1
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Gyoten D, Ueno S, Okado S, Chaya T, Yasuda S, Morimoto T, Kondo M, Kimura K, Hayashi T, Leroy BP, Woo SJ, Mukai R, Joo K, Furukawa T. Broad locations of antigenic regions for anti-TRPM1 autoantibodies in paraneoplastic retinopathy with retinal ON bipolar cell dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108770. [PMID: 34562437 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer-associated retinal ON bipolar cell dysfunction (CARBD), which includes melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), has been reported to be caused by autoantibodies against the molecules expressed in ON bipolar cells, including TRPM1. The purpose of this study was to determine the antigenic regions of the autoantibodies against TRPM1 in the sera of CARBD patients, in whom we previously detected anti-TRPM1 autoantibodies. METHODS The antigenic regions against TRPM1 in the sera of eight CARBD patients were examined by Western blots using HEK293T cells transfected with the plasmids expressing FLAG-tagged TRPM1 fragments. The clinical course of these patients was also documented. RESULTS The clinical course differed among the patients. The electroretinograms (ERGs) and symptoms were improved in three patients, deteriorated in one patient, remained unchanged for a long time in one patient, and were not followable in three patients. Seven of the eight sera possessed multiple antigenic regions: two sera contained at least four antigen recognition regions, and three sera had at least three regions. The antigen regions were spread over the entire TRPM1 protein: five sera in the N-terminal intracellular domain, six sera in the transmembrane-containing region, and six sera in the C-terminal intracellular domain. No significant relationship was observed between the location of the antigen epitope and the patients' clinical course. CONCLUSIONS The antigenic regions of anti-TRPM1 autoantibodies in CARBD patients were present not only in the N-terminal intracellular domain, which was reported in an earlier report, but also in the transmembrane-containing region and in the C-terminal intracellular domain. In addition, the antigenic regions for TRPM1 were found to vary among the CARBD patients examined, and most of the sera had multiple antigenic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Gyoten
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Okado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yasuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Advanced Visual Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Ophthalmology and CCMT, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ryo Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kwangsic Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Cancer Vaccines: Antigen Selection Strategy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020085. [PMID: 33503926 PMCID: PMC7911511 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike traditional cancer therapies, cancer vaccines (CVs) harness a high specificity of the host’s immunity to kill tumor cells. CVs can train and bolster the patient’s immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells by enhancing immune cells’ identification of antigens expressed on cancer cells. Various features of antigens like immunogenicity and avidity influence the efficacy of CVs. Therefore, the choice and application of antigens play a critical role in establishing and developing CVs. Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), a group of proteins expressed at elevated levels in tumor cells but lower levels in healthy normal cells, have been well-studied and developed in CVs. However, immunological tolerance, HLA restriction, and adverse events are major obstacles that threaten TAA-based CVs’ efficacy due to the “self-protein” characteristic of TAAs. As “abnormal proteins” that are completely absent from normal cells, tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) can trigger a robust immune response against tumor cells with high specificity and without going through central tolerance, contributing to cancer vaccine development feasibility. In this review, we focus on the unique features of TAAs and TSAs and their application in vaccines, summarizing their performance in preclinical and clinical trials.
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3
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Adamus G, Champaigne R, Yang S. Occurrence of major anti-retinal autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108317. [PMID: 31770612 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against retinal antigens can be found in patients with cancer and unexplained vision loss unrelated to the cancer metastasis. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is a rare paraneoplastic visual syndrome mediated by AAbs. Our goal was to determine whether CAR patients with different malignancies have a specific AAb or repertoire of AAbs that could serve as biomarkers for retinal disease. We found AAbs against 12 confirmed retinal antigens, with α-enolase being the most frequently recognized. The significant finding of the study was a high incidence of anti-aldolase AAbs in colon-CAR, anti-CAII in prostate-CAR, and anti-arrestin in skin melanoma patients thus these AAbs could serve as biomarkers in the context of clinical presentation and could support the diagnosis of CAR. However, a lack of AAb restriction to any one antigenic protein or to one retinal cellular location makes screening for a CAR biomarker challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel Champaigne
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sufang Yang
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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4
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Gangkofner DS, Holzinger D, Schroeder L, Eichmüller SB, Zörnig I, Jäger D, Wichmann G, Dietz A, Broglie MA, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Ezic J, Marienfeld RB, Möller P, Völkel G, Kraus JM, Kestler HA, Brunner C, Schuler PJ, Wigand M, Theodoraki MN, Doescher J, Hoffmann TK, Pawlita M, Butt J, Waterboer T, Laban S. Patterns of antibody responses to nonviral cancer antigens in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients differ by human papillomavirus status. