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Status of humoral and cellular immune markers in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) asymptomatic carriers in northeastern Iran, Mashhad. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:863-869. [PMID: 33025348 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that about 10-20 million peoples are infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) around the world and suffered from HTLV-related diseases. The present study was aimed to evaluate the cellular immunity, T-cell activation, humoral immunity, and inflammatory response hallmarks which affect HTLV-1-associated disease progression. A total of 78 participants were included in the study, comprising 39 HTLV-1 asymptomatic careers (ACs) and 39 healthy controls. The HTLV-proviral load (PVL) was determined via real-time PCR technique, and anti-HTLV antibody, sIL2R, sCD30, Neoptrin, hs-CRP, IgE, anti-VCA, anti-EBNA, and anti-EA were assessed by ELISA method. Mean PVL in ACs was 352.7 ± 418.7 copies/104 PBMCs. A significant higher level of sIL-2R was observed in ACs (P < 0.0001). Anti-VCA antibody titer in ACs and healthy controls was 80.72 ± 105.95 and 156.05 ± 130.71, respectively (P = 0.007). Intriguingly, suppression in ACs immune response was not observed. Resultantly, HTLV-1 infection has no effect on the humoral immune response in ACs but greater T-cell activation and function cellular responses were detected. Finally, more studies on various immune markers in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients are greatly needed to illuminate the association of ACs' immune status with the development of the related diseases.
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Winter JR, Jackson C, Lewis JEA, Taylor GS, Thomas OG, Stagg HR. Predictors of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus and implications for vaccine policy: A systematic review of the literature. J Glob Health 2020; 10:010404. [PMID: 32257152 PMCID: PMC7125428 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogen; it infects >90% people globally and is linked to infectious mononucleosis and several types of cancer. Vaccines against EBV are in development. In this study we present the first systematic review of the literature on risk factors for EBV infection, and discuss how they differ between settings, in order to improve our understanding of EBV epidemiology and aid the design of effective vaccination strategies. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched on 6th March 2017 for observational studies of risk factors for EBV infection. Studies were excluded if they were published before 2008 to ensure relevance to the modern day, given the importance of influencing future vaccination policies. There were no language restrictions. After title, abstract and full text screening, followed by checking the reference lists of included studies to identify further studies, data were extracted into standardised spreadsheets and quality assessed. A narrative synthesis was undertaken. RESULTS Seventy-seven papers met our inclusion criteria, including data from 31 countries. There was consistent evidence that EBV seroprevalence was associated with age, increasing throughout childhood and adolescence and remaining constant thereafter. EBV was generally acquired at younger ages in Asia than Europe/North America. There was also compelling evidence for an association between cytomegalovirus infection and EBV. Additional factors associated with EBV seroprevalence, albeit with less consistent evidence, included ethnicity, socioeconomic status, other chronic viral infections, and genetic variants of HLA and immune response genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first systematic review to draw together the global literature on the risk factors for EBV infection and includes an evaluation of the quality of the published evidence. Across the literature, the factors examined are diverse. In Asia, early vaccination of infants would be required to prevent EBV infection. In contrast, in Western countries a vaccine could be deployed later, particularly if it has only a short duration of protection and the intention was to protect against infectious mononucleosis. There is a lack of high-quality data on the prevalence and age of EBV infection outside of Europe, North America and South-East Asia, which are essential for informing effective vaccination policies in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Winter
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Jackson
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna EA Lewis
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Public Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Contributed equally and listed alphabetically
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Contributed equally and listed alphabetically
| | - Olivia G Thomas
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen R Stagg
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Epstein MM, Rosner B, Breen EC, Batista JL, Giovannucci EL, Magpantay L, Aster JC, Rodig SJ, Bertrand KA, Laden F, Martínez-Maza O, Birmann BM. Pre-diagnosis plasma immune markers and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in two prospective cohort studies. Haematologica 2018; 103:1679-1687. [PMID: 29930163 PMCID: PMC6165815 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.183236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and B-cell hyperactivation have been associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma development. This prospective analysis aimed to further elucidate pre-diagnosis plasma immune marker profiles associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. We identified 598 incident lymphoma cases and 601 matched controls in Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study participants with archived pre-diagnosis plasma samples and measured 13 immune marker levels with multiplexed immunoassays. Using multivariable logistic regression we calculated Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) per standard deviation unit increase in biomarker concentration for risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and major histological subtype, stratifying additional models by years (<5, 5 to <10, ≥10) after blood draw. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor-α, CXC chemokine ligand 13, soluble CD30, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 were individually positively associated, and B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family inversely associated, with all non-Hodgkin lymphoma and one or more subtypes. The biomarker combinations associated independently with lymphoma varied somewhat by subtype and years after blood draw. Of note, the unexpected inverse association between B-cell activating factor and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma risk (OR: 95%CI: 0.51, 0.43-0.62) persisted more than ten years after blood draw (OR: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.52-0.93). In conclusion, immune activation precedes non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis by several years. Decreased B-cell activating factor levels may denote nascent chronic lymphocytic leukemia many years pre-diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara M Epstein
