDC6. Luciferase assay was used to verify the interactions between CDC6 and microRNA. Results: A total of 445 DEGs were identified in HCC tissues based on two GEO datasets. GSEA results showed that the significant enriched gene sets were only associated with cell cycle signaling pathway. In the co-expression analysis, there were 370 hub genes from the blue modules were screened. We integrated DEGs, hub genes, TCGA cohort and GSEA analyses to further obtain 10 upregulated genes for validation. These genes were overexpressed in HCC tissues and negatively associated with overall and disease-free survival in HCC patients and related to immune cell infiltration in HCC microenvironments. Finally, Cell Division Cycle 6 (CDC6) was highlighted as one of the most probable genes among the 10 candidates participating in cancer process. The expression of CDC6 either in public datasets and HCC tissues sample were commonly high than the non-cancerous counterpart. Furthermore, we recognized that miR-215-5p, could directly bind to the 3'UTR of CDC6. In addition, CDC6 promoted proliferation via regulation of G1 phase checkpoint and was negative regulated by miR-215-5p to involve in the proliferation of HCC. Conclusion: Our study suggested that CDC6 served as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfa Xu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Jianwen Huang
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Shengni Hua
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Linjun Liang
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Xu He
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Jing Chu
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
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5
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AAV-Mediated angiotensin 1-7 overexpression inhibits tumor growth of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 8:354-363. [PMID: 27861149 PMCID: PMC5352125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ang-(1-7) inhibits lung cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism of action is unclear and also the rapid degradation of Ang-(1-7) in vivo limits its clinical application. Here, we have demonstrated that Ang- (1-7) inhibits lung cancer cell growth by interrupting pre-replicative complex assembly and restrains epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Cdc6 inhibition. Furthermore, we constructed a mutant adeno-associated viral vector AAV8 (Y733F) that produced stable and high efficient Ang-(1-7) expression in a xenograft tumor model. The results show that AAV8-mediated Ang-(1-7) over-expression can remarkably suppress tumor growth in vivo by down-regulating Cdc6 and anti-angiogenesis. Ang-(1-7) over-expression via the AAV8 method may be a promising strategy for lung cancer treatment.
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Gamell C, Gulati T, Levav-Cohen Y, Young RJ, Do H, Pilling P, Takano E, Watkins N, Fox SB, Russell P, Ginsberg D, Monahan BJ, Wright G, Dobrovic A, Haupt S, Solomon B, Haupt Y. Reduced abundance of the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP contributes to decreased expression of the INK4/ARF locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaaf8223. [PMID: 28074012 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf8223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p16INK4a, one protein encoded by the INK4/ARF locus, is frequently absent in multiple cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whereas increased methylation of the encoding gene (CDKN2A) accounts for its loss in a third of patients, no molecular explanation exists for the remainder. We unraveled an alternative mechanism for the silencing of the INK4/ARF locus involving the E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional cofactor E6AP (also known as UBE3A). We found that the expression of three tumor suppressor genes encoded in the INK4/ARF locus (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, and p19ARF) was decreased in E6AP-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts. E6AP induced the expression of the INK4/ARF locus at the transcriptional level by inhibiting CDC6 transcription, a gene encoding a key repressor of the locus. Luciferase assays revealed that E6AP inhibited CDC6 expression by reducing its E2F1-dependent transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that E6AP reduced the amount of E2F1 at the CDC6 promoter. In a subset of NSCLC samples, an E6AP-low/CDC6-high/p16INK4a-low protein abundance profile correlated with low methylation of the gene encoding p16INK4a (CDKN2A) and poor patient prognosis. These findings define a previously unrecognized tumor-suppressive role for E6AP in NSCLC, reveal an alternative silencing mechanism of the INK4/ARF locus, and reveal E6AP as a potential prognostic marker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gamell
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yaara Levav-Cohen
- The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Richard J Young
- Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Pat Pilling
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Elena Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Neil Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Prudence Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Doron Ginsberg
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 2555, Australia
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alex Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ben Solomon
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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7
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Plasma membrane/cell wall perturbation activates a novel cell cycle checkpoint during G1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6910-5. [PMID: 27274080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523824113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular wound healing or the repair of plasma membrane/cell wall damage (plasma membrane damage) occurs frequently in nature. Although various cellular perturbations, such as DNA damage, spindle misalignment, and impaired daughter cell formation, are monitored by cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms in budding yeast, whether plasma membrane damage is monitored by any of these checkpoints remains to be addressed. Here, we define the mechanism by which cells sense membrane damage and inhibit DNA replication. We found that the inhibition of DNA replication upon plasma membrane damage requires GSK3/Mck1-dependent degradation of Cdc6, a component of the prereplicative complex. Furthermore, the CDK inhibitor Sic1 is stabilized in response to plasma membrane damage, leading to cell integrity maintenance in parallel with the Mck1-Cdc6 pathway. Cells defective in both Cdc6 degradation and Sic1 stabilization failed to grow in the presence of plasma membrane damage. Taking these data together, we propose that plasma membrane damage triggers G1 arrest via Cdc6 degradation and Sic1 stabilization to promote the cellular wound healing process.