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3436-3444. [PMID: 31407331 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There have been hints that nonviral cancer antigens are differentially expressed in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Antibody responses (AR) to cancer antigens may be used to indirectly determine cancer antigen expression in the tumor using a noninvasive and tissue-saving liquid biopsy. Here, we set out to characterize AR to a panel of nonviral cancer antigens in HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC patients. A fluorescent microbead multiplex serology to 29 cancer antigens (16 cancer-testis antigens, 5 cancer-retina antigens and 8 oncogenes) and 29 HPV-antigens was performed in 382 HNSCC patients from five independent cohorts (153 HPV-positive and 209 HPV-negative). AR to any of the cancer antigens were found in 272/382 patients (72%). The ten most frequent AR were CT47, cTAGE5a, c-myc, LAGE-1, MAGE-A1, -A3, -A4, NY-ESO-1, SpanX-a1 and p53. AR to MAGE-A3, MAGE-A9 and p53 were found at significantly different prevalences by HPV status. An analysis of AR mean fluorescent intensity values uncovered remarkably different AR clusters by HPV status. To identify optimal antigen selections covering a maximum of patients with ≤10 AR, multiobjective optimization revealed distinct antigen selections by HPV status. We identified that AR to nonviral antigens differ by HPV status indicating differential antigen expression. Multiplex serology may be used to characterize antigen expression using serum or plasma as a tissue-sparing liquid biopsy. Cancer antigen panels should address the distinct antigen repertoire of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik S Gangkofner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dana Holzinger
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology (F022), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lea Schroeder
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology (F022), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan B Eichmüller
- Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy (D210), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inka Zörnig
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Applied Tumor Immunity (D120), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Applied Tumor Immunity (D120), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Wichmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina A Broglie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dyckhoff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Neurosciences, ENT Clinic and Regional Center for Head and Neck Cancer, University of Padua, Treviso, Italy
| | - Jasmin Ezic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gunnar Völkel
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick J Schuler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marlene Wigand
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marie N Theodoraki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Doescher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology (F022), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology (F022), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology (F022), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Antibody Responses to Cancer Antigens Identify Patients with a Poor Prognosis among HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7405-7412. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Baldin AV, Zamyatnin AA, Bazhin AV, Xu WH, Savvateeva LV. Advances in the Development of Anticancer HSP-based Vaccines. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:427-445. [PMID: 29376489 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180129100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in cancer treatment are based on the recent discoveries of molecular mechanisms of tumour maintenance. It was shown that heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a crucial role in the development of immune response against tumours. Thus, HSPs represent multifunctional agents not only with chaperone functions, but also possessing immunomodulatory properties. These properties are exploited for the development of HSP-based anticancer vaccines aimed to induce cytotoxic responses against tumours. To date, a number of strategies have been suggested to facilitate HSP-based vaccine production and to increase its effectiveness. The present review focuses on the current trend for the development of HSPbased vaccines aimed at inducing strong immunological tumour-specific responses against cancer cells of distinct etiology and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Baldin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico- Chemical Biology, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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7
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Baldin AV, Grishina AN, Korolev DO, Kuznetsova EB, Golovastova MO, Kalpinskiy AS, Alekseev BY, Kaprin AD, Zinchenko DV, Savvateeva LV, Varshavsky VA, Zernii EY, Vinarov AZ, Bazhin AV, Philippov PP, Zamyatnin AA. Autoantibody against arrestin-1 as a potential biomarker of renal cell carcinoma. Biochimie 2018; 157:26-37. [PMID: 30389514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second-most common uronephrological cancer. In the absence of specific symptoms, early diagnosis of RCC is challenging. Monitoring of the aberrant expression of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and related autoantibody response is considered as a novel approach of RCC diagnostics. The aim of this study was to examine the aberrant expression of arrestin-1 in renal tumours, to investigate the possible epigenetic mechanism underlying arrestin-1 expression, and to assess the frequency of anti-arrestin-1 autoantibody response. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the presence of arrestin-1 in primary tumours and metastases of 39 patients with RCC and renal oncocytoma. Bisulfite sequencing was employed to analyse the methylation status of the promoter of the SAG gene encoding arrestin-1. Western blot analysis was performed to detect autoantibodies against arrestin-1 in serum samples of 36 RCC and oncocytoma patients. Arrestin-1 was found to be expressed in RCC (58.7% of cases) and renal oncocytoma (90% of cases) cells, while being absent in healthy kidney. The expression of arrestin-1 in RCC metastases was more prominent than in primary tumours. Hypomethylation of the SAG gene promoter is unlikely to be the mechanism for the aberrant expression of arrestin-1. Autoantibodies against arrestin-1 were detected in sera of 75% of RCC patients. Taken together, our findings suggest employment of autoantibody against arrestin-1 as biomarker of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Baldin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alena N Grishina
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry O Korolev
- Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina B Kuznetsova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Marina O Golovastova
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kalpinskiy
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Center of Radiology, 125284, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Center of Radiology, 125284, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kaprin
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Center of Radiology, 125284, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Zinchenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Varshavsky
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey Z Vinarov
- Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Adamus G. Are Anti-Retinal Autoantibodies a Cause or a Consequence of Retinal Degeneration in Autoimmune Retinopathies? Front Immunol 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29713325 PMCID: PMC5911469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against various retinal proteins have been associated with vision loss in paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathies (AR). There are two major paraneoplastic syndromes associated anti-retinal AAbs, cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), and melanoma-associated retinopathy. Some people without a cancer diagnosis may present symptoms of CAR and have anti-retinal AAbs. The etiology and pathogenesis of those entities are not fully understood. In this review, we provide evidence for the role of AAbs in retinal death and degeneration. Studies of epitope mapping for anti-recoverin, anti-enolase, and anti-carbonic anhydrase II revealed that although patients' AAbs may recognize the same retinal protein as normal individuals they bind to different molecular domains, which allows distinguishing between normal and diseased AAbs. Given the great diversity of anti-retinal AAbs, it is likely some antibodies have greater pathogenic potential than others. Pathogenic, but not normal antibodies penetrate the target cell, reach their specific antigen, induce apoptosis, and impact retinal pathophysiology. Photoreceptors, dying by apoptosis, induced by other than immunologic mechanisms produce substantial amounts of metabolic debris, which consequently leads to autoimmunization and enhanced permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. AAbs that were made as a part of anti-cancer response are likely to be the cause of retinal degeneration, whereas others, generated against released antigens from damaged retina, contribute to the progression of retinopathy. Altogether, AAbs may trigger retinal degeneration and may also exacerbate the degenerative process in response to the release of sequestered antigens and influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- School of Medicine, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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9
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Michels J, Becker N, Suciu S, Kaiser I, Benner A, Kosaloglu-Yalcin Z, Agoussi S, Halama N, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Eichmüller SB, Jäger D, Eggermont AMM, Zörnig I. Multiplex bead-based measurement of humoral immune responses against tumor-associated antigens in stage II melanoma patients of the EORTC18961 trial. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1428157. [PMID: 29872552 PMCID: PMC5980408 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1428157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Determine the prognostic and predictive significance of tumor associated antigen (TAA)-specific serum antibodies in melanoma patients of a large adjuvant vaccination phase III trial. Patients and methods: Serum IgG antibodies were measured against a panel of 43 antigens by a bead-based multiplex assay in 970 stage II melanoma patients of the EORTC18961 trial, evaluating adjuvant ganglioside GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccination versus observation. Primary end point was relapse-free survival (RFS). Patients' sera at baseline, after 12 and 48 weeks of study treatment and at the last available time point (at recurrence/remission) were evaluated. Results: Prognostic clinical variables are gender, surgical confirmation of lymph node-negative status, Breslow thickness and ulceration of the primary. Prognostic spontaneous antibody responses were associated with a significant dismal (GM2, Rhod_E2, SSX2) or good prognosis (CyclinB1, SCYE1v1) for RFS, distant metastasis-free (DMFS) or overall survival (OS). Predictive spontaneous antibody responses based on significant interaction with treatment were RhodN p = 0.02, Rab38 p = 0.04 for RFS, RhodE2 p = 0.006, Recoverin p = 0.04 for DMFS and RhodE2 p = 0.003; Recoverin p = 0.04, NA17.A p = 0.04, for OS respectively. The subgroups of patients according to antibody responses for RFS were determined for RhodN sero-negative (n = 849, HR = 1.07, p = 0.6); RhodN sero-positive (n = 121,HR = 0.42, p = 0.01) and Rab38 sero-negative (n = 682, HR = 1.12, p = 0.42), Rab38 sero-positive (n = 288, HR = 0.65, p = 0.04) patients respectively. Conclusion: We identified prognostic serum antibody responses against TAA in stage II melanoma patients. A set of antibody responses correlated with a beneficial outcome for GM2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Michels
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif/Paris-Sud, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Becker
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Suciu
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iris Kaiser
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Kosaloglu-Yalcin
- Clincial Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandrine Agoussi
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif/Paris-Sud, France
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan B Eichmüller
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clincial Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander M M Eggermont
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif/Paris-Sud, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Inka Zörnig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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New cGMP analogues restrain proliferation and migration of melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5301-5320. [PMID: 29435180 PMCID: PMC5797051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and displays high resistance to conventional chemotherapy underlining the need for new therapeutic strategies. The cGMP/PKG signaling pathway was detected in melanoma cells and shown to reduce migration, proliferation and to increase apoptosis in different cancer types. In this study, we evaluated the effects on cell viability, cell death, proliferation and migration of novel dimeric cGMP analogues in two melanoma cell lines (MNT1 and SkMel28). These new dimeric cGMP analogues, by activating PKG with limited effects on PKA, significantly reduced proliferation, migration and increased cell death. No decrease in cell viability was observed in non-tumor cells suggesting a tumor-specific effect. These effects observed in melanoma are possibly mediated by PKG2 activation based on the decreased toxic effects in tumor cell lines not expressing PKG2. Finally, PKG-associated phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated-phosphoprotein (VASP), linked to cell death, proliferation and migration was found increased and with a change of subcellular localization. Increased phosphorylation of RhoA induced by activation of PKG may also contribute to reduced migration ability of the SkMel28 melanoma cell line when treated with cGMP analogues. These findings suggest that the cGMP/PKG pathway can be envisaged as a therapeutic target of novel dimeric cGMP analogues for the treatment of melanoma.