- Department of Medicine and the Meyers Primary Care Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Breen
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie L Batista
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Francine Laden
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brenda M Birmann
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Prado FLSD, Prado R, Ladeia AMT. Cardiovascular risk profile in patients with myelopathy associated with HTLV-1. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21:226-233. [PMID: 28282508 PMCID: PMC9427981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HAM/TSP (HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis) is a slowly progressive disease, characterized by a chronic spastic paraparesis. It is not known if the disease carries an independent risk for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk profile related to HAM/TSP and compare it with the general population. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, with a control group. HAM/TSP patients were evaluated using cardiovascular risk scores (ASCVD RISK, SCORE and Framingham) and inflammatory markers (ultrasensitive CRP and IL-6), and compared with a control group of healthy individuals. We also evaluated the correlation between cardiovascular risk and the functional status of patients with HAM/TSP evaluated by the FIM scale. Results Eighty percent of patients in this study were females, mean age of 51 years (11.3). The control group showed an increased cardiovascular event risk in 10 years when ASCVD was analyzed (cardiovascular risk ≥7.5% in 10 years seen in 43% of patients in the control group vs. 23% of patients with HAM/TSP; p = 0.037). There was no difference in ultrasensitive CRP or IL-6 values between the groups, even when groups were stratified into low and high risk. There was no correlation between the functional status of HAM/TSP patients and the cardiovascular risk. Conclusions In this study, the cardiovascular risk profile of patients with HAM/TSP was better than the risk of the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luís Silva do Prado
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Rede Sarah de Hospitais de Reabilitação, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Renata Prado
- Vanguard Skin Specialists, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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Zheng N, Ding S, Zhou X. Monosodium glutamate derived tricolor fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for cell-imaging application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 142:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Martin F, Taylor GP, Jacobson S. Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 10:1531-46. [PMID: 25340428 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.966690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is one of the most intriguing retroviruses infecting humans. Most commonly, infection remains undetected, since it does not cause obvious harm, yet in 4-9% of patients, this infection can be devastating, causing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and/or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This review concentrates on all inflammatory aspects of HTLV-1 infection: HAM/TSP, HTLV-1 associated uveitis, HTLV-1 associated conjunctivitis, sicca syndrome and interstitial keratitis, HTLV-1 associated Sjögren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1, HTLV-1 associated inflammatory myositis and HTLV-1 associated arthritis. With the exception of HAM/TSP treatment, studies of these conditions are sparse and even for HAM/TSP, the level of evidence is limited. While control or elimination of infection remains a goal, most therapy beyond symptomatic management is directed at the immune response to HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Martin
- Department of Biology, Hull and York Medical School, Center for Immunology and Infection, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Satake M, Yamada Y, Atogami S, Yamaguchi K. The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in Japan. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1806-12. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.964700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Toledo-Cornell C, Santos S, Orge G, Glesby MJ, Carvalho EM. Soluble IL-2 receptor and beta-2 microglobulin as possible serologic markers of neurologic disease in HTLV-1 infection. J Med Virol 2013; 86:315-21. [PMID: 24027213 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a variety of neurologic diseases, including HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) and overactive bladder. Investigation of immune markers such as soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) has shown some promising results in distinguishing patients with neurologic disease from those with carrier status. The objective of the present study was to determine if plasma levels of sIL-2R and B2M are markers of neurologic disease in individuals infected with HTLV-1. The present study was divided into two parts. A cross-sectional study and a nested case control study. In the cross-sectional study, HAM/TSP patients had higher plasma levels of B2M and sIL-2R than patients with overactive bladder and HTLV-1 carriers (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). For the nested case control study, the sIL-2 receptor test was able to distinguish patients with HAM/TSP from patients in the combined group of carriers and patients with overactive bladder with a sensitivity of 75.8% and false positive rate