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8
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Chen CH, Lin DS, Cheng CW, Lin CJ, Lo YK, Yen CC, Lee AYL, Hsiao CD. Cdc6 cooperates with c-Myc to promote genome instability and epithelial to mesenchymal transition EMT in zebrafish. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6300-11. [PMID: 25051368 PMCID: PMC4171631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberration in DNA replication is a major cause to genome instability that is a hallmark of cancer cells. Cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6) and c-Myc have a critical role in the initiation of DNA replication. However, whether their interaction induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes tumorigenesis in in vivo animal model remains unclear. Since using zebrafish as a cancer model has been restricted by the late onset of tumorigenesis and extreme difficulty in transformation on skin, we tried to establish a novel non-melanoma skin model in zebrafish to study their role in tumorigenesis. A stable transgenic zebrafish was created by using tol2 transposon, in which cdc6 and c-myc were co-overexpressed in epidermis driven by a skin-specific krt4 promoter. Intriguingly, co-overexpression of cdc6 and c-myc in transgenic zebrafish skin triggered tumor-like transformation, apoptosis attenuation, genomic instability, and EMT, hallmarks of malignant tumorigenesis. Our findings and other characteristics of zebrafish, including optical clarity and small molecule treatment, provide the future utility of this model for easy and non-invasive detection and for identification of new anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Chen
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Shong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Lin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Lo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
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9
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Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in the RB/E2F Pathway in Astrocytic Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137259. [PMID: 26317630 PMCID: PMC4552853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas, which are derived from glial cells, are considered the most common primary neoplasias of the central nervous system (CNS) and are histologically classified as low grade (I and II) or high grade (III and IV). Recent studies have shown that astrocytoma formation is the result of the deregulation of several pathways, including the RB/E2F pathway, which is commonly deregulated in various human cancers via genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. On the basis of the assumption that the study of the mechanisms controlling the INK4/ARF locus can help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of astrocytic tumors, identify diagnostic and prognostic markers, and help select appropriate clinical treatments, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing PCR and evaluate the gene expression profile using real-time PCR in the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDC6, Bmi-1, CCND1, and RB1 in astrocytic tumors. Our results indicate that all the evaluated genes are not methylated independent of the tumor grade. However, the real-time PCR results indicate that these genes undergo progressive deregulation as a function of the tumor grade. In addition, the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and RB1 were underexpressed, whereas CDC6, Bmi-1, and CCND1 were overexpressed; the increase in gene expression was significantly associated with decreased patient survival. Therefore, we propose that the evaluation of the expression levels of the genes involved in the RB/E2F pathway can be used in the monitoring of patients with astrocytomas in clinical practice and for the prognostic indication of disease progression.