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11
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Adamus G. Impact of Autoantibodies against Glycolytic Enzymes on Pathogenicity of Autoimmune Retinopathy and Other Autoimmune Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:505. [PMID: 28503176 PMCID: PMC5408022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against glycolytic enzymes: aldolase, α-enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase are prevalent in sera of patients with blinding retinal diseases, such as paraneoplastic [cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR)] and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathies, as well as in many other autoimmune diseases. CAR is a degenerative disease of the retina characterized by sudden vision loss in patients with cancer and serum anti-retinal AAbs. In this review, we discuss the widespread serum presence of anti-glycolytic enzyme AAbs and their significance in autoimmune diseases. There are multiple mechanisms responsible for antibody generation, including the innate anti-microbial response, anti-tumor response, or autoimmune response against released self-antigens from damaged, inflamed tissue. AAbs against enolase, GADPH, and aldolase exist in a single patient in elevated titers, suggesting their participation in pathogenicity. The lack of restriction of AAbs to one disease may be related to an increased expression of glycolytic enzymes in various metabolically active tissues that triggers an autoimmune response and generation of AAbs with the same specificity in several chronic and autoimmune conditions. In CAR, the importance of serum anti-glycolytic enzyme AAbs had been previously dismissed, but the retina may be without pathological consequence until a failure of the blood–retinal barrier function, which would then allow pathogenic AAbs access to their retinal targets, ultimately leading to damaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- School of Medicine, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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12
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The cancer-retina antigen recoverin as a potential biomarker for renal tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9899-907. [PMID: 26813565 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal cell carcinoma is the ninth most common cancer with an increasing occurrence and mortality. Recoverin is the first retina-specific photoreceptor protein that was shown to undergo aberrant expression, due to its promoter demethylation, as a cancer-retina antigen in a number of malignant tumors. In this work, we demonstrated that recoverin is indeed expressed in 68.4 % of patients with different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, and this expression has tendency to correlate with tumor size. Interestingly, 91.7 % of patients with the benign renal tumor, oncocytoma, express recoverin as well in their tumor. Epigenetic analysis of the recoverin gene promoter revealed a stable mosaic methylation pattern with the predominance of the methylated state, with the exception of -80 and 56 CpG dinucleotides (CpGs). While the recoverin expression does not correlate withoverall survival of the tumor patients, the methylation of the recoverin gene promoter at -80 position is associated with better overall survival of the patients. This work is the first report pointing towards the association of overall survival of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients with promoter methylation of a cancer-retina antigen. Taken together, these data allow to consider recoverin as a potential therapeutic target and/or marker for renal tumors.
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13
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Golovastova MO, Bazhin AV, Philippov PP. Cancer-retina antigens -- a new group of tumor antigens. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:733-9. [PMID: 25365483 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791408001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Some photoreceptor proteins normally specific for the eye retina are aberrantly expressed in malignant tumors. These proteins include recoverin, visual rhodopsin, transducin, cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE 6), cGMP-dependent cationic channels, guanylyl cyclase 1, rhodopsin kinase, and arrestin. By analogy with cancer-testis antigens, these photoreceptor proteins form the group of cancer-retina antigens. It is shown that an aberrant demethylation of the promoter region of recoverin is involved in the aberrant expression of this protein. The cascade Wnt5a → Frizzled-2 → transducin → PDE 6 is shown to function in skin melanoma cells, and this suggests that these cancer-retina antigens can play a functional role. The events accompanying the signal transduction in this cascade, including those involving calcium ions and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G), are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Golovastova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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14
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Komáromy AM, Abrams KL, Heckenlively JR, Lundy SK, Maggs DJ, Leeth CM, MohanKumar PS, Petersen‐Jones SM, Serreze DV, Woerdt A. Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) – a review and proposed strategies toward a better understanding of pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and therapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:319-31. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András M. Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University 736 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania 3900 Delancey Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - John R. Heckenlively
- Kellogg Eye Center University of Michigan 1000 Wall Street Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
| | - Steven K. Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan 300 North Ingalls Building Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Caroline M. Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 175 West Campus Drive, MC 0306, 3280 Litton Reaves Hall Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Puliyur S. MohanKumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen‐Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University 736 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | | | - Alexandra Woerdt
- The Animal Medical Center 510 East 62nd Street New York NY 10065 USA
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15
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Adamus G. Latest updates on antiretinal autoantibodies associated with vision loss and breast cancer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1680-8. [PMID: 25754855 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is an uncommon paraneoplastic disorder of the retina that is frequently associated with breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women older than 50 years. In this review, we will give an update on the current knowledge regarding the association of antiretinal autoantibodies with the breast-CAR syndrome. Women with breast cancer and visual indications of CAR have a significantly increased incidence of autoantibodies (AAbs) against retinal proteins when compared to healthy women. The onset of visual loss in association with antiretinal AAbs peaks 2 to 3 years after the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. Differences in severity of symptoms between women with or without antiretinal AAbs are evident, revealing more unfavorable presentation in seropositive women. The incidence of CAR in breast cancer is likely to rise as the survival time of patients with breast cancer increases; consequently, a prediction of breast-CAR based on autoimmunity to individual retinal antigens, or to panels of antigens (signatures), is clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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16
