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Ion Channels, Transporters, and Sensors Interact with the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment to Modify Cancer Progression. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 182:39-84. [PMID: 34291319 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors, including breast carcinomas, are heterogeneous but typically characterized by elevated cellular turnover and metabolism, diffusion limitations based on the complex tumor architecture, and abnormal intra- and extracellular ion compositions particularly as regards acid-base equivalents. Carcinogenesis-related alterations in expression and function of ion channels and transporters, cellular energy levels, and organellar H+ sequestration further modify the acid-base composition within tumors and influence cancer cell functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Cancer cells defend their cytosolic pH and HCO3- concentrations better than normal cells when challenged with the marked deviations in extracellular H+, HCO3-, and lactate concentrations typical of the tumor microenvironment. Ionic gradients determine the driving forces for ion transporters and channels and influence the membrane potential. Cancer and stromal cells also sense abnormal ion concentrations via intra- and extracellular receptors that modify cancer progression and prognosis. With emphasis on breast cancer, the current review first addresses the altered ion composition and the changes in expression and functional activity of ion channels and transporters in solid cancer tissue. It then discusses how ion channels, transporters, and cellular sensors under influence of the acidic tumor microenvironment shape cancer development and progression and affect the potential of cancer therapies.
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Meng LL, Wang JL, Xu SP, Zu LD, Yan ZW, Zhang JB, Han YQ, Fu GH. Low serum gastrin associated with ER + breast cancer development via inactivation of CCKBR/ERK/P65 signaling. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:824. [PMID: 30115027 PMCID: PMC6097285 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrin is an important gastrointestinal hormone produced primarily by G-cells in the antrum of the stomach. It normally regulates gastric acid secretion and is implicated in a number of human disease states, but how its function affects breast cancer (BC) development is not documented. The current study investigated the suppressive effects of gastrin on BC and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Serum levels of gastrin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlation between gastrin level and development of BC was analyzed by chi-square test. Inhibitory effects of gastrin on BC were investigated by CCK-8 assay and nude mice models. Expressions of CCKBR/ERK/P65 in BC patients were determined through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test. Results The results indicated that the serum level of gastrin in BC patients was lower compared with normal control. Cellular and molecular experiments indicated that reduction of gastrin is associated with inactivation of cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR)/ERK/P65 signaling in BC cells which is corresponding to molecular type of estrogen receptor (ER) positive BC. Furthermore, we found that low expression of gastrin/CCKBR/ERK /P65 was correlated to worse prognosis in BC patients. Gastrin or ERK/P65 activators inhibited ER+ BC through CCKBR-mediated activation of ERK/P65. Moreover, combination treatment with gastrin and tamoxifen more efficiently inhibited ER+ BC than tamoxifen alone. Conclusions We concluded that low serum gastrin is related to increased risk of ER+ BC development. The results also established that CCKBR/ERK/P65 signaling function is generally tumor suppressive in ER+ BC, indicating therapies should focus on restoring, not inhibiting, CCKBR/ERK/P65 pathway activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4717-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Meng
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Long Wang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ping Xu
- Breast Surgery Division, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Li-Dong Zu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Yan
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Bing Zhang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Qin Han
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Shiozaki A, Kudou M, Ichikawa D, Shimizu H, Arita T, Kosuga T, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Kishimoto M, Marunaka Y, Otsuji E. Expression and role of anion exchanger 1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17921-17935. [PMID: 28160546 PMCID: PMC5392297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have described important roles for the anion exchanger (AE) in epithelial carcinogenesis and tumor behavior. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the role of AE1 in the regulation of genes involved in tumor progression and the clinicopathological significance of its expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). An immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 61 primary tumor samples obtained from ESCC patients who underwent esophagectomy. AE1 was primarily located in the cell membranes or cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, and its distribution pattern was related to the histological degree of the differentiation of SCC or the pT category. Among patients with pT2-3 ESCC, the 5-year survival rate of patients with diffuse AE1 expression (40.2%) was significantly lower than that of patients with focal expression (74.0%). AE1 was strongly expressed in KYSE150 and TE8 human ESCC cells. The depletion of AE1 using siRNA inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis. The results of the microarray analysis revealed that MAPK and Hedgehog signaling pathway-related genes, such as DHH, and GLI1, were down-regulated in AE1-depleted KYSE150 cells. In conclusions, the results of the present study suggest that the diffuse expression of AE1 is related to a worse prognosis in patients with advanced ESCC, and that it regulates tumor progression by affecting MAPK and Hedgehog signaling pathways. These results provide an insight into the role of AE1 as a mediator of and/or a biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kudou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kosuga
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okamoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kishimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology and Bio-Ionomics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Japan Institute for Food Education and Health, St. Agnes' University, Kyoto, 602-8013, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Zhang LJ, Lu R, Song YN, Zhu JY, Xia W, Zhang M, Shao ZY, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Guo L, Zhang M, Zhang H. Knockdown of anion exchanger 2 suppressed the growth of ovarian cancer cells via mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6362. [PMID: 28743911 PMCID: PMC5526859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion exchanger 2 (AE2, encoded by SLC4A2) is a sodium-independent chloride/bicarbonate transporter and implicated in the regulation of intracellular pH and membrane potential. Previous studies have linked AE2 to the tumorigenesis of various cancers. Here, AE2 was identified as an up-regulated protein in ovarian cancer tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor lesions based on quantitative proteomics analysis. AE2 mRNA was also overexpressed in human ovarian cancer samples, and that AE2 overexpression correlated with the shortened survival time of ovarian cancer patients. Short-hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of AE2 in A2780 and SK-OV-R3 cells inhibited cell growth and induced cell cycle G1 phase arrest. In nude mice, its stable knockdown inhibited the tumorigenicity of A2780 cells. Gene set enrichment analysis on The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset identified that the cell cycle process and mTOR pathway were correlatively with the AE2 expression. Expression of key regulators of G1/S transition (Cyclin D1 and CDK4), and phosphorylation levels of p70S6K were notably reduced in AE2 knockdown cells. Moreover, experiments with mTOR inhibitor suggested that AE2 may promote cell cycle progression through mTOR/p70S6K1 pathway. Together, our results suggest up-regulated AE2 promotes ovarian cancer tumorigenesis by activating mTOR/p70S6K1 pathway and implicate the potential application of AE2 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Shao
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongqin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China.
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Wang T, Fei HJ, Yang Y, Jiang XS, Yan M, Zeng Z, Wu J, Song LJ, Tian H, Fu GH. Expression of AE1/p16 promoted degradation of AE2 in gastric cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:716. [PMID: 27595783 PMCID: PMC5011918 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human anion exchanger 1 and 2 (AE1 and AE2) mediate the exchange of Cl−/HCO3− across the plasma membrane and regulate intracellular pH (pHi). AE1 is specifically expressed on the surface of erythrocytes, while AE2 is widely expressed in most tissues, and is particularly abundant in parietal cells. Previous studies showed that an interaction between AE1 and p16 is a key event in gastric cancer (GC) progression, but the importance of AE2 in GC is unclear. Methods The relationship among AE1, AE2 and p16 in GC cells was characterized by molecular and cellular experiments. AE2 expression and pHi were measured after knockdown or forced expression of AE1 or p16 in GC cells. The effect of AE2 on GC growth and the correlation of AE2 expression with differentiation and prognosis of GC were also evaluated. The effect of gastrin on AE2 expression and GC growth was investigated in cellular experiments and mouse xenograft models. Results p16 binds to both AE1 and AE2 simultaneously. AE1 or p16 silencing elevated AE2 expression on the plasma membrane where it plays a role in pHi regulation and GC suppression. AE2 expression was decreased in GC tissue, and these decreased levels were correlated with poor differentiation and prognosis of GC. The low AE2 protein levels are due to rapid ubiquitin-mediated degradation that was facilitated in the presence of p16. Gastrin inhibited the growth of GC cells at least partially through up-regulation of AE2 expression. Conclusion AE1/p16 expression promoted AE2 degradation in GC cells. Gastrin is a potential candidate drug for targeted therapies for AE1- and p16-positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Fei
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Shu Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jun Song
