1
|
Cavatão FG, Pinto ÉSM, Krause MJ, Alho CS, Dorn M. Molecular Basis of MC1R Activation: Mutation-Induced Alterations in Structural Dynamics. Proteins 2024. [PMID: 38923677 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The MC1R protein is a receptor found in melanocytes that plays a role in melanin synthesis. Mutations in this protein can impact hair color, skin tone, tanning ability, and increase the risk of skin cancer. The MC1R protein is activated by the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Previous studies have shown that mutations affect the interaction between MC1R and α-MSH; however, the mechanism behind this process is poorly understood. Our study aims to shed light on this mechanism using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze the Asp84Glu and Asp294His variants. We simulated both the wild-type (WT) protein and the mutants with and without ligand. Our results reveal that mutations induce unique conformations during state transitions, hindering the switch between active and inactive states and decreasing cellular levels of cAMP. Interestingly, Asp294His showed increased ligand affinity but decreased protein activity, highlighting that tighter binding does not always lead to increased activation. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of MC1R mutations on protein activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Guimarães Cavatão
- Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Mathias J Krause
- Institute for Applied and Numerical Mathematics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Clarice Sampaio Alho
- Forensic Science, National Institute of Science and Technology, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- PPG Patologia, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcio Dorn
- Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Forensic Science, National Institute of Science and Technology, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Slominski RM, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Brożyna AA, Podgorska E, Dixon KM, Mason RS, Tuckey RC, Sharma R, Crossman DK, Elmets C, Raman C, Jetten AM, Indra AK, Slominski AT. Malignant Melanoma: An Overview, New Perspectives, and Vitamin D Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 38927967 PMCID: PMC11201527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating through malignant transformation of melanin-producing melanocytes, is a formidable malignancy, characterized by local invasiveness, recurrence, early metastasis, resistance to therapy, and a high mortality rate. This review discusses etiologic and risk factors for melanoma, diagnostic and prognostic tools, including recent advances in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics, and provides an overview of its therapy. Since the incidence of melanoma is rising and mortality remains unacceptably high, we discuss its inherent properties, including melanogenesis, that make this disease resilient to treatment and propose to use AI to solve the above complex and multidimensional problems. We provide an overview on vitamin D and its anticancerogenic properties, and report recent advances in this field that can provide solutions for the prevention and/or therapy of melanoma. Experimental papers and clinicopathological studies on the role of vitamin D status and signaling pathways initiated by its active metabolites in melanoma prognosis and therapy are reviewed. We conclude that vitamin D signaling, defined by specific nuclear receptors and selective activation by specific vitamin D hydroxyderivatives, can provide a benefit for new or existing therapeutic approaches. We propose to target vitamin D signaling with the use of computational biology and AI tools to provide a solution to the melanoma problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS—National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meretsky CR, Plitt VE, Friday BL, Schiuma AT, Ajebli M. A Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of Local Anesthetics and Systemic Anesthetics in the Red-Headed Versus Non-Red-Headed Patient Population: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e61797. [PMID: 38975446 PMCID: PMC11227258 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers have found that individuals with red hair often require higher doses of anesthetic medications to achieve the same level of pain relief or sedation compared to people with other hair colors. This review investigates the effects of local and systemic anesthetics in individuals with red hair compared to the general population. Focusing on both local and systemic anesthesia, this research aims to elucidate any distinctive responses or complications among the red-haired demographic. Utilizing a systematic review approach, we analyzed a wide array of previous research papers published over the last two decades to gather relevant data. Our findings suggest that people with red hair may exhibit variations in their response to both local and systemic anesthesia compared to non-red-haired individuals, indicating the necessity for tailored anesthetic approaches in clinical settings. Previous studies have found that individuals with red hair, as well as those with the corresponding melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) mutations, exhibit a greater resistance to the effects of systemic and local anesthetics. This review provides valuable insights that could help healthcare professionals optimize anesthetic management and improve patient outcomes, particularly for those with red hair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria E Plitt
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. George's University School of Medicine, Great River, USA
| | - Brooke L Friday
- Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, Great River, USA
| | | | - Mohammed Ajebli
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, MAR
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guida S, Puig S, DI Resta C, Sallustio F, Mangano E, Stabile G, Longo C, Pellacani G, Guida G, Rongioletti F. Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): a review for dermatologists. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:285-293. [PMID: 38376504 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.24.07839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and its variants have a pivotal role in melanin synthesis. However, MC1R has been associated to non-pigmentary pathways related to DNA-repair activities and inflammation. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview about the role of MC1R in the skin. Specifically, after summarizing the current knowledge about MC1R structure and polymorphisms, we report data concerning the correlation between MC1R, phenotypic traits, skin aging, other diseases and skin cancers and their risk assessment through genetic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy -
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy -
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunye, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara DI Resta
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mangano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Center (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stabile
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Skin Cancer Center, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Guida
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Rongioletti
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Chen J, Jin Z, Xing Y, Wang R. Natural hair color and skin cancers: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Gene 2024; 893:147940. [PMID: 37907182 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous observational studies have indicated an association between hair color and the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancer (KSC); however, different hair colors show inconsistent effects on skin cancers. Here, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate the causal relationship between natural hair color and skin cancers by using 211 single nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic instruments from a genome-wide meta-analysis of 360,270 individuals of European ancestry. Light hair colors (red, blonde, and light brown) were associated with high levels of cutaneous melanoma (CM) and KSC (CM-inverse variance weighted [IVW] odds ratio [OR]-red: 1.034, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.025-1.044, P < 0.001; OR-blonde: 1.008, 95% CI: 1.003-1.014, P = 0.003; OR-light brown: 1.006, 95% CI: 1.002-1.011, P = 0.009; KSC-IVW OR-red: 1.078, 95% CI: 1.053-1.103, P < 0.001; OR-blonde: 1.024, 95% CI: 1.009-1.040, P = 0.002; OR-light brown: 1.018, 95% CI: 1.004-1.033, P = 0.01). However, dark brown hair showed an inverse causal relationship with skin cancers (CM IVW OR: 0.987, 95% CI: 0.984-0.990, P < 0.001; KSC IVW OR: 0.979, 95% CI: 0.970-0.988, P < 0.001). Black hair was associated with a decreased risk of KSC (IVW OR: 0.954, 95% CI: 0.913-0.997, P = 0.036) but showed no causal relationship with CM. The present study provides strong MR evidence of a causal association between hair color and skin cancer. Secondary MR analyses enhances result robustness by replicating findings, exploring gender-specific effects, and providing a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between hair color and skin cancers. More large-scale MR studies or randomized controlled trials are required to further investigate the mechanisms of the association between hair color and skin cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ying Xing
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ruiping Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Y, Rubin CJ, Rönneburg T, Wang S, Li H, Hu X, Carlborg Ö. Whole-genome selective sweep analyses identifies the region and candidate gene associated with white earlobe color in Mediterranean chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103232. [PMID: 37980749 PMCID: PMC10692716 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the genomes of multiple domestic chicken breeds with red and white earlobes to identify the differentiated regions between groups of breeds differing in earlobe color. This was done using a selective sweep mapping approach based on whole-genome sequence data. The most significant selective sweep was identified on chromosome 11, where the white earlobe chicken breeds originated from Mediterranean share a common haplotype, and where multiple candidate genes are located. The most plausible functional candidate gene is the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R), a receptor known to regulate pigmentation in the skin and hair, and it is also the gene with the strongest positional support from the haplotype-based analyses. It, however, still needs to be explored experimentally to identify effects also on chicken earlobe color variation. Our study is the first exploration of the genetic basis of white earlobe color in Mediterranean chickens using a selective sweep mapping method based on whole-genome sequencing data and shows its value for identifying likely functional genes mediating the pigmentation in earlobe. It also indicates a potential novel role of MC1R in birds and exemplifies how selection on fancy traits has influenced the genome during formation of the modern chicken breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Carl-Johan Rubin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tilman Rönneburg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shouzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Örjan Carlborg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chang CL, Cai Z, Hsu SYT. A gel-forming α-MSH analog promotes lasting melanogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 958:176008. [PMID: 37673364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The α-MSH peptide plays a significant role in the regulation of pigmentation via the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). It increases the DNA repair capacity of melanocytes and reduces the incidence of skin cancers. As such, α-MSH analogs could have the utility for protecting against UV-induced skin DNA damage in susceptible patients. Recently, α-MSH analogs have been approved for the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria, hypoactive sexual desire, or pediatric obesity. However, the delivery of these drugs requires inconvenient implants or frequent injections. We recently found that select palmitoylated melanocortin analogs such as afamelanotide and adrenocorticotropin peptides self-assemble to form liquid gels in situ. To explore the utility of these novel analogs, we studied their pharmacological characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Acylated afamelanotide (DDE 313) and ACTH1-24 (DDE314) analogs form liquid gels at 6-20% and have a significantly increased viscosity at >2.5% compared to original analogs. Using the DDE313 analog as a prototype, we showed gel-formation reduces the passage of DDE313 through Centricon filters, and subcutaneous injection of analog gel in rats leads to the sustained presence of the peptide in circulation for >12 days. In addition, DDE313 darkened the skin of frogs for >4 weeks, whereas those injected with an equivalent dose of afamelanotide lost the tanning response within a few days. Because self-assembled gels allow sustained activation of melanocortin receptors, further studies of these analogs may allow the development of effective and convenient tanning therapies to prophylactically protect against UV-induced malignant transformation of skin cells in susceptible patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zheqing Cai