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Dong H, Claffey KP, Brocke S, Epstein PM. Expression of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) in human breast cancer cells. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:680. [PMID: 24683528 PMCID: PMC3967736 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable epidemiological evidence demonstrates a positive association between artificial light at night (LAN) levels and incidence rates of breast cancer, suggesting that exposure to LAN is a risk factor for breast cancer. There is a 30-50% higher risk of breast cancer in the highest LAN exposed countries compared to the lowest LAN countries, and studies showing higher incidence of breast cancer among shift workers exposed to more LAN have led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify shift work as a probable human carcinogen. Nevertheless, the means by which light can affect breast cancer is still unknown. In this study we examined established human breast cancer cell lines and patients’ primary breast cancer tissues for expression of genetic components of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), a cGMP-specific PDE involved in transduction of the light signal, and previously thought to be selectively expressed in photoreceptors. By microarray analysis we find highly significant expression of mRNA for the PDE6B, PDE6C, and PDE6D genes in both the cell lines and patients’ tissues, minimal expression of PDE6A and PDE6G and no expression of PDE6H. Using antibody specific for PDE6β, we find expression of PDE6B protein in a wide range of patients’ tissues by immunohistochemistry, and in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Considerable expression of key circadian genes, PERIOD 2, CLOCK, TIMELESS, CRYPTOCHROME 1, and CRYPTOCHROME 2 was also seen in all breast cancer cell lines and all patients’ breast cancer tissues. These studies indicate that genes for PDE6 and control of circadian rhythm are expressed in human breast cancer cells and tissues and may play a role in transducing the effects of light on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Dong
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-3505 USA
| | - Kevin P Claffey
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-3505 USA
| | - Stefan Brocke
- Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Paul M Epstein
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-3505 USA
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Audemard A, de Raucourt S, Miocque S, Comoz F, Giraud JM, Dreno B, Bienvenu B, Rogerie MJ, Dompmartin A. Melanoma-associated retinopathy treated with ipilimumab therapy. Dermatology 2013; 227:146-9. [PMID: 24051549 DOI: 10.1159/000353408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) is a rare autoimmune syndrome in patients with melanoma characterized by visual disorders. MAR is induced by the degeneration of bipolar cells of the retina and the presence of serum autoantibodies against retina proteins. Ipilimumab, an anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody, improves survival in previously treated patients with metastatic melanoma, but is responsible for a spectrum of immune-related adverse events. Administration of ipilimumab to patients with autoimmune diseases (such as MAR or vitiligo) is actually not recommended. We report a patient presenting with MAR occurring during a melanoma relapse. Surgery and chemotherapy had no effect on visual acuity and melanoma increased. In the absence of alternative antitumoral treatment, we focused on the vital prognosis and treated the patient with ipilimumab. Two years after the treatment the patient is free from new metastasis but has presented with exacerbation of vitiligo and MAR. In the very rare case of melanoma with autoimmune disease without a therapy option, ipilimumab could be discussed, taking into account the fact that it can be effective on tumor burden but can also increase autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Audemard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Caen, France
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18
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19
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Rappoport D, Leiba H. Presumed melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR): a presenting sign of primary small intestinal melanoma? Int Ophthalmol 2012; 32:387-91. [PMID: 22527450 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-012-9564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma-associated retinopathy is a paraneoplastic retinopathy associated mostly with cutaneous melanoma. In most cases it presents months to years after diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma was made or after recurrence. We describe a 55-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of decreased vision and photopsia. Diagnosis of melanoma-associated retinopathy was made, but no primary cutaneous melanoma was found. 3 months later he developed intestinal perforation due to small intestinal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rappoport
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center, P O Box 1, 76100, Reovot, Israel
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20
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Amann PM, Luo C, Owen RW, Hofmann C, Freudenberger M, Schadendorf D, Eichmüller SB, Bazhin AV. Vitamin A metabolism in benign and malignant melanocytic skin cells: importance of lecithin/retinol acyltransferase and RPE65. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:718-28. [PMID: 21465477 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance in vitamin A metabolism seems to be an important attribute of cancer cells. Retinoids, particularly retinoic acid, have critical regulatory functions and appear to modulate tumor development and progression. The key step of vitamin A metabolism is the esterification of all-trans retinol, catalyzed by lecithin/retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). In this work, we show that malignant melanoma cells are able to esterify all-trans retinol and subsequently isomerize all-trans retinyl esters (RE) into 11-cis retinol, whereas their benign counterparts-melanocytes are not able to catalyze these reactions. Besides, melanoma cell lines express lecithin/retinol acyltranseferase both at the mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, melanocytes do not express this enzyme at the protein level, but mRNA of lecithin/retinol acyltransefrase could still be present at mRNA level. RPE65 is expressed in both melanocytic counterparts, and could be involved in the subsequent isomerization of RE produced by lecithin/retinol acyltransefrase to 11-cis retinol. Cellular retinol-binding protein 2 does not appear to be involved in the regulation of all-trans retinol esterification in these cells. Expression of LRAT and RPE65 can be modulated by retinoids. We propose that the post-transcriptional regulation of lecithin/retinol acyltransefrase could be involved in the differential expression of this enzyme. Besides, activities of LRAT and RPE65 may be important for removal of all-trans retinal which is the substrate for retinoic acid production in skin cells. Consequently, the decreasing cellular amount of retinoic acid and its precursor molecules could result in a change of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Amann