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Cui Y, Li SB, Peng XC, Wu J, Fu GH. Trastuzumab Inhibits Growth of HER2-Negative Gastric Cancer Cells Through Gastrin-Initialized CCKBR Signaling. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3631-41. [PMID: 26173505 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of trastuzumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody targeted to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, p185), has improved outcomes for patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC), but some relevant issues remain to be investigated and will emerge with new anti-GC drugs. Gastrin is a major gastrointestinal hormone proven to have an inhibitory effect on GC in vitro and in vivo. AIM To explore the sympathetic role of trastuzumab and gastrin on inhibition of GC. METHODS The HER2-positive and HER2-negative GC cell lines were treated with trastuzumab, gastrin, or their combination in vitro and in xenograft model. The synergistical role of trastuzumab and gastrin and related mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS We found the synergistic inhibitory effects of trastuzumab and gastrin on HER2-negative GC cells through the gastrin/cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) pathway. Trastuzumab upregulated CCKBR protein levels but could not initiate its signal transduction, whereas gastrin increased the levels and activation of CCKBR. Molecular experiments indicated that trastuzumab and gastrin co-treatment synergistically enhanced the stability of CCKBR. Moreover, their combined treatment synergistically arrested GC cells at G0/G1 phase, down-regulated levels of GC-related proteins, including anion exchanger 1 (AE1), cyclin D1, β-catenin, and cytoplasmic p16, and promoted nuclear translocation of p16. In addition, combination treatment upregulated AE2 levels, which are reduced in GC tissues. The in vivo synergistic anti-GC effect of combined treatment was confirmed in xenograft experiments. CONCLUSIONS Trastuzumab plus gastrin inhibit growth of Her2-negative GC by targeting cytoplasmic AE1 and p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanbian, China
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shao-Bo Li
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Chigaev A. Does aberrant membrane transport contribute to poor outcome in adult acute myeloid leukemia? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:134. [PMID: 26191006 PMCID: PMC4489100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia in adults is a highly heterogeneous disease. Gene expression profiling performed using unsupervised algorithms can be used to distinguish specific groups of patients within a large patient cohort. The identified gene expression signatures can offer insights into underlying physiological mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Here, the analysis of several related gene expression clusters associated with poor outcome, worst overall survival and highest rates of resistant disease and obtained from the patients at the time of diagnosis or from previously untreated individuals is presented. Surprisingly, these gene clusters appear to be enriched for genes corresponding to proteins involved in transport across membranes (transporters, carriers and channels). Several ideas describing the possible relationship of membrane transport activity and leukemic cell biology, including the "Warburg effect," the specific role of chloride ion transport, direct "import" of metabolic energy through uptake of creatine phosphate, and modification of the bone marrow niche microenvironment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chigaev
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Shiozaki A, Ichikawa D, Otsuji E, Marunaka Y. Cellular physiological approach for treatment of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11560-11566. [PMID: 25206263 PMCID: PMC4155349 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that ion channels/transporters play important roles in fundamental cellular functions that would be involved in the cancer process. We review the evidence for their expression and functioning in human gastric cancer (GC), and evaluate the potential of cellular physiological approach in clinical management. Various types of ion channels, such as voltage-gated K+ channels, intracellular Cl- channels and transient receptor potential channels have been found to express in GC cells and tissues, and to control cell cycles. With regard to water channels, aquaporin 3 and 5 play an important role in the progression of GC. Regulators of intracellular pH, such as anion exchanger, sodium-hydrogen exchanger, vacuolar H+-ATPases and carbonic anhydrases are also involved in tumorigenesis of GC. Their pharmacological manipulation and gene silencing affect cellular behaviours, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for GC. Our studies indicate the intracellular Cl- concentration could act as a mediator of cellular signaling and control cell cycle progression in GC cells. Further, we demonstrate the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock on GC cells, and indicate that the blockade of Cl- channels/transporters enhances these effects by inhibiting regulatory volume decrease. A deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms may lead to the discovery of these cellular physiological approaches as a novel therapeutic strategy for GC.