- CL Laboratory LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jensen MR, Jelsig AM, Gerdes AM, Hölmich LR, Kainu KH, Lorentzen HF, Hansen MH, Bak M, Johansson PA, Hayward NK, Van Overeem Hansen T, Wadt KA. TINF2 is a major susceptibility gene in Danish patients with multiple primary melanoma. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100225. [PMID: 37646013 PMCID: PMC10461021 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TINF2 encodes the TINF2 protein, which is a subunit in the shelterin complex critical for telomere regulation. Three recent studies have associated six truncating germline variants in TINF2 that have previously been associated with a cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS) caused by elongation of the telomeres. This has added TINF2 to the long telomere syndrome genes, together with other telomere maintenance genes such as ACD, POT1, TERF2IP, and TERT. We report a clinical study of 102 Danish patients with multiple primary melanoma (MPM) in which a germline truncating variant in TINF2 (p.(Arg265Ter)) was identified in four unrelated participants. The telomere lengths of three variant carriers were >90% percentile. In a routine diagnostic setting, the variant was identified in two more families, including an additional MPM patient and monozygotic twins with thyroid cancer and other cancer types. A total of 10 individuals from six independent families were confirmed carriers, all with cancer history, predominantly melanoma. Our findings suggest a major role of TINF2 in Danish patients with MPM. In addition to melanoma, other cancers in the six families include thyroid, renal, breast, and sarcoma, supporting a CPS in which melanoma, thyroid cancer, and sarcoma predominate. Further studies are needed to establish the full spectrum of associated cancer types and characterize lifetime cancer risk in carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Richter Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Jelsig
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Rosenkrantz Hölmich
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kati Hannele Kainu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mads Bak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Thomas Van Overeem Hansen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin A.W. Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang F, Liang D, Li Y, Ma S. Prior information-assisted integrative analysis of multiple datasets. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad452. [PMID: 37490475 PMCID: PMC10400378 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Analyzing genetic data to identify markers and construct predictive models is of great interest in biomedical research. However, limited by cost and sample availability, genetic studies often suffer from the "small sample size, high dimensionality" problem. To tackle this problem, an integrative analysis that collectively analyzes multiple datasets with compatible designs is often conducted. For regularizing estimation and selecting relevant variables, penalization and other regularization techniques are routinely adopted. "Blindly" searching over a vast number of variables may not be efficient. RESULTS We propose incorporating prior information to assist integrative analysis of multiple genetic datasets. To obtain accurate prior information, we adopt a convolutional neural network with an active learning strategy to label textual information from previous studies. Then the extracted prior information is incorporated using a group LASSO-based technique. We conducted a series of simulation studies that demonstrated the satisfactory performance of the proposed method. Finally, data on skin cutaneous melanoma are analyzed to establish practical utility. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Code is available at https://github.com/ldz7/PAIA. The data that support the findings in this article are openly available in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) at https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- Institute for Data Science in Health, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Dongzuo Liang
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- RSS and China-Re Life Joint Lab on Public Health and Risk Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- RSS and China-Re Life Joint Lab on Public Health and Risk Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong CK, Dite GS, Spaeth E, Murphy NM, Allman R. Melanoma risk prediction based on a polygenic risk score and clinical risk factors. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:293-299. [PMID: 37096571 PMCID: PMC10309112 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the Western world: third in Australia, fifth in the USA and sixth in the European Union. Predicting an individual's personal risk of developing melanoma may aid them in undertaking effective risk reduction measures. The objective of this study was to use the UK Biobank to predict the 10-year risk of melanoma using a newly developed polygenic risk score (PRS) and an existing clinical risk model. We developed the PRS using a matched case-control training dataset ( N = 16 434) in which age and sex were controlled by design. The combined risk score was developed using a cohort development dataset ( N = 54 799) and its performance was tested using a cohort testing dataset ( N = 54 798). Our PRS comprises 68 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.639 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.618-0.661]. In the cohort testing data, the hazard ratio per SD of the combined risk score was 1.332 (95% CI = 1.263-1.406). Harrell's C-index was 0.685 (95% CI = 0.654-0.715). Overall, the standardized incidence ratio was 1.193 (95% CI = 1.067-1.335). By combining a PRS and a clinical risk score, we have developed a risk prediction model that performs well in terms of discrimination and calibration. At an individual level, information on the 10-year risk of melanoma can motivate people to take risk-reduction action. At the population level, risk stratification can allow more effective population-level screening strategies to be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika Spaeth
- Phenogen Sciences Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roccuzzo G, Giordano S, Granato T, Cavallo F, Mastorino L, Avallone G, Pasini B, Quaglino P, Ribero S. Phenotypic and Dermoscopic Patterns of Familial Melanocytic Lesions: A Pilot Study in a Third-Level Center. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3772. [PMID: 37568588 PMCID: PMC10416987 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of the underlying mutations are hereditary and responsible for familial (or hereditary) melanoma. These patients are prone to the early development and higher risk of multiple melanomas. In recent years, an increasing number of genes have been identified thanks to genetic testing, allowing the subsequent surveillance of individuals at risk, yet it is still difficult to predict the presence of these mutations on a clinical basis. In this scenario, specific phenotypic and dermoscopic features could help clinicians in their identification. The aim of this work has been to correlate mutations to prevalent dermoscopic patterns, paving the way for reference models useful in clinical practice. In our cohort, out of 115 patients referred to genetic counseling for melanoma, 25 tested positive (21.7%) for critical mutations: CDKN2A (n = 12), MITF (n = 3), BAP1 (n = 1), MC1R (n = 3), PTEN (n = 1), TYR (n = 2), OCA2 (n = 1), and SLC45A2 (n = 2). The phenotype profiles obtained through the digital acquisition, analysis, and description of both benign and malignant pigmented lesions showed a predominance of the type II skin phenotype, with an elevated mean total nevus number (182 moles, range 75-390). As for dermoscopic features, specific mutation-related patterns were described in terms of pigmentation, areas of regression, and vascular structures. Although further studies with larger cohorts are needed, our work represents the beginning of a new approach to the study and diagnosis of familial melanoma, underlining the importance of clinical and dermoscopic patterns, which may constitute a reference model for each gene, enabling comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Roccuzzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Thomas Granato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavallo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Mastorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Avallone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Medical Genetics Unit, AOU ‘Città Della Salute e Della Scienza’-‘Molinette’ Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cakir A, Elcin G, Kilickap S, Gököz Ö, Taskiran ZE, Celik İ. Phenotypic and Genetic Features that Differ Between Hereditary and Sporadic Melanoma: Results of a Preliminary Study from a Single Center from Turkey. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:e2023146. [PMID: 37557112 PMCID: PMC10412028 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1303a146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most melanoma patients under our supervision lack characteristic phenotypic features for melanoma. In contrast, history of cancers other than melanoma and early age at onset were common. This observation was in favor of hereditary melanoma. OBJECTIVES To search for the phenotypic and genetic features that differ between sporadic and hereditary melanomas. METHODS In order to reveal phenotypic features, detailed physical exam was conducted to all melanoma patients (N = 43) and for genetic features. CDKN2A and MC1R mutations were detected with Sanger sequencing method. Assignment to hereditary and sporadic groups was done according to the "melanoma cancer syndrome assessment tool". Patients who were diagnosed before the age of 50 were also assigned to the hereditary melanoma group. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were assigned to the hereditary group and 12 to the sporadic group. Fair eye color was statistically significantly higher in the sporadic group (P = 0.000). CDKN2A was detected in only 1 patient in the hereditary group. MC1R mutations were found in 12 out of 13 (92.3%) in the hereditary group with a score =3 points, 13 out of 18 (72.2%) in the early age at onset group and 5 out of 12 (41.7%) in the sporadic group (P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Incidence of CDKN2A mutations in our hereditary group is in accordance with the reported incidences from Mediterranean countries. The difference between the hereditary and sporadic groups in terms of MC1R mutations supports the idea that MC1R genetic testing might help to determine patients with higher risk for hereditary melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Cakir
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonca Elcin
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saadettin Kilickap
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özay Gököz
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zihni Ekim Taskiran
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Celik
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Timis T, Bergthorsson JT, Greiff V, Cenariu M, Cenariu D. Pathology and Molecular Biology of Melanoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5575-5597. [PMID: 37504268 PMCID: PMC10377842 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost every death in young patients with an advanced skin tumor is caused by melanoma. Today, with the help of modern treatments, these patients survive longer or can even achieve a cure. Advanced stage melanoma is frequently related with poor prognosis and physicians still find this disease difficult to manage due to the absence of a lasting response to initial treatment regimens and the lack of randomized clinical trials in post immunotherapy/targeted molecular therapy settings. New therapeutic targets are emerging from preclinical data on the genetic profile of melanocytes and from the identification of molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of malignant transformation. In the current paper, we present the diagnostic challenges, molecular biology and genetics of malignant melanoma, as well as the current therapeutic options for patients with this diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanase Timis
- Department of Oncology, Bistrita Emergency Hospital, 420094 Bistrita, Romania;
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jon Thor Bergthorsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagotu 53, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland;