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10
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Krem MM, Press OW, Horwitz MS, Tidwell T. Mechanisms and clinical applications of chromosomal instability in lymphoid malignancy. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:13-28. [PMID: 26018193 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are unique among cells in that they undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, but that special property predisposes them to chromosomal instability (CIN), a cardinal feature of neoplastic lymphoid cells that manifests as whole chromosome- or translocation-based aneuploidy. In several lymphoid malignancies translocations may be the defining or diagnostic markers of the diseases. CIN is a cornerstone of the mutational architecture supporting lymphoid neoplasia, though it is perhaps one of the least understood components of malignant transformation in terms of its molecular mechanisms. CIN is associated with prognosis and response to treatment, making it a key area for impacting treatment outcomes and predicting prognoses. Here we will review the types and mechanisms of CIN found in Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and the lymphoid leukaemias, with emphasis placed on pathogenic mutations affecting DNA recombination, replication and repair; telomere function; and mitotic regulation of spindle attachment, centrosome function, and chromosomal segregation. We will discuss the means by which chromosome-level genetic aberrations may give rise to multiple pathogenic mutations required for carcinogenesis and conclude with a discussion of the clinical applications of CIN and aneuploidy to diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M Krem
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver W Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Truong LN, Li Y, Sun E, Ang K, Hwang PYH, Wu X. Homologous recombination is a primary pathway to repair DNA double-strand breaks generated during DNA rereplication. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28910-23. [PMID: 25160628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-initiation of DNA replication at origins within a given cell cycle would result in DNA rereplication, which can lead to genome instability and tumorigenesis. DNA rereplication can be induced by loss of licensing control at cellular replication origins, or by viral protein-driven multiple rounds of replication initiation at viral origins. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated during rereplication, but the mechanisms of how these DSBs are repaired to maintain genome stability and cell viability are poorly understood in mammalian cells. We generated novel EGFP-based DSB repair substrates, which specifically monitor the repair of rereplication-associated DSBs. We demonstrated that homologous recombination (HR) is an important mechanism to repair rereplication-associated DSBs, and sister chromatids are used as templates for such HR-mediated DSB repair. Micro-homology-mediated non-homologous end joining (MMEJ) can also be used but to a lesser extent compared to HR, whereas Ku-dependent classical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) has a minimal role to repair rereplication-associated DSBs. In addition, loss of HR activity leads to severe cell death when rereplication is induced. Therefore, our studies identify HR, the most conservative repair pathway, as the primary mechanism to repair DSBs upon rereplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan N Truong
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yongjiang Li
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Emily Sun
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Katrina Ang
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Patty Yi-Hwa Hwang
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La, Jolla, California 92037
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12
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Sertic S, Evolvi C, Tumini E, Plevani P, Muzi-Falconi M, Rotondo G. Non-canonical CRL4A/4B(CDT2) interacts with RAD18 to modulate post replication repair and cell survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60000. [PMID: 23555860 PMCID: PMC3612035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cullin-4CDT2 E3 ubiquitin ligase plays an essential role in DNA replication origin licensing directing degradation of several licensing factors at the G1/S transition in order to prevent DNA re-replication. Recently a RAD18-independent role of Cullin-4CDT2 in PCNA monoubiquitylation has been proposed. In an effort to better understand the function of Cullin-4CDT2 E3 ubiquitin ligase in mammalian Post-Replication Repair during an unperturbed S-phase, we show that down-regulation of Cullin-4CDT2 leads to two distinguishable independent phenotypes in human cells that unveil at least two independent roles of Cullin-4CDT2 in S-phase. Apart from the re-replication preventing activity, we identified a non-canonical Cullin-4CDT2 complex, containing both CUL4A and CUL4B, associated to the COP9 signalosome, that controls a RAD18-dependent damage avoidance pathway essential during an unperturbed S-phase. Indeed, we show that the non-canonical Cullin-4A/4BCDT2 complex binds to RAD18 and it is required to modulate RAD18 protein levels onto chromatin and the consequent dynamics of PCNA monoubiquitylation during a normal S-phase. This function prevents replication stress, ATR hyper-signaling and, ultimately, apoptosis. A very similar PRR regulatory mechanism has been recently described for Spartan. Our findings uncover a finely regulated process in mammalian cells involving Post-Replication Repair factors, COP9 signalosome and a non-canonical Cullin4-based E3 ligase which is essential to tolerate spontaneous damage and for cell survival during physiological DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sertic
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Evolvi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tumini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Plevani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (MM-F); (GR)