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Amann PM, Hofmann C, Freudenberger M, Holland-Cunz S, Eichmüller SB, Bazhin AV. Expression and activity of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in melanoma cells and in melanocytes. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:792-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Savchenko MS, Goncharskaia MA, Skorikova EE, Eichmüller SB, Kushlinsky NE, Bazhin AV, Philippov PP. Autoantibodies against the Ca(2+)-binding protein recoverin in blood sera of patients with various oncological diseases. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:377-382. [PMID: 22740915 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, the retinal Ca(2+)-binding protein recoverin is a paraneoplastic antigen, the aberrant expression of which is capable of triggering the appearance of specific autoantibodies in the serum of patients with malignant tumors and the subsequent development of a paraneoplastic syndrome, cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR). The frequency of serum autoantibodies against recoverin (AAR), earlier determined at a rate of 15-20% in lung cancer, is much higher than the frequency of CAR syndrome, which is approximately 1%. In the present study, we estimated for the first time the frequencies of serum AAR in patients with various types of malignancies other than lung cancer. Patient biospecimens were collected to analyze for the presence of AAR. Additionally, various cell lines were cultivated and analyses were performed using Western blotting and RT-PCR. Results showed that in all cases tested, the AAR frequencies did not exceed 10%. Five AAR-positive patients with various types of cancer were available for ophthalmological investigation and only one of these patients had CAR syndrome. This result is consistent with the conclusion made in our previous studies of lung cancer that serum AAR do not necessarily trigger the development of CAR syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Savchenko
- Department of Cell Signalling, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow
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23
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Senin II, Tikhomirova NK, Churumova VA, Grigoriev II, Kolpakova TA, Zinchenko DV, Philippov PP, Zernii EY. Amino acid sequences of two immune-dominant epitopes of recoverin are involved in Ca2+/recoverin-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation of rhodopsin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:332-8. [PMID: 21568868 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies AB(60-72) and AB(80-92) against two immune-dominant epitopes of photoreceptor Ca(2+)-binding protein recoverin, 60-DPKAYAQHVFRSF-72 and 80-LDFKEYVIALHMT-92, which can be exposed in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, were obtained. The presence of AB(60-72) or AB(80-92) results in a slight increase in Ca(2+)-affinity of recoverin and does not affect significantly a Ca(2+)-myristoyl switch mechanism of the protein. However in the presence of AB(60-72) or AB(80-92) recoverin loses its ability to interact with rhodopsin kinase and consequently to perform a function of Ca(2+)-sensitive inhibitor of rhodopsin phosphorylation in photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Senin
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
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Autoantibodies in melanoma-associated retinopathy target TRPM1 cation channels of retinal ON bipolar cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:3962-7. [PMID: 21411639 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6007-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) is characterized by night blindness, photopsias, and a selective reduction of the electroretinogram b-wave. In certain cases, the serum contains autoantibodies that react with ON bipolar cells, but the target of these autoantibodies has not been identified. Here we show that the primary target of autoantibodies produced in MAR patients with reduced b-wave is the TRPM1 cation channel, the newly identified transduction channel in ON bipolar cells. Sera from two well characterized MAR patients, but not from a control subject, stained human embryonic kidney cells transfected with the TRPM1 gene, and Western blots probed with these MAR sera showed the expected band size (∼180 kDa). Staining of mouse and primate retina with MAR sera revealed immunoreactivity in all types of ON bipolar cells. Similar to staining for TRPM1, staining with the MAR sera was strong in dendritic tips and somas and was weak or absent in axon terminals. This staining colocalized with GFP in Grm6-GFP transgenic mice, where GFP is expressed in all and only ON bipolar cells, and also colocalized with Gα(o), a marker for all types of ON bipolar cells. The staining in ON bipolar cells was confirmed to be specific to TRPM1 because MAR serum did not stain these cells in a Trpm1(-/-) mouse. Evidence suggests that the recognized epitope is likely intracellular, and the sera can be internalized by retinal cells. We conclude that the vision of at least some patients with MAR is compromised due to autoantibody-mediated inactivation of the TRPM1 channel.
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Identification of autoantibodies against TRPM1 in patients with paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with ON bipolar cell dysfunction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19911. [PMID: 21611200 PMCID: PMC3096646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paraneoplastic retinopathy (PR), including cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) and melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), is a progressive retinal disease caused by antibodies generated against neoplasms not associated with the eye. While several autoantibodies against retinal antigens have been identified, there has been no known autoantibody reacting specifically against bipolar cell antigens in the sera of patients with PR. We previously reported that the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 (TRPM1) is specifically expressed in retinal ON bipolar cells and functions as a component of ON bipolar cell transduction channels. In addition, this and other groups have reported that human TRPM1 mutations are associated with the complete form of congenital stationary night blindness. The purpose of the current study is to investigate whether there are autoantibodies against TRPM1 in the sera of PR patients exhibiting ON bipolar cell dysfunction. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed Western blot analysis to identify an autoantibody against TRPM1 in the serum of a patient with lung CAR. The electroretinograms of this patient showed a severely reduced ON response with normal OFF response, indicating that the defect is in the signal transmission between photoreceptors and ON bipolar cells. We also investigated the sera of 26 patients with MAR for autoantibodies against TRPM1 because MAR patients are known to exhibit retinal ON bipolar cell dysfunction. Two of the patients were found to have autoantibodies against TRPM1 in their sera. Conclusion/Significance Our study reveals TRPM1 to be one of the autoantigens targeted by autoantibodies in at least some patients with CAR or MAR associated with retinal ON bipolar cell dysfunction.