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Cenariu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wallingford CK, Demeshko A, Krishnakripa AK, Smit D, Duffy DL, Betz-Stablein B, Pflugfelder A, Jagirdar K, Holland E, Mann GJ, Primiero CA, Yanes T, Malvehy J, Badenas C, Carrera C, Aguilera P, Olsen C, Ward SV, Haass NK, Sturm RA, Puig S, Whiteman D, Law MH, Cust AE, Potrony M, Soyer H P, McInerney-Leo AM. The MC1R r allele does not increase melanoma risk in MITF E318K carriers. Br J Dermatol 2023; 188:770-776. [PMID: 36879448 PMCID: PMC10230961 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-wide screening for melanoma is not cost-effective, but genetic characterization could facilitate risk stratification and targeted screening. Common Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) red hair colour (RHC) variants and Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) E318K separately confer moderate melanoma susceptibility, but their interactive effects are relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether MC1R genotypes differentially affect melanoma risk in MITF E318K+ vs. E318K- individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Melanoma status (affected or unaffected) and genotype data (MC1R and MITF E318K) were collated from research cohorts (five Australian and two European). In addition, RHC genotypes from E318K+ individuals with and without melanoma were extracted from databases (The Cancer Genome Atlas and Medical Genome Research Bank, respectively). χ2 and logistic regression were used to evaluate RHC allele and genotype frequencies within E318K+/- cohorts depending on melanoma status. Replication analysis was conducted on 200 000 general-population exomes (UK Biobank). RESULTS The cohort comprised 1165 MITF E318K- and 322 E318K+ individuals. In E318K- cases MC1R R and r alleles increased melanoma risk relative to wild type (wt), P < 0.001 for both. Similarly, each MC1R RHC genotype (R/R, R/r, R/wt, r/r and r/wt) increased melanoma risk relative to wt/wt (P < 0.001 for all). In E318K+ cases, R alleles increased melanoma risk relative to the wt allele [odds ratio (OR) 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.67-2.49); P = 0.01], while the r allele risk was comparable with the wt allele [OR 0.78 (0.54-1.14) vs. 1.00, respectively]. E318K+ cases with the r/r genotype had a lower but not significant melanoma risk relative to wt/wt [OR 0.52 (0.20-1.38)]. Within the E318K+ cohort, R genotypes (R/R, R/r and R/wt) conferred a significantly higher risk compared with non-R genotypes (r/r, r/wt and wt/wt) (P < 0.001). UK Biobank data supported our findings that r did not increase melanoma risk in E318K+ individuals. CONCLUSIONS RHC alleles/genotypes modify melanoma risk differently in MITF E318K- and E318K+ individuals. Specifically, although all RHC alleles increase risk relative to wt in E318K- individuals, only MC1R R increases melanoma risk in E318K+ individuals. Importantly, in the E318K+ cohort the MC1R r allele risk is comparable with wt. These findings could inform counselling and management for MITF E318K+ individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Wallingford
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anastassia Demeshko
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Darren J Smit
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David L Duffy
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brigid Betz-Stablein
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annette Pflugfelder
- Center of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Holland
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- The Melanoma Institute Australia, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Clare A Primiero
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tatiane Yanes
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cèlia Badenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Aguilera
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah V Ward
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anne E Cust
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia
- The Melanoma Institute Australia, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu CLS, Cioanca AV, Gelmi MC, Wen L, Di Girolamo N, Zhu L, Natoli R, Conway RM, Petsoglou C, Jager MJ, McCluskey PJ, Madigan MC. The multifunctional human ocular melanocortin system. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101187. [PMID: 37217094 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immune privilege in the eye involves physical barriers, immune regulation and secreted proteins that together limit the damaging effects of intraocular immune responses and inflammation. The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) normally circulates in the aqueous humour of the anterior chamber and the vitreous fluid, secreted by iris and ciliary epithelium, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). α-MSH plays an important role in maintaining ocular immune privilege by helping the development of suppressor immune cells and by activating regulatory T-cells. α-MSH functions by binding to and activating melanocortin receptors (MC1R to MC5R) and receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) that work in concert with antagonists, otherwise known as the melanocortin system. As well as controlling immune responses and inflammation, a broad range of biological functions is increasingly recognised to be orchestrated by the melanocortin system within ocular tissues. This includes maintaining corneal transparency and immune privilege by limiting corneal (lymph)angiogenesis, sustaining corneal epithelial integrity, protecting corneal endothelium and potentially enhancing corneal graft survival, regulating aqueous tear secretion with implications for dry eye disease, facilitating retinal homeostasis via maintaining blood-retinal barriers, providing neuroprotection in the retina, and controlling abnormal new vessel growth in the choroid and retina. The role of melanocortin signalling in uveal melanocyte melanogenesis however remains unclear compared to its established role in skin melanogenesis. The early application of a melanocortin agonist to downregulate systemic inflammation used adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-based repository cortisone injection (RCI), but adverse side effects including hypertension, edema, and weight gain, related to increased adrenal gland corticosteroid production, impacted clinical uptake. Compared to ACTH, melanocortin peptides that target MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and/or MC5R, but not adrenal gland MC2R, induce minimal corticosteroid production with fewer amdverse systemic effects. Pharmacological advances in synthesising MCR-specific targeted peptides provide further opportunities for treating ocular (and systemic) inflammatory diseases. Following from these observations and a renewed clinical and pharmacological interest in the diverse biological roles of the melanocortin system, this review highlights the physiological and disease-related involvement of this system within human eye tissues. We also review the emerging benefits and versatility of melanocortin receptor targeted peptides as non-steroidal alternatives for inflammatory eye diseases such as non-infectious uveitis and dry eye disease, and translational applications in promoting ocular homeostasis, for example, in corneal transplantation and diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Lin Stanley Wu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Adrian V Cioanca
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Maria C Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Li Wen
- New South Wales Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - R Max Conway
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Constantinos Petsoglou
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; New South Wales Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khodeneva N, Sugimoto MA, Davan-Wetton CSA, Montero-Melendez T. Melanocortin therapies to resolve fibroblast-mediated diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1084394. [PMID: 36793548 PMCID: PMC9922712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells have emerged as central drivers in multiple and diverse diseases, and consequently, as potential new cellular targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review we revise the main roles of fibroblasts, not only as structural cells but also as players and regulators of immune responses. Important aspects like fibroblast heterogeneity, functional specialization and cellular plasticity are also discussed as well as the implications that these aspects may have in disease and in the design of novel therapeutics. An extensive revision of the actions of fibroblasts on different conditions uncovers the existence of numerous diseases in which this cell type plays a pathogenic role, either due to an exacerbation of their 'structural' side, or a dysregulation of their 'immune side'. In both cases, opportunities for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches exist. In this regard, here we revise the existing evidence pointing at the melanocortin pathway as a potential new strategy for the treatment and management of diseases mediated by aberrantly activated fibroblasts, including scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis. This evidence derives from studies involving models of in vitro primary fibroblasts, in vivo models of disease as well as ongoing human clinical trials. Melanocortin drugs, which are pro-resolving mediators, have shown ability to reduce collagen deposition, activation of myofibroblasts, reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduced scar formation. Here we also discuss existing challenges, both in approaching fibroblasts as therapeutic targets, and in the development of novel melanocortin drug candidates, that may help advance the field and deliver new medicines for the management of diseases with high medical needs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Borik-Heil L, Endler G, Parson W, Zuckermann A, Schnaller L, Uyanik-Ünal K, Jaksch P, Böhmig G, Cejka D, Staufer K, Hielle-Wittmann E, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Wolf P, Sunder-Plassmann R, Geusau A. Cumulative UV Exposure or a Modified SCINEXA™-Skin Aging Score Do Not Play a Substantial Role in Predicting the Risk of Developing Keratinocyte Cancers after Solid Organ Transplantation-A Case Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030864. [PMID: 36765822 PMCID: PMC9913211 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of keratinocyte cancer is determined by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which also influence skin aging. Few studies have linked skin aging and UV exposure with the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). We evaluated signs of actinic skin damage and aging, individual UV burden, and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants. A total of 194 organ transplant recipients (OTR) who suffered from NMSC were compared to 194 tumor-free controls matched for gender, age, type of transplanted organ, post-transplantation (TX) period, and immunosuppressive therapy. Compared with the cases, the controls scored higher in all skin aging scores and there were no differences in UV burden except for intentional whole-body UV exposure for specific UV scenarios and periods of life in favor of cases. The number of NMSCs correlated with all types of skin aging scores, the extent of intentional sun exposure, older age, longer post-TX period, shorter interval from TX to first NMSC, and specific MC1R risk groups. Multivariable models revealed a 7.5-fold risk of developing NMSC in individuals with actinic keratosis; 4.1- or 3.6-fold in those with green or blue eyes, respectively; and a 1.9-fold increased risk in the MC1R medium- + high-risk group. In the absence of skin aging contributing to NMSC development, certain MC1R risk types may identify OTR at risk for high tumor burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Borik-Heil
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Endler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Andreas Zuckermann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Schnaller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Keziban Uyanik-Ünal
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Böhmig
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Cejka
- Department of Nephrology, Ordensklinikum Barmherzige Schwestern Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Katharina Staufer
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Hielle-Wittmann
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Rasoul-Rockenschaub
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Alexandra Geusau
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40400-77690
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shang S, Liu J, Hua F. Protein acylation: mechanisms, biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:396. [PMID: 36577755 PMCID: PMC9797573 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is involved in the pathogenesis of not only cancers but also neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. With the progress of metabonomics and proteomics, metabolites have been found to affect protein acylations through providing acyl groups or changing the activities of acyltransferases or deacylases. Reciprocally, protein acylation is involved in key cellular processes relevant to physiology and diseases, such as protein stability, protein subcellular localization, enzyme activity, transcriptional activity, protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Herein, we summarize the functional diversity and mechanisms of eight kinds of nonhistone protein acylations in the physiological processes and progression of several diseases. We also highlight the recent progress in the development of inhibitors for acyltransferase, deacylase, and acylation reader proteins for their potential applications in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Melanogenesis and the Targeted Therapy of Melanoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121874. [PMID: 36551302 PMCID: PMC9775438 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment production is a unique character of melanocytes. Numerous factors are linked with melanin production, including genetics, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and inflammation. Understanding the mechanism of melanogenesis is crucial to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of melanoma. Here, we reviewed the current available literatures on the mechanisms of melanogenesis, including the signaling pathways of UVR-induced pigment production, MC1R's central determinant roles and MITF as a master transcriptional regulator in melanogenesis. Moreover, we further highlighted the role of targeting BRAF, NRAS and MC1R in melanoma prevention and treatment. The combination therapeutics of immunotherapy and targeted kinase inhibitors are becoming the newest therapeutic option in advanced melanoma.