| | - Giuseppe Rotondo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (MM-F); (GR)
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13
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The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 87:306-22. [PMID: 23541070 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) maintains the integrity of cellular processes by controlling protein degradation pathways. The role of the UPS in proliferation, cell cycle, differentiation, DNA repair, protein folding, and apoptosis is well documented, and a wide range of protein activities in these signaling pathways can be manipulated by UPS inhibitors, which include many anti-cancer agents. Naturally occurring and synthetic drugs designed to target the UPS are currently used for hematological cancers, including lymphoma. These drugs largely interfere with the E1 and E2 regions of the 26S proteasome, blocking proteasomal activity and promoting apoptosis by enhancing activities of the extrinsic (death receptors, Trail, Fas) and intrinsic (caspases, Bax, Bcl2, p53, nuclear factor-kappa B, p27) cell death programs. This review focuses on recent clinical developments concerning UPS inhibitors, signaling pathways that are affected by down-regulation of UPS activities, and apoptotic mechanisms promoted by drugs in this class that are used to treat lymphoma.
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14
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Feng CJ, Lu XW, Luo DY, Li HJ, Guo JB. Knockdown of Cdc6 inhibits proliferation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2012; 12:173-81. [PMID: 22974333 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of Cdc6 downregulation on the proliferation of Tca8113 cells. Two lentiviral vectors (KD1 and KD2) expression cdc6 siRNA were constructed and then infected into Tca8113 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of Cdc6. MTT assays were employed to delineate the growth curves, and flow cytometry was performed to assess cell-cycle progression and apoptosis in Tca8113 cells. Following infection with the lentiviral vectors, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that Cdc6 expression was markedly suppressed in Tca8113 cells. When compared with the negative control group, the mRNA expression of Cdc6 was reduced by 50% and 65% and the protein expression by 65.87% and 79.38% in cells harboring KD1 or KD2, respectively. Cell growth was slowed, and the growth inhibition rate was 25.84% and 30.34% in Tca8113 cells following infection with KD1 or KD2, respectively. In addition, cell-cycle progression was altered. In KD- infected Tca8113 cells, the proportion of cells in the S phase was markedly reduced, but the proportion in the G1 phase was significantly increased; this was accompanied by an increase in cell apoptosis. Downregulation of Cdc6 effectively inhibited the proliferation of Tca8113 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jin Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, 510080.
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15
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Abstract
DNA replication is a highly regulated process involving a number of licensing and replication factors that function in a carefully orchestrated manner to faithfully replicate DNA during every cell cycle. Loss of proper licensing control leads to deregulated DNA replication including DNA re-replication, which can cause genome instability and tumorigenesis. Eukaryotic organisms have established several conserved mechanisms to prevent DNA re-replication and to counteract its potentially harmful effects. These mechanisms include tightly controlled regulation of licensing factors and activation of cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoints. Deregulated licensing control and its associated compromised checkpoints have both been observed in tumor cells, indicating that proper functioning of these pathways is essential for maintaining genome stability. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of licensing control, the deleterious consequences when both licensing and checkpoints are compromised, and present possible mechanisms to prevent re-replication in order to maintain genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan N Truong
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Enjuanes A, Fernàndez V, Hernández L, Navarro A, Beà S, Pinyol M, López-Guillermo A, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Campo E, Jares P. Identification of methylated genes associated with aggressive clinicopathological features in mantle cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19736. [PMID: 21603610 PMCID: PMC3095614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is genetically characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and a high number of secondary chromosomal alterations. The contribution of DNA methylation to MCL lymphomagenesis is not well known. We sought to identify epigenetically silenced genes in these tumours that might have clinical relevance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To identify potential methylated genes in MCL we initially investigated seven MCL cell lines treated with epigenetic drugs and gene expression microarray profiling. The methylation status of selected candidate genes was validated by a quantitative assay and subsequently analyzed in a series of primary MCL (n = 38). After pharmacological reversion we identified 252 potentially methylated genes. The methylation analysis of a subset of these genes (n = 25) in the MCL cell lines and normal B lymphocytes confirmed that 80% of them were methylated in the cell lines but not in normal lymphocytes. The subsequent analysis in primary MCL identified five genes (SOX9, HOXA9, AHR, NR2F2, and ROBO1) frequently methylated in these tumours. The gene methylation events tended to occur in the same primary neoplasms and correlated with higher proliferation, increased number of chromosomal abnormalities, and shorter survival of the patients. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a set of genes whose methylation degree and gene expression levels correlate with aggressive clinicopathological features of MCL. Our findings also suggest that a subset of MCL might show a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) that may influence the behaviour of the tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Enjuanes