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Bazhin AV, De Smet C, Golovastova MO, Schmidt J, Philippov PP. Aberrant demethylation of the recoverin gene is involved in the aberrant expression of recoverin in cancer cells. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:1023-5. [PMID: 20812967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+) -binding protein recoverin is normally specific for the retina. Recoverin aberrantly expressed in lung and melanoma tumors can trigger the host immune response followed by the development of a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome represented by cancer- and melanoma-associated retinopathy, respectively. The mechanisms, underlying the aberrant expression of recoverin in tumor cells, have remained unknown. The data obtained in this study suggest that (i) DNA methylation participates in the repression of synthesis of mRNA for recoverin in normal tissues and (ii) aberrant hypomethylation of the recoverin gene region, overlapping the promoter up-stream of the first exon and the first exon itself, is involved in the aberrant expression of recoverin in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of Cell Signalling, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Bazhin AV, Tambor V, Dikov B, Philippov PP, Schadendorf D, Eichmüller SB. cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6, transducin and Wnt5a/Frizzled-2-signaling control cGMP and Ca(2+) homeostasis in melanoma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:817-28. [PMID: 19946729 PMCID: PMC11115744 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive human neoplasms which develop from the malignant transformation of normal epithelial melanocytes and share the lineage with retinal cells. cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) is one of the cancer-retina antigens newly identified in melanoma cells. Normally, PDE6 hydrolyzes the photoreceptor second messenger cGMP allowing the visual signal transduction in photoreceptor cells. cGMP also play an important signaling role in stimulating melanogenesis in human melanocytes. Here, we present evidence that PDE6 is a key enzyme regulating the cGMP metabolism in melanoma cells. Decrease in intracellular cGMP leads to calcium accumulation in melanoma cells. In these cells, cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6 can be activated by another cancer-retina antigen, transducin, through Wnt5a-Frizzled-2 cascade, which leads to a lowering of cGMP and an increase in intracellular calcium mobilization. Thus, the aberrant expression of PDE6 may control cGMP metabolism and calcium homeostasis in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr V Bazhin
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Wood W, Garg S, Adamus G, Gabriel D, Shea T, Serody J. Alloimmune Retinopathy Associated with Antibodies to Transducin-α as a Complication of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 16:135-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Lu Y, Jia L, He S, Hurley MC, Leys MJ, Jayasundera T, Heckenlively JR. Melanoma-associated retinopathy: a paraneoplastic autoimmune complication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 127:1572-80. [PMID: 20008709 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study 11 patients with melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) to clarify the reliability of various methods of diagnostic testing, to determine the underlying antigenic retinal proteins, and to study the clinical histories and types of associated melanomas. METHODS Clinical data were obtained from patients with melanoma who developed marked visual problems. Testing included electroretinography, kinetic visual fields, comparative studies of Western blots, and indirect immunohistologic examination to detect antiretinal antibodies, as well as proteomic studies to identify underlying antigenic retinal proteins. RESULTS Patients with MAR typically have rapid onset of photopsias, scotomata, and loss of central or paracentral vision. Ophthalmoscopy seldom shows significant changes early, but electroretinograms are abnormal. Results of Western blots and immunohistologic examination can show antiretinal antibodies but not always. Most patients (9 of 11) had a strong family history of autoimmune disorders. Any type of melanoma (cutaneous, choroidal, ciliary body, or choroidal nevi) may be associated with this paraneoplastic autoimmune reactivity. MAR may precede or follow the diagnosis of melanoma. Patients with MAR have the same antigenic retinal proteins that have been associated with cancer-associated retinopathy. In addition, 2 new antigenic retinal proteins, aldolase A and aldolase C, were found. CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of positive family histories of autoimmune disease in patients with MAR. To confirm the disorder, multiple clinical and serum diagnostic techniques (Western blot or indirect immunohistologic examination) are needed. Two newly observed antigenic retinal proteins, aldolase A and aldolase C, are associated with MAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Molecular biomarkers for autoimmune retinopathies: significance of anti-transducin-alpha autoantibodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:195-203. [PMID: 19744478 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathies (AR) are uncommon retinal degenerations with vision loss associated with unique clinical symptoms and findings and with serum anti-retinal autoantibodies. The experimental and clinical studies corroborate that autoantibodies in high titers can penetrate into the retina affecting function of the target antigens, which leads to retinal dysfunction and degeneration. Anti-recoverin and anti-enolase alpha-enolase autoantibodies were more frequently recognized in AR but autoantibodies with other specificities have also been documented, indicating immunological heterogeneity. Our goal was to examine the associations of anti-retinal autoantibodies with retinopathy in order to identify molecular biomarkers for better diagnosis and prognosis of retinopathies. In these studies we examined 39 patients (10 with