Collapse
|
20
|
Shi H, Cheng Z. MC1R and melanin-based molecular probes for theranostic of melanoma and beyond. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:3034-3044. [PMID: 36008707 PMCID: PMC9712491 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is accounting for most of skin cancer-associated mortality. The incidence of melanoma increased every year worldwide especially in western countries. Treatment efficiency is highly related to the stage of melanoma. Therefore, accurate staging and restaging play a pivotal role in the management of melanoma patients. Though 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) has been widely used in imaging of tumor metastases, novel radioactive probes for specific targeted imaging of both primary and metastasized melanoma are still desired. Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) and melanin are two promising biomarkers specifically for melanoma, and numerous research groups including us have been actively developing a plethora of radioactive probes based on targeting of MC1R or melanin for over two decades. In this review, some of the MC1R-targeted tracers and melanin-associated molecular imaging probes developed in our research and others have been briefly summarized, and it provides a quick glance of melanoma-targeted probe design and may contribute to further developing novel molecular probes for cancer theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muñoz-Barrera A, Rubio-Rodríguez LA, Díaz-de Usera A, Jáspez D, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, García-Olivares V, Flores C. From Samples to Germline and Somatic Sequence Variation: A Focus on Next-Generation Sequencing in Melanoma Research. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1939. [PMID: 36431075 PMCID: PMC9695713 DOI: 10.3390/life12111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications have flourished in the last decade, permitting the identification of cancer driver genes and profoundly expanding the possibilities of genomic studies of cancer, including melanoma. Here we aimed to present a technical review across many of the methodological approaches brought by the use of NGS applications with a focus on assessing germline and somatic sequence variation. We provide cautionary notes and discuss key technical details involved in library preparation, the most common problems with the samples, and guidance to circumvent them. We also provide an overview of the sequence-based methods for cancer genomics, exposing the pros and cons of targeted sequencing vs. exome or whole-genome sequencing (WGS), the fundamentals of the most common commercial platforms, and a comparison of throughputs and key applications. Details of the steps and the main software involved in the bioinformatics processing of the sequencing results, from preprocessing to variant prioritization and filtering, are also provided in the context of the full spectrum of genetic variation (SNVs, indels, CNVs, structural variation, and gene fusions). Finally, we put the emphasis on selected bioinformatic pipelines behind (a) short-read WGS identification of small germline and somatic variants, (b) detection of gene fusions from transcriptomes, and (c) de novo assembly of genomes from long-read WGS data. Overall, we provide comprehensive guidance across the main methodological procedures involved in obtaining sequencing results for the most common short- and long-read NGS platforms, highlighting key applications in melanoma research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Muñoz-Barrera
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis A. Rubio-Rodríguez
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Díaz-de Usera
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Jáspez
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rafaela González-Montelongo
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Olivares
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando de Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Calbet‐Llopart N, Combalia M, Kiroglu A, Potrony M, Tell‐Martí G, Combalia A, Brugues A, Podlipnik S, Carrera C, Puig S, Malvehy J, Puig‐Butillé JA. Common genetic variants associated with melanoma risk or naevus count in patients with wildtype MC1R melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:753-764. [PMID: 35701387 PMCID: PMC9804579 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypomorphic MC1R variants are the most prevalent genetic determinants of melanoma risk in the white population. However, the genetic background of patients with wildtype (WT) MC1R melanoma is poorly studied. OBJECTIVES To analyse the role of candidate common genetic variants on the melanoma risk and naevus count in Spanish patients with WT MC1R melanoma. METHODS We examined 753 individuals with WT MC1R from Spain (497 patients and 256 controls). We used OpenArray reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to genotype a panel of 221 common genetic variants involved in melanoma, naevogenesis, hormonal pathways and proinflammatory pathways. Genetic models were tested using multivariate logistic regression models. Nonparametric multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to detect gene-gene interactions within each biological subgroup of variants. RESULTS We found that variant rs12913832 in the HERC2 gene, which is associated with blue eye colour, increased melanoma risk in individuals with WT MC1R [odds ratio (OR) 1·97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·48-2·63; adjusted P < 0·001; corrected P < 0·001]. We also observed a trend between the rs3798577 variant in the oestrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) and a lower naevus count, which was restricted to female patients with WT MC1R (OR 0·51, 95% CI 0·33-0·79; adjusted P = 0·002; corrected P = 0·11). This sex-dependent association was statistically significant in a larger cohort of patients with melanoma regardless of their MC1R status (n = 1497; OR 0·71, 95% CI 0·57-0·88; adjusted P = 0·002), reinforcing the hypothesis of an association between hormonal pathways and susceptibility to melanocytic proliferation. Last, the MDR analysis revealed four genetic combinations associated with melanoma risk or naevus count in patients with WT MC1R. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that epistatic interaction among common variants related to melanocyte biology or proinflammatory pathways might influence melanocytic proliferation in individuals with WT MC1R. What is already known about this topic? Genetic variants in the MC1R gene are the most prevalent melanoma genetic risk factor in the white population. Still, 20-40% of cases of melanoma occur in individuals with wildtype MC1R. Multiple genetic variants have a pleiotropic effect in melanoma and naevogenesis. Additional variants in unexplored pathways might also have a role in melanocytic proliferation in these patients. Epidemiological evidence suggests an association of melanocytic proliferation with hormonal pathways and proinflammatory pathways. What does this study add? Variant rs12913832 in the HERC2 gene, which is associated with blue eye colour, increases the melanoma risk in individuals with wildtype MC1R. Variant rs3798577 in the oestrogen receptor gene is associated with naevus count regardless of the MC1R status in female patients with melanoma. We report epistatic interactions among common genetic variants with a role in modulating the risk of melanoma or the number of naevi in individuals with wildtype MC1R. What is the translational message? We report a potential role of hormonal signalling pathways in melanocytic proliferation, providing a basis for better understanding of sex-based differences observed at the epidemiological level. We show that gene-gene interactions among common genetic variants might be responsible for an increased risk for melanoma development in individuals with a low-risk phenotype, such as darkly pigmented hair and skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Calbet‐Llopart
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marc Combalia
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Anil Kiroglu
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Gemma Tell‐Martí
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andrea Combalia
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Albert Brugues
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sebastian Podlipnik
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Joan Anton Puig‐Butillé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain,Molecular Biology CORE, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics DepartmentMelanoma Group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kong Y, Jiang J, Huang Y, Li L, Liu X, Jin Z, Wei F, Liu X, Zhang S, Duan X, Zhang Y, Tong Q, Chen H. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in melanoma pathogenesis and resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
24
|
Yamauchi T, Shangraw S, Zhai Z, Ravindran Menon D, Batta N, Dellavalle RP, Fujita M. Alcohol as a Non-UV Social-Environmental Risk Factor for Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5010. [PMID: 36291794 PMCID: PMC9599745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer mortality has declined among the general population, the incidence of melanoma continues to rise. While identifying high-risk cohorts with genetic risk factors improves public health initiatives and clinical care management, recognizing modifiable risk factors such as social-environmental risk factors would also affect the methods of patient outreach and education. One major modifiable social-environmental risk factor associated with melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, not all forms of melanoma are correlated with sun exposure or occur in sun-exposed areas. Additionally, UV exposure is rarely associated with tumor progression. Another social-environmental factor, pregnancy, does not explain the sharply increased incidence of melanoma. Recent studies have demonstrated that alcohol consumption is positively linked with an increased risk of cancers, including melanoma. This perspective review paper summarizes epidemiological data correlating melanoma incidence with alcohol consumption, describes the biochemical mechanisms of ethanol metabolism, and discusses how ethanol and ethanol metabolites contribute to human cancer, including melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah Shangraw
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zili Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dinoop Ravindran Menon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nisha Batta