of 25.4%. Plasma levels of these markers did not change with the development of HAM/TSP and overactive bladder in HTLV-1 carrier patients. The present study has shown the importance of sIL-2 receptor in helping identifying HAM/TSP. However, the levels of these makers did not change significantly with the development of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Toledo-Cornell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Pulitzer M. Molecular diagnosis of infection-related cancers in dermatopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:247-57. [PMID: 23174495 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between viruses and skin cancer is increasingly recognized in a number of neoplasms, that is, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, as well as hematolymphoid malignancies such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Molecular assays are increasingly used to diagnose and manage these diseases. In this review, molecular features of tumor viruses and related host responses are explored. The tests used to identify such features are summarized. Evaluation of the utility of these assays for diagnosis and/or management of specific tumor types is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulitzer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Lopez-Lerma I, Caballero E, Palacio C, Garcia-Patos V. Aggressive adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma: the tip of the iceberg of the hidden human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection burden in nonendemic countries. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:704-8. [PMID: 23228220 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma has only rarely been reported in Europe. We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and outcome of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma patients in a nonendemic country. Cases of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma managed at Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain were reviewed. Information on the foreign population living in Spain, according to country of origin, was obtained using official published data from the National Statistics Institute. Three patients were diagnosed with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma between 2003 and 2010. Two cases were of the acute subtype and one case of the lymphoma subtype. Two patients were female and the mean age at presentation was 41.3 years. Patients originated from three different countries. The characteristics of the attended patients include widespread enlargement of the lymph nodes, a variety of multiple extranodal involvements, bone marrow infiltration, and a high incidence of infections including latent parasitic infections. Prototypic adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma presenting with high white cell counts, flower cells, and hypercalcemia was not observed. Regarding therapy, one patient received chemotherapy alone and two subjects combined first-line therapy including antiviral drugs. Of the three patients, two are dead (mean survival time 6 months) and one has been lost to follow-up. We estimate that at least 15,000 people living in Spain are infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease that often presents without distinguishing or prototypical features. A high index of clinical suspicion is essential for diagnosis. Several epidemiological differences have been observed in different countries. Today, HTLV-1 infection is highly underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lopez-Lerma
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estrella Caballero
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Palacio
- Clinical Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Garcia-Patos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Kamihira S, Usui T, Ichikawa T, Uno N, Morinaga Y, Mori S, Nagai K, Sasaki D, Hasegawa H, Yanagihara K, Honda T, Yamada Y, Iwanaga M, Kanematu T, Nakao K. Paradoxical expression of IL-28B mRNA in peripheral blood in human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 mono-infection and co-infection with hepatitis C virus. Virol J 2012; 9:40. [PMID: 22336134 PMCID: PMC3308917 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) carriers co-infected with and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been known to be at higher risk of their related diseases than mono-infected individuals. The recent studies clarified that IL-28B polymorphism rs8099917 is associated with not only the HCV therapeutic response by IFN, but also innate immunity and antiviral activity. The aim of our research was to clarify study whether IL-28B gene polymorphism (rs8099917) is associated with HTLV-1/HCV co-infection. RESULTS The genotyping and viral-serological analysis for 340 individuals showed that IL-28B genotype distribution of rs8099917 SNP did not differ significantly by respective viral infection status. However, the IL-28B mRNA expression level was 3.8 fold higher in HTLV-1 mono-infection than HTLV-1/HCV co-infection. The high expression level was associated with TT (OR, 6.25), whiles the low expression was associated with co-infection of the two viruses (OR, 9.5). However, there was no association between down-regulation and ATL development (OR, 0.8). CONCLUSION HTLV-1 mono-infection up-regulates the expression of IL-28B transcripts in genotype-dependent manner, whiles HTLV-1/HCV co-infection down-regulates regardless of ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeru Kamihira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Usui
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ichikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Uno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mori
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagai
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Faculty of Wellness Studies, Kwassui Women's University, Nagasaki, 850-8515, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Araya N, Sato T, Yagishita N, Ando H, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease. Viruses 2011; 3:1532-48. [PMID: 21994794 PMCID: PMC3187691 DOI: 10.3390/v3091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and associated with multiorgan inflammatory disorders, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and uveitis. HTLV-1-infected T cells have been hypothesized to contribute to the development of these disorders, although the precise mechanisms are not well understood. HTLV-1 primarily infects CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells that play a central role in adaptive immune responses. Based on their functions, patterns of cytokine secretion, and expression of specific transcription factors and chemokine receptors, Th cells that are differentiated from naïve CD4(+) T cells are classified into four major lineages: Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. The CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cell population, which consists primarily of suppressive T cell subsets, such as the Treg and Th2 subsets in healthy individuals, is the predominant viral reservoir of HTLV-1 in both ATL and HAM/TSP patients. Interestingly, CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cells become Th1-like cells in HAM/TSP patients, as evidenced by their overproduction of IFN-γ, suggesting that HTLV-1 may intracellularly induce T cell plasticity from Treg to IFN-γ(+) T cells. This review examines the recent research into the association between HTLV-1 and Treg cells that has greatly enhanced understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima 890-0064, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
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Yamano Y, Nishioka K. The contribution of Asian researchers to the field of rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6:106-11. [PMID: 20125178 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2009.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Asia is home to more than half of the world's population and is a region of diverse ethnicity, culture, microbial endemicity, and economic backgrounds. This diversity is also reflected in the heterogeneity among Asian patients with rheumatic diseases in terms of clinical manifestations, disease courses, treatment responses and outcomes, which provides opportunities for researchers to conduct some unique studies. Several disease entities, such as Behçet syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, Kawasaki disease, and immunological disorders associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), were first observed and defined in Asia. In addition, the region's researchers have been at the forefront of research in some interesting scientific topics, which has opened up new research avenues in rheumatology, such as the direct targeting of synovial cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via activation of the agonistic Fas pathway, establishment of the field of osteoimmunology, the discovery of regulatory T cells and synoviolin, and the development of tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamano
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Okayama A. Natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and immune system imbalances. Inflamm Regen 2010. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.30.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Maeda N, Muta H, Oflazoglu E, Yoshikai Y. Susceptibility of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cells to humanized anti-CD30 monoclonal antibodies in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:224-30. [PMID: 19799612 PMCID: PMC11159198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy of activated CD4(+) T cells associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. No conventional chemotherapy regimen has appeared successful in patients with ATL, thus establishing effective therapy is urgently required. In some cases, ATL tumor cells express CD30 on the cell surface, therefore, a therapy with mAb against CD30 would be beneficial. To investigate the effect of CD30-mediated therapy on ATL, we assessed SGN-30, a chimeric anti-CD30 mAb, and SGN-35, a monomethyl auristatin E-conjugated anti-CD30 mAb, in vitro and in vivo. Three HTLV-I-infected cell lines were co-cultured with SGN-30 or SGN-35, and the growth-inhibitory effects on the HTLV-I-infected cells were evaluated using an in vitro cell proliferation assay and cell cycle analysis. SGN-30 and SGN-35 showed growth-inhibitory activity against the HTLV-I-infected cell lines by apoptosis and/or cell growth arrest in vitro. To further investigate the effects of SGN-30 and SGN-35 on HTLV-I-infected cells in vivo, we used NOD/SCID mice subcutaneously engrafted with HTLV-I-infected cells. Both mAbs significantly inhibited the growth of HTLV-I-infected cell tumors in the NOD/SCID murine xenograft models. These data suggest that CD30-mediated therapy with SGN-30 or SGN-35 would be useful for patients with ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maeda
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Miyano-Kurosaki N, Ikegami K, Kurosaki K, Endo T, Aoyagi H, Hanami M, Yasumoto J, Tomoda A. Anticancer effects of phenoxazine derivatives revealed by inhibition of cell growth and viability, disregulation of cell cycle, and apoptosis induction in HTLV-1-positive leukemia cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:87-97. [PMID: 19403995 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08347fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant tumor of human CD4(+) T cells infected with a human retrovirus, T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effects of phenoxazines, 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) on a T cell leukemia cell line from ATL patients, MT-1 cells; HTLV-1 transformed T-cell lines, HUT-102 cells and MT-2 cells; and an HTLV-1-negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells. Among these phenoxazines, Phx-3 at concentrations of less than 10 microg/ml extensively inhibited growth and cell viability; arrested cell cycles at sub G(0)/G(1) phase; and augmented apoptosis of MT-1, HUT-102, and MT-2 cells. However, these phenoxazines did not affect the cell viability of an HTLV-1-negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells, and phytohemaggutinin-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although they markedly inhibited the growth of these cells. The transmission of HTLV-1 from HTLV-1-positive cells (MT-2 cells) to HTLV-1-negative cells (XC cells) was considered to be prevented by Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 because the syncytium formation between these cells was inhibited markedly in the presence of these phenoxazines. The present results suggest that Phx-1, Phx-2, and, in particular, Phx-3 may be useful as therapeutic agents against ATL, which is extremely refractory to current therapies.