cancers) of average age of approximately 57 years old with sudden onset of unexplained progressive vision loss and the presence of circulating serum autoantibodies against 40-kDa retinal protein. The patients presented the retinal phenotype characterized by defects in visual fields and reduced scotopic ERG responses. Anti-40-kDa autoantibodies had specificity to the amino terminus of transducin-alpha. None of the normal subjects' sera had anti-40-kDa autoantibodies. In conclusion, the clinical phenotype of patients with anti-transducin-alpha autoantibodies differed from other phenotypes of AR. These patients, often women at a ratio approximately 2:1, had defects in rod (scotopic) photoreceptor function and typically did not have cancers, whereas the anti-recoverin phenotype is associated with cancer and severe loss of rod and cones function, and anti-enolase retinopathy typically presents with cone dysfunction and is equal in cancer and non-cancer patients. Our studies suggest that anti-transducin autoantibodies can serve as molecular biomarkers for retinal phenotypes and could be used for progression of retinal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Nasarre P, Thomas M, Kruse K, Helfrich I, Wolter V, Deppermann C, Schadendorf D, Thurston G, Fiedler U, Augustin HG. Host-derived angiopoietin-2 affects early stages of tumor development and vessel maturation but is dispensable for later stages of tumor growth. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1324-33. [PMID: 19208839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiopoietin/Tie2 system has been identified as the second vascular-specific receptor tyrosine kinase system controlling vessel assembly, maturation, and quiescence. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is prominently up-regulated in the host-derived vasculature of most tumors, making it an attractive candidate for antiangiogenic intervention. Yet, the net outcome of Ang-2 functions on tumor angiogenesis is believed to be contextual depending on the local cytokine milieu. Correspondingly, Ang-2 manipulatory therapies have been shown to exert protumorigenic as well as antitumorigenic effects. To clarify the role of Ang-2 for angiogenesis and tumor growth in a definite genetic experimental setting, the present study was aimed at comparatively studying the growth of different tumors in wild-type and Ang-2-deficient mice. Lewis lung carcinomas, MT-ret melanomas, and B16F10 melanomas all grew slower in Ang-2-deficient mice. Yet, tumor growth in wild-type and Ang-2-deficient mice dissociated during early stages of tumor development, whereas tumor growth rates during later stages of primary tumor progression were similar. Analysis of the intratumoral vascular architecture revealed no major differences in microvessel density and perfusion characteristics. However, diameters of intratumoral microvessels were smaller in tumors grown in Ang-2-deficient mice, and the vasculature had an altered pattern of pericyte recruitment and maturation. Ang-2-deficient tumor vessels had higher pericyte coverage indices. Recruited pericytes were desmin and NG2 positive and predominately alpha-smooth muscle actin negative, indicative of a more mature pericyte phenotype. Collectively, the experiments define the role of Ang-2 during tumor angiogenesis and establish a better rationale for combination therapies involving Ang-2 manipulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nasarre
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany
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Bazhin AV. The need for standardization of antiretinal antibody detection and measurement. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147:374; author reply 374-5. [PMID: 19166715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adamus G. Autoantibody targets and their cancer relationship in the pathogenicity of paraneoplastic retinopathy. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:410-4. [PMID: 19168157 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic retinopathies (PR), including cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) or the closely related melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) occur in a small subset of patients with retinal degeneration and systemic cancer. This autoimmune syndrome is characterized by sudden, progressive loss of vision in association with circulating anti-retinal autoantibodies. The PR syndromes are heterogeneous, may produce a number of ocular symptoms, and may be associated with several different neoplasms, including lung, breast, prostate, gynecological, and colon cancer, melanoma, and hematologic malignancies. We examined the onset of retinopathy in correlation to the diagnosis of cancer and the presence of specific anti-retinal autoantibodies in PR patients. In some patients without diagnosed malignant tumors, the onset of ocular symptoms and the presence of autoantibodies preceded the diagnosis of cancer by months to years, including anti-recoverin, anti-transducin-alpha, and anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibodies. Although anti-retinal autoantibodies may not be a good predictor of a specific neoplasm, they can be used as biomarkers for different subtypes of retinopathy. Identification of autoantibodies involved in autoimmune-mediated PR will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the PR syndromes and develop targeted therapies for these sight-threatening disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Bazhin AV, Dalke C, Willner N, Abschütz O, Wildberger HGH, Philippov PP, Dummer R, Graw J, de Angelis MH, Schadendorf D, Umansky V, Eichmüller SB. Cancer-retina antigens as potential paraneoplastic antigens in melanoma-associated retinopathy. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:140-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bazhin AV, Schadendorf D, Owen RW, Zernii EY, Philippov PP, Eichmüller SB. Visible Light Modulates the Expression of Cancer-Retina Antigens. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:110-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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