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Russo T, Piccolo V, Moscarella E, Tschandl P, Kittler H, Paoli J, Lallas A, Braun RP, Thomas L, Soyer HP, Malvehy J, Puig S, Marghoob A, Scope A, Blum A, Halpern AC, Cabo H, Menzies S, Stolz W, Tanaka M, Rabinovitz H, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Bakos RM, Zalaudek I, Pellacani G, Veiga AV, Maceiras LR, de las Heras-Sotos C, Argenziano G. Indications for Digital Monitoring of Patients With Multiple Nevi: Recommendations from the International Dermoscopy Society. Dermatol Pract Concept 2022; 12:e2022182. [PMID: 36534527 PMCID: PMC9681223 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1204a182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In patients with multiple nevi, sequential imaging using total body skin photography (TBSP) coupled with digital dermoscopy (DD) documentation reduces unnecessary excisions and improves the early detection of melanoma. Correct patient selection is essential for optimizing the efficacy of this diagnostic approach. Objectives The purpose of the study was to identify, via expert consensus, the best indications for TBSP and DD follow-up. Methods This study was performed on behalf of the International Dermoscopy Society (IDS). We attained consensus by using an e-Delphi methodology. The panel of participants included international experts in dermoscopy. In each Delphi round, experts were asked to select from a list of indications for TBSP and DD. Results Expert consensus was attained after 3 rounds of Delphi. Participants considered a total nevus count of 60 or more nevi or the presence of a CDKN2A mutation sufficient to refer the patient for digital monitoring. Patients with more than 40 nevi were only considered an indication in case of personal history of melanoma or red hair and/or a MC1R mutation or history of organ transplantation. Conclusions Our recommendations support clinicians in choosing appropriate follow-up regimens for patients with multiple nevi and in applying the time-consuming procedure of sequential imaging more efficiently. Further studies and real-life data are needed to confirm the usefulness of this list of indications in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Russo
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piccolo
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Moscarella
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Philipp Tschandl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kittler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Paoli
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ralph P. Braun
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, Lyon-1 University, and Cancer research center Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - H. Peter Soyer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & IDIBAPS & CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & IDIBAPS & CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashfaq Marghoob
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Hauppauge, New York, USA
| | - Alon Scope
- The Kittner Skin Cancer Screening and Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Blum
- Public, Private and Teaching Practice of Dermatology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Allan C. Halpern
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Hauppauge, New York, USA
| | - Horacio Cabo
- Dermatology Institute of Medical Research, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Scott Menzies
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney and Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Wilhelm Stolz
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Environmental Medicine Clinic Thalkirchen, Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Harold Rabinovitz
- Department of Dermatology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, United States
| | | | - Renato Marchiori Bakos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ana Varela Veiga
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Complex of Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jin SG, Padron F, Pfeifer GP. UVA Radiation, DNA Damage, and Melanoma. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32936-32948. [PMID: 36157735 PMCID: PMC9494637 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a lethal type of skin tumor that has been linked with sunlight exposure chiefly in fair-skinned human populations. Wavelengths from the sun that can reach the earth's surface include UVA radiation (320-400 nm) and UVB radiation (280-320 nm). UVB effectively induces the formation of dimeric DNA photoproducts, preferentially the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). The characteristic UVB signature mutations in the form of C to T mutations at dipyrimidine sequences are prevalent in melanoma tumor genomes and have been ascribed to deamination of cytosines within CPDs before DNA polymerase bypass. However, evidence from epidemiological, animal, and other experimental studies also suggest that UVA radiation may participate in melanoma formation. The DNA damage relevant for UVA includes specific types of CPDs at TT sequences and perhaps oxidative DNA damage to guanine, both induced by direct or indirect, photosensitization-mediated chemical and biophysical processes. We summarize the evidence for a potential role of UVA in melanoma and discuss some of the mechanistic pathways of how UVA may induce mutagenesis in melanocytes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou B, Hao Q, Liang Y, Kong E. Protein palmitoylation in cancer: molecular functions and therapeutic potential. Mol Oncol 2022; 17:3-26. [PMID: 36018061 PMCID: PMC9812842 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation (hereinafter referred to as protein palmitoylation) is a reversible lipid posttranslational modification catalyzed by the zinc finger DHHC-type containing (ZDHHC) protein family. The reverse reaction, depalmitoylation, is catalyzed by palmitoyl-protein thioesterases (PPTs), including acyl-protein thioesterases (APT1/2), palmitoyl protein thioesterases (PPT1/2), or alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 17A/B/C (ABHD17A/B/C). Proteins encoded by several oncogenes and tumor suppressors are modified by palmitoylation, which enhances the hydrophobicity of specific protein subdomains, and can confer changes in protein stability, membrane localization, protein-protein interaction, and signal transduction. The importance for protein palmitoylation in tumorigenesis has just started to be elucidated in the past decade; palmitoylation appears to affect key aspects of cancer, including cancer cell proliferation and survival, cell invasion and metastasis, and antitumor immunity. Here we review the current literature on protein palmitoylation in the various cancer types, and discuss the potential of targeting of palmitoylation enzymes or palmitoylated proteins for tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Zhou
- Institute of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceXinxiang Medical UniversityChina,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Qianyun Hao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Thoracic Oncology IIPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Yinming Liang
- Institute of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceXinxiang Medical UniversityChina,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityChina,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Interest and Utility of MC1R Testing for Melanoma Risk in Dermatology Patients with a History of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. J Skin Cancer 2022; 2022:4046554. [PMID: 35959144 PMCID: PMC9357806 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4046554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Public access to genetic information is increasing, and community dermatologists may progressively encounter patients interested in genetic testing for melanoma risk. Clarifying potential utility will help plan for this inevitability. We determined interest and uptake of genetic risk feedback based on melanocortin receptor gene (MC1R) variants, immediate (two weeks) responses to risk feedback, and test utility at three months in patients (age ≥ 18, with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer). Participants (N = 50) completed a baseline survey and were invited to consider MC1R testing via the study website. Testing interest and uptake were assessed through registration of test decision, request of a saliva test kit, and kit return (all yes/no). Immediate responses to risk feedback included feedback-relevant thoughts, emotions, communication, and information seeking after result receipt; test utility outcomes included family and physician communication and information seeking. Results indicated good retention at both time points (76%; 74%). Half (48%) logged onto the study website, and of these, most (92%) chose testing and (95%) returned a saliva sample. After two weeks, most (94%) had read all the risk feedback information and distress was low (M = 8.81, 7–28, SD = 2.23). Many (69%) had talked with their family about the results. By three months, most had spoken with family (92%) and physicians (80%) about skin cancer risk. Physician communication was higher (70%) in those tested versus those not tested (40%, p = 0.02). The substantial interest and promising outcomes associated with MC1R genetic testing in dermatology patients inform intervention strategies to enhance benefits and minimize risks of skin cancer genetic testing.
Collapse
|
29
|
Neitzke-Montinelli V, da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes P, Pascutti PG, Moura-Neto RS, Silva R. Genetic diversity of the melanocortin-1 receptor in an admixed population of Rio de Janeiro: Structural and functional impacts of Cys35Tyr variant. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267286. [PMID: 35452484 PMCID: PMC9032367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of the key proteins involved in the regulation of melanin production and several polymorphisms have been associated with different phenotypes of skin and hair color in human and nonhuman species. Most of the knowledge is centered on more homogeneous populations and studies involving an admixed group of people should be encouraged due to the great importance of understanding the human color variation. This work evaluates the MC1R diversity and the possible impacts of MC1R variants in an admixed sample population of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which is a product of Native American, African, and European miscegenation. Sequencing of complete coding region and part of the 3´UTR of MC1R gene identified 31 variants including one insertion and three novel synonymous substitutions in sample population grouped according to skin, hair and eye pigmentation levels. In nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS), three main clusters were identified, in which the Brazilian dark skin group remained in the African cluster whereas the intermediate and the light skin color phenotype in the European one. None gathered with Asians since their immigration to Brazil was a recent event. In silico analyses demonstrated that Cys35Tyr, Ile155Thr and Pro256Ser, found in our population, have a negative effect on receptor function probably due to changes on the receptor structure. Notably, Cys35Tyr mutation could potentially impair agonist binding. Altogether, this work contributes to the understanding of the genetic background of color variation on an admixed population and gives insights into the damaging effects of MC1R variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neitzke-Montinelli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro G. Pascutti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lan J, Wang M, Qin K, Liu X, Shi X, Sun G, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Functional characterization of cAMP signaling of variant porcine MC1R alleles in PK15 cells. Anim Genet 2022; 53:317-326. [PMID: 35292981 DOI: 10.1111/age.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), encoded by the classical extension (E) coat color locus, is expressed on the surface of melanocytes and plays a critical role in switching melanin synthesis from pheomelanin (red/yellow) to eumelanin (black/brown). Different MC1R alleles associated with various coat color patterns in pigs have been identified over the past decades. However, functional analysis of variant porcine MC1R alleles has not yet been performed. Therefore, in this study, we examined the subcellular localization and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling capability of MC1R variants in porcine kidney epithelial cells (PK15) overexpressing different MC1R alleles. Transcriptional slippage may partially restore the reading frame of the EP allele, possibly accounting for the observed spot phenotype. The A243T substitution in the e allele severely disrupted the membrane localization of the MC1R receptor, resulting in a severely impaired cAMP signaling capability. Both the V95M and L102P substitutions in the ED1 allele may contribute to the constitutively active function of MC1R, thus accounting for the dominant black phenotype. The D124N substitution in the ED2 allele severely attenuated the cAMP signaling capability of MC1R; however, whether this mutation contributes to the distinct phenotype of Hampshire pigs requires further investigation. Thus, our results provide new insights into the functional characteristics of MC1R variants and their roles in porcine coat color formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ke Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guanjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Newcomer K, Robbins KJ, Perone J, Hinojosa FL, Chen D, Jones S, Kaufman CK, Weiser R, Fields RC, Tyler DS. Malignant melanoma: evolving practice management in an era of increasingly effective systemic therapies. Curr Probl Surg 2022; 59:101030. [PMID: 35033317 PMCID: PMC9798450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Newcomer