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Saito M, Matsuzaki T, Satou Y, Yasunaga JI, Saito K, Arimura K, Matsuoka M, Ohara Y. In vivo expression of the HBZ gene of HTLV-1 correlates with proviral load, inflammatory markers and disease severity in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Retrovirology 2009; 6:19. [PMID: 19228429 PMCID: PMC2653460 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), encoded from a minus strand mRNA was discovered and was suggested to play an important role in adult T cell leukemia (ATL) development. However, there have been no reports on the role of HBZ in patients with HTLV-1 associated inflammatory diseases. Results We quantified the HBZ and tax mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood from 56 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients, 10 ATL patients, 38 healthy asymptomatic carriers (HCs) and 20 normal uninfected controls, as well as human leukemic T-cell lines and HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, and the data were correlated with clinical parameters. The spliced HBZ gene was transcribed in all HTLV-1-infected individuals examined, whereas tax mRNA was not transcribed in significant numbers of subjects in the same groups. Although the amount of HBZ mRNA expression was highest in ATL, medium in HAM/TSP, and lowest in HCs, with statistical significance, neither tax nor the HBZ mRNA expression per HTLV-1-infected cell differed significantly between each clinical group. The HTLV-1 HBZ, but not tax mRNA load, positively correlated with disease severity and with neopterin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of HAM/TSP patients. Furthermore, HBZ mRNA expression per HTLV-1-infected cell was decreased after successful immunomodulatory treatment for HAM/TSP. Conclusion These findings suggest that in vivo expression of HBZ plays a role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Goedert JJ, Vitale F, Lauria C, Serraino D, Tamburini M, Montella M, Messina A, Brown EE, Rezza G, Gafà L, Romano N. Risk factors for classical Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 5:18. [PMID: 20939920 PMCID: PMC2964600 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a malignancy of lymphatic endothelial skin cells. Although all forms of KS are associated with the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), classical KS occurs in a small fraction of KSHV-infected people. We sought to identify risk factors for classical KS in KSHV-infected individuals. METHODS Lifestyle and medical history data from case patients with biopsy-proven non-AIDS (non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) KS in Italy were compared by logistic regression analysis with data from population-based KSHV-seropositive control subjects of comparable age and sex. After KSHV immunofluorescence testing, randomly selected patients on the rosters of local physicians were identified as control subjects. Risk of KS was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS From April 13, 1998, through October 8, 2001, we enrolled 141 classical KS case patients and 192 KSHV-seropositive control subjects of similar age (mean = 72 years for case patients and 73 years for control subjects) and sex (30% female case patients and 35% female control subjects). The strongest association was a reduced risk of KS with cigarette smoking (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.45). Cigarette smoking intensity and duration could be evaluated for men, among whom the risk for KS was inversely related to the amount of cumulative smoking (P(trend)<.001). KS risk decreased approximately 20% (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.89) for each 10 pack-years reported, and it was decreased sevenfold (OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.30) with more than 40 pack-years. In multivariable analysis, a decreased KS risk was associated with smoking (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.44); but an increased KS risk was associated with topical corticosteroid use (OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.35 to 5.51), infrequent bathing (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.04 to 3.33), and a history of asthma (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 0.95 to 4.97) or of allergy among men (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.15 to 5.83) but not among women (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.003 to 2.76). KS was not related to other exposures or illnesses examined. CONCLUSION Risk for classical KS was approximately fourfold lower in cigarette smokers, a result that requires confirmation by other studies. Identification of how smoking affects KS risk may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy and interventions for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Goedert
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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