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Fernàndez
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Hernández
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Navarro
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Beà
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Pinyol
- Genomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elías Campo
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Jares
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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Liu Y, Hock JM, Sullivan C, Fang G, Cox AJ, Davis KT, Davis BH, Li X. Activation of the p38 MAPK/Akt/ERK1/2 signal pathways is required for the protein stabilization of CDC6 and cyclin D1 in low-dose arsenite-induced cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1546-55. [PMID: 20862710 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a first-line anti-cancer agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia, and induces apoptosis in other solid cancer cell lines including breast cancer cells. However, as with arsenites found in drinking water and used as raw materials for wood preservatives, insecticides, and herbicides, low doses of ATO can induce carcinogenesis after long-term exposure. At 24 h after exposure, ATO (0.01-1 µM) significantly increased cell proliferation and promoted cell cycle progression from the G1 to S/G2 phases in the non-tumorigenic MCF10A breast epithelial cell line. The expression of 14 out of 96 cell-cycle-associated genes significantly increased, and seven of these genes including cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) and cyclin D1 (CCND1) were closely related to cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Low-dose ATO steadily increased gene transcript and protein levels of both CDC6 and cyclin D1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Low-dose ATO produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activated the p38 MAPK, Akt, and ERK1/2 pathways at different time points within 60 min. Small molecular inhibitors and siRNAs inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK, Akt, and ERK1/2 decreased the ATO-increased expression of CDC6 protein. Inhibiting the activation of Akt and ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, decreased the ATO-induced expression of cyclin D1 protein. This study reports for the first time that p38 MAPK/Akt/ERK1/2 activation is required for the protein stabilization of CDC6 in addition to cyclin D1 in ATO-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle modulation from G1 to S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhong Liu
- Maine Institute for Human Genetics and Health, 246 Sylvan Road, Maine 04401, USA
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18
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Schraders M, Jares P, Bea S, Schoenmakers EFPM, van Krieken JHJM, Campo E, Groenen PJTA. Integrated genomic and expression profiling in mantle cell lymphoma: identification of gene-dosage regulated candidate genes. Br J Haematol 2008; 143:210-21. [PMID: 18699851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and several other cytogenetic aberrations, including heterozygous loss of chromosomal arms 1p, 6q, 11q and 13q and/or gains of 3q and 8q. The common intervals of chromosomal imbalance have been narrowed down using array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). However, the chromosomal intervals still contain many genes potentially involved in MCL pathogeny. Combined analysis of tiling-resolution array-CGH with gene expression profiling on 11 MCL tumours enabled the identification of genomic alterations and their corresponding gene expression profiles. Only subsets of genes located within given cytogenetic anomaly-intervals showed a concomitant change in mRNA expression level. The genes that showed consistent correlation between DNA copy number and RNA expression levels are likely to be important in MCL pathology. Besides several 'anonymous genes', we also identified various fully annotated genes, whose gene products are involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated pathways (PRKACB), DNA damage repair, maintenance of chromosome stability and prevention of rereplication (ATM, ERCC5, FBXO5), energy metabolism (such as genes that are involved in the synthesis of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome) and signal transduction (ARHGAP29). Deregulation of these gene products may interfere with the signalling pathways that are involved in MCL tumour development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Schraders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Genomic stability and tumour suppression by the APC/C cofactor Cdh1. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:802-11. [PMID: 18552834 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin protein ligase that, together with Cdc20 or Cdh1, targets cell-cycle proteins for degradation. APC/C-Cdh1 specifically promotes protein degradation in late mitosis and G1. Mutant embryos lacking Cdh1 die at E9.5-E10.5 due to defects in the endoreduplication of trophoblast cells and placental malfunction. This lethality is prevented when Cdh1 is expressed in the placenta. Cdh1-deficient cells proliferate inefficiently and accumulate numeric and structural chromosomal aberrations, indicating that Cdh1 contributes to the maintenance of genomic stability. Cdh1 heterozygous animals show increased susceptibility to spontaneous tumours, suggesting that Cdh1 functions as a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor. These heterozygous mice also show several defects in behaviour associated with increased proliferation of stem cells in the nervous system. These results indicate that Cdh1 is required for preventing unscheduled proliferation of specific progenitor cells and protecting mammalian cells from genomic instability.