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Jennifer Perone
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - David Chen
- e. Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Susan Jones
- f. Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Roi Weiser
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Douglas S Tyler
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Potjer TP, van der Grinten TWJ, Lakeman IMM, Bollen SH, Rodríguez-Girondo M, Iles MM, Barrett JH, Kiemeney LA, Gruis NA, van Asperen CJ, van der Stoep N. Association between a 46-SNP Polygenic Risk Score and melanoma risk in Dutch patients with familial melanoma. J Med Genet 2021; 58:760-766. [PMID: 32994281 PMCID: PMC8551976 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial clustering of melanoma suggests a shared genetic predisposition among family members, but only 10%-40% of familial cases carry a pathogenic variant in a known high-risk melanoma susceptibility gene. We investigated whether a melanoma-specific Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) is associated with melanoma risk in patients with genetically unexplained familial melanoma. METHODS Dutch familial melanoma cases (n=418) were genotyped for 46 SNPs previously identified as independently associated with melanoma risk. The 46-SNP PRS was calculated and standardised to 3423 healthy controls (sPRS) and the association between PRS and melanoma risk was modelled using logistic regression. Within the case series, possible differences were further explored by investigating the PRS in relation to (1) the number of primary melanomas in a patient and (2) the extent of familial clustering of melanoma. RESULTS The PRS was significantly associated with melanoma risk, with a per-SD OR of 2.12 (95% CI 1.90 to 2.35, p<0.001), corresponding to a 5.70-fold increased risk (95% CI 3.93 to 8.28) when comparing the top 90th to the middle 40-60th PRS percentiles. The mean PRS was significantly higher in cases with multiple primary melanomas than in cases with a single melanoma (sPRS 1.17 vs 0.71, p=0.001). Conversely, cases from high-density melanoma families had a lower (but non-significant) mean PRS than cases from low-density families (sPRS 0.60 vs 0.94, p=0.204). CONCLUSION Our work underlines the significance of a PRS in determining melanoma susceptibility and encourages further exploration of the diagnostic value of a PRS in genetically unexplained melanoma families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Potjer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge M M Lakeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander H Bollen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Girondo
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Department of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christi J van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Motwani J, Eccles MR. Genetic and Genomic Pathways of Melanoma Development, Invasion and Metastasis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1543. [PMID: 34680938 PMCID: PMC8535311 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Recent studies have suggested that melanoma invasiveness is attributed to phenotype switching, which is a reversible type of cell behaviour with similarities to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Phenotype switching in melanoma is reported to be independent of genetic alterations, whereas changes in gene transcription, and epigenetic alterations have been associated with invasiveness in melanoma cell lines. Here, we review mutational, transcriptional, and epigenomic alterations that contribute to tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, and their potential to drive melanoma invasion and metastasis. We also discuss three models that are hypothesized to contribute towards aspects of tumour heterogeneity and tumour progression in melanoma, namely the clonal evolution model, the cancer stem cell model, and the phenotype switching model. We discuss the merits and disadvantages of each model in explaining tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, as a precursor to invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163760. [PMID: 34442055 PMCID: PMC8397216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A family history of melanoma greatly increases the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer whose incidence has been steadily increasing worldwide. Familial melanomas account for about 10% of all malignant melanomas and display an inheritance pattern consistent with the presence of pathogenic germline mutations, among which those involving CDKN2A are the best characterized. In recent years, a growing number of genes, such as MC1R, MITF, CDK4, POT1, TERT, ACD, TERF2IP, and BAP1, have been implicated in familial melanoma. The fact that individuals harboring these germline mutations along with their close blood relatives have a higher risk of developing multiple primary melanomas as well as other internal organ malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer, makes cascade genetic testing and surveillance of these families of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, due to a polygenic inheritance mechanism involving multiple low-risk alleles, genetic modifiers, and environmental factors, it is still very difficult to predict the presence of these mutations. It is, however, known that germline mutation carriers can sometimes develop specific clinical traits, such as high atypical nevus counts and specific dermoscopic features, which could theoretically help clinicians predict the presence of these mutations in prone families. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the high- and intermediate-penetrance genes primarily linked to familial melanoma, highlighting their most frequently associated non-cutaneous malignancies and clinical/dermoscopic phenotypes.
Collapse
|
35
|
Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes Associated with Skin Cancer Genetic Testing in Albuquerque Primary Care. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164053. [PMID: 34439206 PMCID: PMC8394482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genetic information is publicly available but research examining the best use of such information has not engaged diverse members of the public. We examined public reactions to melanoma genetic testing (using the melanocortin-1 receptor [MC1R] gene) in a study randomizing (like the flip of a coin) 600 diverse primary care patients to a MC1R test offer or usual care. We found that testing did not improve sun protection and skin cancer screening, nor did it lead worry to increase. However, groups less aware of their skin cancer risk, including those who thought their risk was “unlikely” at the start of the study, showed significant improvements in sun protection at three months. In conclusion, testing might be very helpful for certain people who have the most to learn about their risk, who may become motivated to protect themselves from the damaging effects of the sun as a result of skin cancer genetic testing. Abstract Public availability of genetic information is increasing; thus, efforts to improve diversity in basic and translational research in genomics is a top priority. Given the increasing U.S. incidence and mortality of melanoma, and the prevalence of common melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene melanoma risk variants in the general population, we examined genomic testing of MC1R for skin cancer risk in a randomized controlled trial in Albuquerque, New Mexico primary care. Participants were 48% Hispanic and were randomized 5:1 to a MC1R test invitation or usual care. We assessed 3 month sun protection, skin cancer screening, and skin cancer worry outcomes associated with testing, and key effect moderators (e.g., cancer risk perceptions, and skin cancer risk factors). Our findings indicate that the primary outcomes were unchanged by the MC1R test offer, test acceptance, and level of risk feedback. Moderator analyses showed that those with lower risk perception, and those with skin that readily tans, significantly increased their sun protection in response to higher than average risk feedback. Risk feedback did not prompt cancer worry, and average risk feedback did not erode existing sun protection. This study paves the way for the development of tailored strategies to address low skin cancer risk awareness in this understudied context of public health genomics.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Variants in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene have been associated with an increased risk of melanoma, but the role in nevus count is unclear. We investigated if specific MC1R gene variants or the number of MC1R gene variants and phenotypical features were associated with nevus count. A total of 494 participants of the 'Leiden skin cancer study' were included and the MC1R gene coding sequence was analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by sequencing of unknown variants. The association between MC1R gene variants and nevus count and the association between age, gender and phenotypical features and nevus count were studied using the Chi-square test. Study of nine frequently occurring MC1R gene variants in participants without skin cancer (n = 203) showed that the 'r' Val60Leu variant was significantly associated with high nevus count (>50 nevi) (P = 0.017). This association was very strong among women (P < 0.001), but not present among men. Having one or two MC1R variants in general did not show a significant difference in the nevus count. Hair colour, skin type, eye colour and age were not significantly associated with nevus count, whereas gender showed a significant association (P = 0.008), with the highest nevus counts in female. The Val60Leu variant of the MC1R gene could be a promising candidate as an independent predictor of high nevus count, particularly in women. This information about the genetic makeup could promote personalized follow-up strategies and might help to prevent skin cancer in the future.