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Gorbatenko A, Olesen CW, Boedtkjer E, Pedersen SF. Regulation and roles of bicarbonate transporters in cancer. Front Physiol 2014; 5:130. [PMID: 24795638 PMCID: PMC3997025 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A unifying feature of solid tumors is a markedly altered pH profile compared to normal tissues. This reflects that solid tumors, despite completely different origins, often share several phenotypic properties with implications for intra- and extracellular pH. These include: a metabolic shift in most cancer cells toward more acid-producing pathways, reflecting both oncogenic signaling and the development of hypoxia in poorly perfused regions of the tumors; the poorly perfused and often highly dense tumor microenvironment, reducing the diffusive flux of acid equivalents compared to that in normal tissues; and the markedly altered regulation of the expression and activity of pH-regulatory transport proteins in cancer cells. While some of these properties of tumors have been well described in recent years, the great majority of the research in this clinically important area has focused on proton transport, in particular via the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (SLC9A1, NHE1) and various H+ ATPases. We have, however, recently demonstrated that at least under some conditions, including in vitro models of HER2 positive breast cancer, and measurements obtained directly in freshly dissected human mammary carcinomas, bicarbonate transporters such as the electroneutral Na+, HCO−3 cotransporter (SLC4A7, NBCn1), are upregulated and play central roles in pH regulation. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and roles of bicarbonate transporters in cancer. Furthermore, we present new analyses of publicly available expression data demonstrating widely altered expression levels of SLC4- and SLC26 family transporters in breast-, lung-, and colon cancer patients, and we hypothesize that bicarbonate transporter dysregulation may have both diagnostic and therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine F Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang T, Zhao L, Yang Y, Tian H, Suo WH, Yan M, Fu GH. EGR1 is critical for gastrin-dependent upregulation of anion exchanger 2 in gastric cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 280:174-83. [PMID: 23121767 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The essential anion exchanger (AE) involved in bicarbonate secretion is AE2/SLC4A2, a membrane protein recognized to be relevant for the regulation of the intracellular pH in several cell types. Here we report that gastrin, a major gastrointestinal hormone, upregulates the expression of AE2 mRNA and protein in a cholecystokinin B receptor dependent manner in gastric cancer cells. The upregulated species of AE2 mRNA originates from the classical upstream promoter of the AE2 gene (here referred to as AE2a1) which provides the binding site for transcription factors early growth response 1 (EGR1) and SP1. EGR1 upregulated the AE2 expression that can be competitively inhibited by SP1 in co-transfection experiments. This competitive inhibition was avoided in cells because the SP1 expression was time-staggered to EGR1 in response to gastrin. Overexpression or knockdown of EGR1 consistently increased or decreased the expression of AE2. Our data linked a novel signal pathway involved in gastrin-stimulated AE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Suo WH, Zhang N, Wu PP, Zhao L, Song LJ, Shen WW, Zheng L, Tao J, Long XD, Fu GH. Anti-tumour effects of small interfering RNA targeting anion exchanger 1 in experimental gastric cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:135-47. [PMID: 21649639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anion exchanger 1 (AE1) is an integral membrane protein found in erythrocytes. Our previous studies have demonstrated that AE1 is expressed in human gastric cancer cells and may be involved in the carcinogenesis of cancer. In this study, we further investigated the role of AE1 in gastric carcinogenesis and the anti-tumour effects of AE1-targeted small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in two experimental models of gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Molecular and cellular experiments were performed to elucidate the role of AE1 in the malignant transformation of gastric epithelium and the effects of AE1-targeted siRNAs on gastric cancer cells. The anti-tumour effect of the siRNA was evaluated in vivo in two mouse models, nude mice implanted with human gastric cancer xenografts (Model I) and mice with gastric cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and Helicobacter pylori (Model II). KEY RESULTS AE1 was found to increase gastric carcinogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. AE1-targeted siRNA significantly suppressed AE1 expression and hindered tumour growth. Furthermore, the siRNA markedly decreased the detection rate of gastric cancer, in parallel with an increase in atypical hyperplasia at the end of the experiment in Model II. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Knockdown of AE1 expression in gastric mucosa by administration of synthetic siRNAs significantly inhibits the growth of gastric cancer and decreases the detection rate of this tumour in experimental mice. These results suggest that AE1 is potentially a key therapeutic target and the silencing of AE1 expression in gastric mucosa could provide a new therapeutic approach for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Suo
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Song LJ, Liu RJ, Zeng Z, Alper SL, Cui HJ, Lu Y, Zheng L, Yan ZW, Fu GH. Gastrin inhibits a novel, pathological colon cancer signaling pathway involving EGR1, AE2, and P-ERK. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:707-18. [PMID: 22228178 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human anion exchanger 2 (AE2) is a plasma membrane protein that regulates intracellular pH and cell volume. AE2 contributes to transepithelial transport of chloride and bicarbonate in normal colon and other epithelial tissues. We now report that AE2 overexpression in colon cancer cells is correlated with expression of the nuclear proliferation marker, Ki67. Survival analysis of 24 patients with colon cancer in early stage or 33 patients with tubular adenocarcinoma demonstrated that expression of AE2 is correlated with poor prognosis. Cellular and molecular experiments indicated that AE2 expression promoted proliferation of colon cancer cells. In addition, we found that transcription factor EGR1 underlies AE2 upregulation and the AE2 sequester p16INK4a (P16) in the cytoplasm of colon cancer cells. Cytoplasmic P16 enhanced ERK phosphorylation and promoted proliferation of colon cancer cells. Gastrin inhibited proliferation of colon cancer cells by suppressing expression of EGR1 and AE2 and by blocking ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, our data describe a novel EGR1/AE2/P16/P-ERK signaling pathway in colon carcinogenesis, with implications for pathologic prognosis and for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Song
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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