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20
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Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a well-defined lymphoid neoplasm characterized by a proliferation of mature B lymphocytes expressing CD5 that may show a spectrum of morphological and phenotypic features broader than initially described. Although some patients may follow an indolent clinical evolution, in most of them the tumour has an aggressive behaviour with poor response to conventional chemotherapy. The genetic hallmark is the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation leading to the overexpression of cyclin D1, which is considered the initial oncogenic event. In addition to this translocation, MCL may carry a high number of secondary chromosomal and molecular alterations that target regulatory elements of the cell cycle machinery and senescence (BMI1/INK4/ARF/CDK4/RB1), DNA damage response pathways (ATM/CHK2/p53), and cell survival signals. The knowledge of these mechanisms and their influence on the behaviour of the tumour are facilitating the development of prognostic models with a more precise prediction of the clinical evolution of the patients. This information coupled with the availability of a new generation of innovative drugs targeting basic molecular process of the tumour cells, should facilitate the design of new therapeutic protocols able to overcome the resistance of this aggressive lymphoma to conventional treatments and improve the life expectancy of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jares
- Haematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, and Genomics Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Hook SS, Lin JJ, Dutta A. Mechanisms to control rereplication and implications for cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:663-71. [PMID: 18053699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the replication field have highlighted how the replication initiator proteins are negatively regulated by inhibitor proteins and ubiquitin-mediated degradation in mammalian cells to prevent rereplication. When these regulatory pathways go awry, uncontrolled rereplication ensues and a G2/M checkpoint is evoked to prevent cellular death. Many components of the checkpoints activated by rereplicaton are important for cancer prevention by facilitating DNA damage repair processes. The pathways that prevent rereplication themselves have also recently been implicated in preventing tumorigenesis. Studies from patient tumors, genetically altered mice, and mammalian cell culture suggest that deregulation of replication licensing proteins results in an increase in aneuploidy, chromosomal fusions, and DNA breaks. These studies provide a framework to address how regulators of replication function to maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Hook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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22
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Borlado LR, Méndez J. CDC6: from DNA replication to cell cycle checkpoints and oncogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2007; 29:237-43. [PMID: 18048387 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) is an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Its best-characterized function is the assembly of prereplicative complexes at origins of replication during the G(1) phase of the cell division cycle. However, CDC6 also plays important roles in the activation and maintenance of the checkpoint mechanisms that coordinate S phase and mitosis, and recent studies have unveiled its proto-oncogenic activity. CDC6 overexpression interferes with the expression of INK4/ARF tumor suppressor genes through a mechanism involving the epigenetic modification of chromatin at the INK4/ARF locus. In addition, CDC6 overexpression in primary cells may promote DNA hyperreplication and induce a senescence response similar to that caused by oncogene activation. These findings indicate that deregulation of CDC6 expression in human cells poses a serious risk of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Borlado
- DNA replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Di Micco R, Fumagalli M, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Breaking news: high-speed race ends in arrest--how oncogenes induce senescence. Trends Cell Biol 2007; 17:529-36. [PMID: 17980599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene activation in normal cells induces a permanent proliferative arrest known as cellular senescence. This phenomenon restrains the expansion of cells that bear an activated oncogene and acts as a powerful tumor-suppressive process. Although the full molecular mechanisms are still being elucidated, it has been observed recently that some oncogenes alter the DNA-replication process and cause DNA-damage accumulation. DNA-damage checkpoint-response activation together with the increased appearance of heterochromatin formation that leads to transcriptional silencing of proliferative genes are, presently, the two main mechanisms known that establish and maintain oncogene-induced senescence. Here, we discuss the most recent advancements in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control cellular senescence caused by oncogene activation and their impact on cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Di Micco