Collapse
|
37
|
Brandes N, Linial N, Linial M. Genetic association studies of alterations in protein function expose recessive effects on cancer predisposition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14901. [PMID: 34290314 PMCID: PMC8295298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of germline genetic variation affecting cancer risk, known as cancer predisposition, is fundamental to preventive and personalized medicine. Studies of genetic cancer predisposition typically identify significant genomic regions based on family-based cohorts or genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the results of such studies rarely provide biological insight or functional interpretation. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of cancer predisposition in the UK Biobank cohort using a new gene-based method for detecting protein-coding genes that are functionally interpretable. Specifically, we conducted proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) to identify genetic associations mediated by alterations to protein function. With PWAS, we identified 110 significant gene-cancer associations in 70 unique genomic regions across nine cancer types and pan-cancer. In 48 of the 110 PWAS associations (44%), estimated gene damage is associated with reduced rather than elevated cancer risk, suggesting a protective effect. Together with standard GWAS, we implicated 145 unique genomic loci with cancer risk. While most of these genomic regions are supported by external evidence, our results also highlight many novel loci. Based on the capacity of PWAS to detect non-additive genetic effects, we found that 46% of the PWAS-significant cancer regions exhibited exclusive recessive inheritance. These results highlight the importance of recessive genetic effects, without relying on familial studies. Finally, we show that many of the detected genes exert substantial cancer risk in the studied cohort determined by a quantitative functional description, suggesting their relevance for diagnosis and genetic consulting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Brandes
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathan Linial
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Linial
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Manganelli M, Guida S, Ferretta A, Pellacani G, Porcelli L, Azzariti A, Guida G. Behind the Scene: Exploiting MC1R in Skin Cancer Risk and Prevention. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1093. [PMID: 34356109 PMCID: PMC8305013 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most frequent cancers of the skin in white populations. An increased risk in the development of skin cancers has been associated with the combination of several environmental factors (i.e., ultraviolet exposure) and genetic background, including melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) status. In the last few years, advances in the diagnosis of skin cancers provided a great impact on clinical practice. Despite these advances, NMSCs are still the most common malignancy in humans and melanoma still shows a rising incidence and a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage. Efforts are required to underlie the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of melanoma and NMSCs, leading to an optimization of the management of affected patients. The clinical implications of the impact of germline MC1R variants in melanoma and NMSCs' risk, together with the additional risk conferred by somatic mutations in other peculiar genes, as well as the role of MC1R screening in skin cancers' prevention will be addressed in the current review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Manganelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
- DMMT-Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Department of Surgical-Medical-Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant-Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Dermatology Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Targeted germline sequencing of patients with three or more primary melanomas reveals high rate of pathogenic variants. Melanoma Res 2021; 30:247-251. [PMID: 31567591 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple primary melanomas have rates of germline CDKN2A pathogenic variants of 3%-18%, and are also frequent carriers of variants in the melanocortin-1 receptor. Few patients with numerous (≥3) primary melanomas have been studied with respect to these or other potential germline pathogenic variants. We investigated 46 patients with ≥3 primary melanomas (3, n = 17; 4, n = 14; 5-14, n = 15) to determine if higher rates of germline pathogenic variants of CDKN2A, MC1R, or other cancer genes could explain their extreme melanoma phenotype. Most (43/46, 93%) patients had variants in MC1R and 11/46 (24%) had CDKN2A pathogenic variants, but only male sex and having two variants in MC1R correlated with increasing number of melanomas. Panel screening of 56 other cancer predisposition genes did not reveal other germline pathogenic variants associated with melanoma (CDK4, BAP1, POT1), although pathogenic variants in TP53, CHEK2, and BRCA2 were present in three separate patients and some patients had variants of uncertain significance. In summary, targeted germline sequencing of patients with ≥3 primary melanomas revealed a high rate of pathogenic variants in CDKN2A and other known cancer genes. Although further investigation of these pathogenic variants and variants of uncertain significance is needed, these results support cancer gene panel testing in individuals diagnosed with ≥3 melanomas.
Collapse
|
40
|
Scatena C, Murtas D, Tomei S. Cutaneous Melanoma Classification: The Importance of High-Throughput Genomic Technologies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635488. [PMID: 34123788 PMCID: PMC8193952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive tumor responsible for 90% of mortality related to skin cancer. In the recent years, the discovery of driving mutations in melanoma has led to better treatment approaches. The last decade has seen a genomic revolution in the field of cancer. Such genomic revolution has led to the production of an unprecedented mole of data. High-throughput genomic technologies have facilitated the genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of several cancers, including melanoma. Nevertheless, there are a number of newer genomic technologies that have not yet been employed in large studies. In this article we describe the current classification of cutaneous melanoma, we review the current knowledge of the main genetic alterations of cutaneous melanoma and their related impact on targeted therapies, and we describe the most recent high-throughput genomic technologies, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. We hope that the current review will also help scientists to identify the most suitable technology to address melanoma-related relevant questions. The translation of this knowledge and all actual advancements into the clinical practice will be helpful in better defining the different molecular subsets of melanoma patients and provide new tools to address relevant questions on disease management. Genomic technologies might indeed allow to better predict the biological - and, subsequently, clinical - behavior for each subset of melanoma patients as well as to even identify all molecular changes in tumor cell populations during disease evolution toward a real achievement of a personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Scatena
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Tomei
- Omics Core, Integrated Genomics Services, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li X, Mao W, Chen J, Goding CR, Cui R, Xu ZX, Miao X. The protective role of MC1R in chromosome stability and centromeric integrity in melanocytes. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:111. [PMID: 34001865 PMCID: PMC8128912 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, encoding a trimeric G-protein-coupled receptor and activated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), are frequently associated with red or blonde hair, fair skin, freckling, and skin sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light. Several red hair color variants of MC1R are also associated with increased melanoma risk. MC1R variants affect melanoma risk independent of phenotype. Here, we demonstrated that MC1R is a critical factor in chromosome stability and centromere integrity in melanocytes. α-MSH/MC1R stimulation prevents melanocytes from UV radiation-induced damage of chromosome stability and centromere integrity. Mechanistic studies indicated that α-MSH/MC1R-controlled chromosome stability and centromeric integrity are mediated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf), a transcript factor needed for the α-MSH/MC1R signaling and a regulator in melanocyte development, viability, and pigment production. Mitf directly interacts with centromere proteins A in melanocytes. Given the connection among MC1R variants, red hair/fair skin phenotype, and melanoma development, these studies will help answer a question with clinical relevance “why red-haired individuals are so prone to developing melanoma”, and will lead to the identification of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for melanomas, especially those with redheads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200437, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200437, Shanghai, China
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Xiao Miao
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200437, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Podlipnik S, Potrony M, Puig S. Genetic markers for characterization and prediction of prognosis of melanoma subtypes: a 2021 update. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021; 156:322-330. [PMID: 33982545 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article we examined the most important genetic markers involved in melanoma susceptibility, initiation and progression, and their impact on the prognosis of the disease. Current knowledge in melanoma genetics identifies distinct pathways to the development of different melanoma subtypes characterized by specific clinico-pathological features and partially known genetic markers, modulated by high, low or absence of cumulative sun damage. The most prevalent somatic mutations are related to the activation of the MAPK pathway, which are classified into four major subtypes: BRAF mutant, NRAS mutant, NF1 mutant and triple wild type. Moreover, germinal mutations are also involved in the characterization and predictions of prognosis in melanoma. Currently, CDKN2A is seen as the main high-risk gene involved in melanoma susceptibility being mutated in around 20% of melanoma-prone families. Other high-risk susceptibility genes described include CDK4, POT1, BAP1, TERT promoter, ACD, and TERF2IP. Melanoma is one of the most genetically predisposed among all cancers in humans, and ultraviolet light from the sun is the main environmental factor. This genetic predisposition is starting to be understood, impacting not only on the risk of developing melanoma but also on the risk of developing other types of cancer, as well as on the prognosis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Podlipnik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Melanoma, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain - .,Unit of Melanoma, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Herraiz C, Martínez-Vicente I, Maresca V. The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor interaction: A driver of pleiotropic effects beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:748-761. [PMID: 33884776 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R), when stimulated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a driver of eumelanogenesis. Brown/black eumelanin is an effective filter against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is a scavenger of free radicals. Several polymorphic variants of MC1R are frequent in red-head people. These polymorphisms reduce the ability of MC1R to promote eumelanogenesis after its activation and spontaneous pheomelanogenesis take place. Since pheomelanin can act as an endogenous photosensitizer, people carrying MC1R polymorphisms are more susceptible to skin cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the biology of MC1R beyond its ability to drive eumelanogenesis. We analyze its capacity to cope with oxidative insult and consequent DNA damage. We describe its ability to transduce through different pathways. We start from the canonical pathway, the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway mainly involved in promoting eumelanogenesis, and protection from oxidative damage, and we then move on to describe more recent knowledge concerning ERK pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway/AKT, and α-MSH/Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) connection. We describe MC1R polymorphic variants associated with melanoma risk which represent an open window of clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Idoya Martínez-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moattari CR, Granstein RD. Neuropeptides and neurohormones in immune, inflammatory and cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13644. [PMID: 33724698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to varying amounts of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunlight. UVR penetrates into human skin leading to release of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. These messengers released from local sensory nerves, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells, melanocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) modulate local and systemic immune responses, mediate inflammation and promote differing cell biologic effects. In this review, we will focus on both animal and human studies that elucidate the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), nitric oxide and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives in mediating immune and inflammatory effects of exposure to UVR as well as other cell biologic effects of UVR exposure.
