1
|
Sahu R, Pattanayak SP. Strategic Developments & Future Perspective on Gene Therapy for Breast Cancer: Role of mTOR and Brk/ PTK6 as Molecular Targets. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:237-258. [PMID: 32807051 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200731002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a serious health issue and a major concern in biomedical research. Alteration in major signaling (viz. PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Ras-Raf-MEK-Erk, NF-kB, cyclin D1, JAK-STAT, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog signaling and apoptotic pathway) contributes to the development of major subtypes of mammary carcinoma such as HER2 positive, TNBC, luminal A and B and normal-like breast cancer. Further, mutation and expression parameters of different genes involved in the growth and development of cells play an important role in the progress of different types of carcinoma, making gene therapy an emerging new therapeutic approach for the management of life-threatening diseases like cancer. The genetic targets (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) play a major role in the formation of a tumor. Brk/PTK6 and mTOR are two central molecules that are involved in the regulation of numerous signaling related to cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, survival, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Since these two proteins are highly upregulated in mammary carcinogenesis, this can be used as targeted genes for the treatment of breast cancer. However, not much work has been done on them. This review highlights the therapeutic significance of Brk and mTOR and their associated signaling in mammary carcinogenesis, which may provide a strategy to develop gene therapy for breast cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roja Sahu
- Division of Advanced Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand- 835 215, India
| | - Shakti P Pattanayak
- Division of Advanced Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand- 835 215, India,Department of Pharmacy, Central University of South Bihar (Gaya), Bihar-824 236, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ang HL, Yuan Y, Lai X, Tan TZ, Wang L, Huang BB, Pandey V, Huang RYJ, Lobie PE, Goh BC, Sethi G, Yap CT, Chan CW, Lee SC, Kumar AP. Putting the BRK on breast cancer: From molecular target to therapeutics. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1115-1128. [PMID: 33391524 PMCID: PMC7738883 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BReast tumor Kinase (BRK, also known as PTK6) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed in breast carcinomas while having low expression in the normal mammary gland, which hints at the oncogenic nature of this kinase in breast cancer. In the past twenty-six years since the discovery of BRK, an increasing number of studies have strived to understand the cellular roles of BRK in breast cancer. Since then, BRK has been found both in vitro and in vivo to activate a multitude of oncoproteins to promote cell proliferation, metastasis, and cancer development. The compelling evidence concerning the oncogenic roles of BRK has also led, since then, to the rapid and exponential development of inhibitors against BRK. This review highlights recent advances in BRK biology in contributing to the “hallmarks of cancer”, as well as BRK's therapeutic significance. Importantly, this review consolidates all known inhibitors of BRK activity and highlights the connection between drug action and BRK-mediated effects. Despite the volume of inhibitors designed against BRK, none have progressed into clinical phase. Understanding the successes and challenges of these inhibitor developments are crucial for the future improvements of new inhibitors that can be clinically relevant.
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiong Z, Ye L, Zhenyu H, Li F, Xiong Y, Lin C, Wu X, Deng G, Shi W, Song L, Yuan Z, Wang X. ANP32E induces tumorigenesis of triple-negative breast cancer cells by upregulating E2F1. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:896-912. [PMID: 29633513 PMCID: PMC5983205 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and the HER2 receptor; it is highly proliferative and becomes the deadliest forms of breast cancer. Effective prognostic methods and therapeutic targets for TNBC are required to improve patient outcomes. Here, we report that acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member E (ANP32E), which promotes cell proliferation in mammalian development, is highly expressed in TNBC cells compared to other types of breast cancer. High expression of ANP32E correlates significantly with worse overall survival (OS; P < 0.001) and higher risks of disease recurrence (P < 0.001) in patients with TNBC. Univariate and multivariate Cox‐regression models show that ANP32E is an independent prognostic factor in TNBC. Furthermore, we discovered that ANP32E promotes tumor proliferation in vitro by inducing G1/S transition, and ANP32E inhibition suppresses tumor formation in vivo. By examining the expression of E2F1, cyclin E1, and cyclin E2, we discovered that ANP32E promotes the G1/S transition by transcriptionally inducing E2F1. Taken together, our study shows that ANP32E is an efficient prognostic marker, and it promotes the G1/S transition and induces tumorigenesis of TNBC cells by transcriptionally inducing E2F1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchong Xiong
- Department of Breast SurgeryState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Experimental ResearchState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - He Zhenyu
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Fengyan Li
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Yahui Xiong
- The First College of Clinical MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental ResearchState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianqiu Wu
- Department of Experimental ResearchState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangzheng Deng
- Department of Breast SurgeryState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Medical OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Libing Song
- Department of Experimental ResearchState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhongyu Yuan