- IFOM Foundation - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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24
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Lee AYL, Liu E, Wu X. The Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex plays an important role in the prevention of DNA rereplication in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32243-55. [PMID: 17715134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705486200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mre11/Nbs1/Rad50 complex (MRN) plays multiple roles in the maintenance of genome stability, including repair of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and activation of the S-phase checkpoint. Here we demonstrate that MRN is required for the prevention of DNA rereplication in mammalian cells. DNA replication is strictly regulated by licensing control so that the genome is replicated once and only once per cell cycle. Inactivation of Nbs1 or Mre11 leads to a substantial increase of DNA rereplication induced by overexpression of the licensing factor Cdt1. Our studies reveal that multiple mechanisms are likely involved in the MRN-mediated suppression of rereplication. First, both Mre11 and Nbs1 are required for facilitating ATR activation when Cdt1 is overexpressed, which in turn suppresses rereplication. Second, Cdt1 overexpression induces ATR-mediated phosphorylation of Nbs1 at Ser343 and this phosphorylation depends on the FHA and BRCT domains of Nbs1. Mutations at Ser343 or in the FHA and BRCT domains lead to more severe rereplication when Cdt1 is overexpressed. Third, the interaction of the Mre11 complex with RPA is important for the suppression of rereplication. This suggests that modulating RPA activity via a direct interaction of MRN is likely one of the effector mechanisms to suppress rereplication. Moreover, we demonstrate that MRN is also required for preventing the accumulation of DSBs when rereplication is induced. Therefore, our studies suggest new roles of MRN in the maintenance of genome stability through preventing rereplication and rereplication-associated DSBs when licensing control is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- Department of Molecular Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Jares P, Colomer D, Campo E. Genetic and molecular pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma: perspectives for new targeted therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:750-62. [PMID: 17891190 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a well-defined lymphoid malignancy characterized by a rapid clinical evolution and poor response to current therapeutic protocols. The genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis combine the dysregulation of cell proliferation and survival pathways with a high level of chromosome instability that seems related to the disruption of the DNA damage response pathway. Understanding these mechanisms and how they affect tumour behaviour is providing the rationale for the identification of reliable predictors of clinical evolution and the design of innovative therapeutic strategies that could open new avenues for the treatment of patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jares
- Haematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, and Genomics Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Emi1 (early mitotic inhibitor) inhibits APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) activity during S and G2 phases, and is believed to be required for proper mitotic entry. We report that Emi1 plays an essential function in cell proliferation by preventing rereplication. Rereplication seen after Emi1 depletion is due to premature activation of APC/C that results in destabilization of geminin and cyclin A, two proteins shown here to play redundant roles in preventing rereplication in mammalian cells. Geminin is known to inhibit the replication initiation factor Cdt1. The rereplication block by cyclin A is mediated through its association with S and G2/M cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Cdk2 and Cdk1, suggesting that phosphorylation of proteins by cyclin A-Cdk is responsible for the block. Rereplication upon Emi1 depletion activates the DNA damage checkpoint pathways. These data suggest that Emi1 plays a critical role in preserving genome integrity by blocking rereplication, revealing a previously unrecognized function of this inhibitor of APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi J. Machida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Corresponding author.E-MAIL ; FAX (434) 924-5069
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