Collapse
|
45
|
Munds RA, Titus CL, Moreira LAA, Eggert LS, Blomquist GE. Examining the molecular basis of coat color in a nocturnal primate family (Lorisidae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4442-4459. [PMID: 33976821 PMCID: PMC8093732 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms use color for camouflage, sexual signaling, or as a warning sign of danger. Primates are one of the most vibrantly colored Orders of mammals. However, the genetics underlying their coat color are poorly known, limiting our ability to study molecular aspects of its evolution. The role of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in color evolution has been implicated in studies on rocket pocket mice (Chaetodipus intermediusi), toucans (Ramphastidae), and many domesticated animals. From these studies, we know that changes in MC1R result in a yellow/red or a brown/black morphology. Here, we investigate the evolution of MC1R in Lorisidae, a monophyletic nocturnal primate family, with some genera displaying high contrast variation in color patterns and other genera being monochromatic. Even more unique, the Lorisidae family has the only venomous primate: the slow loris (Nycticebus). Research has suggested that the contrasting coat patterns of slow lorises are aposematic signals for their venom. If so, we predict the MC1R in slow lorises will be under positive selection. In our study, we found that Lorisidae MC1R is under purifying selection (ω = 0.0912). In Lorisidae MC1R, there were a total of 75 variable nucleotides, 18 of which were nonsynonymous. Six of these nonsynonymous substitutions were found on the Perodicticus branch, which our reconstructions found to be the only member of Lorisidae that has predominantly lighter coat color; no substitutions were associated with Nycticebus. Our findings generate new insight into the genetics of pelage color and evolution among a unique group of nocturnal mammals and suggest putative underpinnings of monochromatic color evolution in the Perodicticus lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Munds
- Department of Anthropology & ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Chelsea L. Titus
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Lais A. A. Moreira
- Department of Anthropology & ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Lori S. Eggert
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu Y, Yin J, Yang B, Tang L, Feng W, Liu X, Zhao X, Cheng Z. Association Analysis of Polymorphisms in BIN1, MC1R, STARD6 and PVRL2 with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Carrying APOE ε4 Allele. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1125-1133. [PMID: 33907405 PMCID: PMC8071212 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s296144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 is recognized as an independent risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, not everyone with the ε4 allele develops MCI, suggesting that other susceptibility genes exist. This study aimed to identify MCI susceptibility genes, including BIN1, MC1R, STARD6, and PVRL2, in elderly Han Chinese and to verify their association with APOE ε4 allele in MCI onset. METHODS To determine whether polymorphisms in BIN1 (rs6733839, rs7561528), MC1R (rs2228479), STARD6 (rs10164112), and PVRL2 (rs6859) occurred in elderly MCI patients carrying APOE ε4 allele, we carried out a case-control study including 285 MCI patients and 326 healthy controls. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the proportion of APOE ε4 carriers, and BESCI, ADAS-cog, and CNT scores existed between the NC and MCI groups (all P < 0.01). Frequencies of the rs10164112 T and rs6859 A alleles were significantly higher in the latter than in the former (P = 0.01; 0.029). However, no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution of BIN1 (rs6733839, rs7561528) and MC1R (rs2228479) existed between samples in our two groups (all P > 0.05). When stratified by APOE ε4 status (carriers/non-carriers), genotype frequencies of BIN1 rs7561528, STARD6 rs10164112, and PVRL2 rs6859 among the four groups (NCε4+, NCε4-, MCIε4+, MCIε4-) were significantly different. Additionally, our results suggest a significant association between MCI and BIN1 rs7561528, STARD6 rs10164112, and PVRL2 rs6859 (all P<0.05) in elderly carriers. CONCLUSION This suggests that among the Han Chinese, MCI in elderly APOE ε4 carriers may be related to the BIN1 (rs7561528), STARD6 (rs10164112) and PVRL2 (rs6859). Genotype AA of rs7561528 and TT of rs10164112 might be protective factors against MCI in elderly APOE ε4 carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Yin
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bixiu Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Social Prevention and Control, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingfu Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zanna I, Caini S, Raimondi S, Saieva C, Masala G, Massi D, Cocorocchio E, Queirolo P, Stanganelli I, Gandini S. Germline MC1R variants and frequency of somatic BRAF, NRAS, and TERT mutations in melanoma: Literature review and meta-analysis. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:167-171. [PMID: 33444485 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Germline variants of the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene are the most common genetic trait predisposing to cutaneous melanoma (CM). Here, we performed a literature review and meta-analysis of the association between MC1R gene variants and the frequency of somatic mutations of the BRAF, NRAS, and TERT genes in CM patients. We included studies published until January 2020 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, and two grey literature databases. Random effect models were used to pool study-specific estimates into summary odds ratio (SOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify potential sources of heterogeneity and assess the robustness of pooled estimates. Twelve studies published between 2006 and 2018 (encompassing 3566 CM, mostly on nonacral sites) were included. MC1R gene variants were not significantly associated with the frequency of somatic mutations of the BRAF and NRAS genes. Only three studies focused on somatic mutations of the TERT gene promoter, all of which reported moderate-to-strong positive associations with MC1R germline variants. MC1R gene variants appear to make only moderate changes, if any, to the risk of BRAF- or NRAS-mutant CM. The association with TERT promoter mutations is suggestive, yet it warrants confirmation as it is based on a still limited number of studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zanna
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emilia Cocorocchio
- Division of Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Division of Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignazio Stanganelli
- Skin Cancer Unit, Scientific Institute of Romagna for the Study and Treatment of Cancer, IRCSS, Meldola, Italy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pozzobon FC, Tell-Marti G, Calbet-Llopart N, Barreiro A, Espinosa N, Potrony M, Alejo B, Podlipnik S, Combalia M, Puig-Butillé JA, Carrera C, Malvehy J, Puig S. Influence of germline genetic variants on dermoscopic features of melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:618-628. [PMID: 33342058 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nevus count is highly determined by inherited variants and has been associated with the origin of melanoma. De novo melanomas (DNMMs) are more prevalent in patients with a low nevus count and have distinctive dermoscopic features than nevus-associated melanomas. We evaluated the impact of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MTAP (rs10811629, rs2218220, rs7023329 and rs751173), PLA2G6 (rs132985 and rs2284063), IRF4 (rs12203592), and PAX3 (rs10180903 and rs7600206) genes associated with nevus count and melanoma susceptibility, and the MC1R variants on dermoscopic features of 371 melanomas from 310 patients. All MTAP variants associated with a low nevus count were associated with regression structures (peppering and mixed regression), blue-whitish veil, shiny white structures, and pigment network. SNPs of PLA2G6 (rs132985), PAX3 (rs7600206), and IRF4 (rs12203592) genes were also associated with either shiny white structures or mixed regression (all corrected p-values ≤ .06). Melanomas from red hair color MC1R variants carriers showed lower total dermoscopy score (p-value = .015) and less blotches than melanomas from non-carriers (p-value = .048). Our results provide evidence that germline variants protective for melanoma risk and/or associated with a low nevus count are associated with certain dermoscopic features, more characteristic of de novo and worse prognosis melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carolina Pozzobon
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gemma Tell-Marti
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Calbet-Llopart
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Barreiro
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Espinosa
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Potrony
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alejo
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Podlipnik
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Combalia
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butillé
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yardman-Frank JM, Fisher DE. Skin pigmentation and its control: From ultraviolet radiation to stem cells. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:560-571. [PMID: 33320376 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the light of substantial discoveries in epithelial and hair pigmentation pathophysiology, this review summarizes the current understanding of skin pigmentation mechanisms. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells, and their key regulating transcription factor is the melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (m-MITF). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a unique modulator of skin pigmentation influencing tanning pathways. The delayed tanning pathway occurs as UVB produces keratinocyte DNA damage, causing p53-mediated expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that is processed to release α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH stimulates the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes, leading to m-MITF expression and melanogenesis. POMC cleavage also releases β-endorphin, which creates a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes UV-seeking behaviours. Mutations along the tanning pathway can affect pigmentation and increase the risk of skin malignancies. MC1R variants have received considerable attention, yet the allele is highly polymorphic with varied phenotypes. Vitiligo presents with depigmented skin lesions due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. UVB phototherapy stimulates melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge to undergo differentiation and upwards migration resulting in perifollicular repigmentation of vitiliginous lesions, which is under sophisticated signalling control. Melanocyte stem cells, normally quiescent, undergo cyclic activation/differentiation and downward migration with the hair cycle, providing pigment to hair follicles. Physiological hair greying results from progressive loss of melanocyte stem cells and can be accelerated by acute stress-induced, sympathetic driven hyperproliferation of the melanocyte stem cells. Ultimately, by reviewing the pathways governing epithelial and follicular pigmentation, numerous areas of future research and potential points of intervention are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu X, Li H, Cong X, Huo D, Cong L, Wu G. α-MSH-PE38KDEL Kills Melanoma Cells via Modulating Erk1/2/MITF/TYR Signaling in an MC1R-Dependent Manner. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12457-12469. [PMID: 33299329 PMCID: PMC7721307 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s268554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The immunotoxin α-MSH-PE38KDEL consisting of α-MSH and PE38KDEL showed high cytotoxicity on MSH receptor-positive melanoma cells, suggesting that α-MSH-PE38KDEL might be a potent drug for the treatment of melanoma. Herein, we explored whether the Erk1/2/MITF/TYR signaling, a verified target of α-MSH/MC1R, was involved in α-MSH-PE38KDEL-mediated cytotoxicity. Methods Human melanoma cell line A375, mouse melanoma cell line B16-F10, human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMa) with different expression levels of MC1R were used in this study. Cell apoptosis and viability were determined by using flow cytometry and MTT assays. Protein expressions were tested by Western blotting. Results The expression levels of MC1R in A375 and B16-F10 cells were significantly higher than that of MDA-MB-231 and HEMa. α-MSH-PE38KDEL treatment induced a significant inhibition in cell viability in A375 and B16-F10 cells, while showed no obvious influence in the viability of MDA-MB-231 and HEMa cells. However, knockdown of MC1R abolished α-MSH-PE38KDEL role in promoting cell apoptosis in A375 and B16-F10 cells, and upregulation of MC1R endowed α-MSH-PE38KDEL function to promote cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and HEMa cells. Additionally, α-MSH-PE38KDEL treatment increased the phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2 and MITF (S73), and decreased MITF and TYR expressions in an MC1R-dependent manner. All of the treatments, including inhibition of Erk1/2 with PD98059, MC1R downregulation and MITF overexpression weakened the anti-tumor role of α-MSH-PE38KDEL in melanoma. Conclusion Collectively, this study indicates that α-MSH-PE38KDEL promotes melanoma cell apoptosis via modulating Erk1/2/MITF/TYR signaling in an MC1R-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Emergency Medical Department, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Tissue Bank, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Huo
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|