- Department of Medical OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Breast SurgeryState Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brk/Protein tyrosine kinase 6 phosphorylates p27KIP1, regulating the activity of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1506-22. [PMID: 25733683 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01206-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) are overexpressed in a variety of tumors, but their levels are not accurate indicators of oncogenic activity because an accessory factor such as p27(Kip1) is required to assemble this unstable dimer. Additionally, tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation of p27 (pY88) is required to activate cdk4, acting as an "on/off switch." We identified two SH3 recruitment domains within p27 that modulate pY88, thereby modulating cdk4 activity. Via an SH3-PXXP interaction screen, we identified Brk (breast tumor-related kinase) as a high-affinity p27 kinase. Modulation of Brk in breast cancer cells modulates pY88 and increases resistance to the cdk4 inhibitor PD 0332991. An alternatively spliced form of Brk (Alt Brk) which contains its SH3 domain blocks pY88 and acts as an endogenous cdk4 inhibitor, identifying a potentially targetable regulatory region within p27. Brk is overexpressed in 60% of breast carcinomas, suggesting that this facilitates cell cycle progression by modulating cdk4 through p27 Y phosphorylation. p27 has been considered a tumor suppressor, but our data strengthen the idea that it should also be considered an oncoprotein, responsible for cyclin D-cdk4 activity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Additive impact of HER2-/PTK6-RNAi on interactions with HER3 or IGF-1R leads to reduced breast cancer progression in vivo. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:282-94. [PMID: 25241146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and the protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) are often co- and over-expressed in invasive breast cancers. At early diagnosis, only distinct groups, such as HER2-or hormone receptor-positive benefit from a targeted therapy. However, a part of these tumours develops resistance within a year of administration of the drug but the majority of the patients depends on general therapies with severe side effects. A PTK6-directed approach does not yet exist. In our present study, we successfully demonstrate, in vitro and in vivo, a significantly additive reduction of tumourigenesis of breast cancer cells simultaneously depleted of both HER2 and PTK6. In comparison with single RNAi approaches, the combined RNAi (co-RNAi) led to a stronger reduced phosphorylation of tumour-promoting proteins. Moreover, the co-RNAi additively decreased cell migration as well as two and three dimensional cell proliferation in vitro. The in vivo experiments showed an additive reduction (p < 0.00001) in the growth of xenografts due to the co-RNAi compared with HER2 or PTK6 RNAi alone. Interestingly, the complexes of HER2 or PTK6 with tumour-relevant interaction partners, such as HER3 or the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), respectively, were also reduced in xenografts although their protein expression levels were not affected following the co-RNAi of HER2 and PTK6. Our present study reveals the potential of using combined HER2- and PTK6- knockdown as a powerful strategy for the treatment of breast cancers. Therefore, the combined inhibition of these proteins may represent an attractive tool for efficient therapy of breast cancers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hussain HA, Harvey AJ. Evolution of breast cancer therapeutics: Breast tumour kinase’s role in breast cancer and hope for breast tumour kinase targeted therapy. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:299-310. [PMID: 25114846 PMCID: PMC4127602 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been significant improvements in the detection and treatment of breast cancer in recent decades. However, there is still a need to develop more effective therapeutic techniques that are patient specific with reduced toxicity leading to further increases in patients’ overall survival; the ongoing progress in understanding recurrence, resistant and spread also needs to be maintained. Better understanding of breast cancer pathology, molecular biology and progression as well as identification of some of the underlying factors involved in breast cancer tumourgenesis and metastasis has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Over a number of years interest has risen in breast tumour kinase (Brk) also known as protein tyrosine kinase 6; the research field has grown and Brk has been described as a desirable therapeutic target in relation to tyrosine kinase inhibition as well as disruption of its kinase independent activity. This review will outline the current “state of play” with respect to targeted therapy for breast cancer, as well as discussing Brk’s role in the processes underlying tumour development and metastasis and its potential as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ludyga N, Anastasov N, Rosemann M, Seiler J, Lohmann N, Braselmann H, Mengele K, Schmitt M, Höfler H, Aubele M. Effects of simultaneous knockdown of HER2 and PTK6 on malignancy and tumor progression in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:381-92. [PMID: 23364537 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women of the Western world. One prominent feature of breast cancer is the co- and overexpression of HER2 and protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6). According to the current clinical cancer therapy guidelines, HER2-overexpressing tumors are routinely treated with trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting HER2. Approximately, 30% of HER2-overexpressing breast tumors at least initially respond to the anti-HER2 therapy, but a subgroup of these tumors develops resistance shortly after the administration of trastuzumab. A PTK6-targeted therapy does not yet exist. Here, we show for the first time that the simultaneous knockdown in vitro, compared with the single knockdown of HER2 and PTK6, in particular in the trastuzumab-resistant JIMT-1 cells, leads to a significantly decreased phosphorylation of crucial signaling proteins: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 (MAPK 1/3, ERK 1/2) and p38 MAPK, and (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten) PTEN that are involved in tumorigenesis. In addition, dual knockdown strongly reduced the migration and invasion of the JIMT-1 cells. Moreover, the downregulation of HER2 and PTK6 led to an induction of p27, and the dual knockdown significantly diminished cell proliferation in JIMT-1 and T47D cells. In vivo experiments showed significantly reduced levels of tumor growth following HER2 or PTK6 knockdown. Our results indicate a novel strategy also for the treatment of trastuzumab resistance in tumors. Thus, the inhibition of these two signaling proteins may lead to a more effective control of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ludyga
- Institut für Pathologie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brauer PM, Zheng Y, Evans MD, Dominguez-Brauer C, Peehl DM, Tyner AL. The alternative splice variant of protein tyrosine kinase 6 negatively regulates growth and enhances PTK6-mediated inhibition of β-catenin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14789. [PMID: 21479203 PMCID: PMC3068133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6), also called breast tumor kinase (BRK), is expressed in epithelial cells of various tissues including the prostate. Previously it was shown that PTK6 is localized to epithelial cell nuclei in normal prostate, but becomes cytoplasmic in human prostate tumors. PTK6 is also primarily cytoplasmic in the PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma cell line. Sequencing revealed expression of wild type full-length PTK6 transcripts in addition to an alternative transcript lacking exon 2 in PC3 cells. The alternative transcript encodes a 134 amino acid protein, referred to here as ALT-PTK6, which shares the first 77 amino acid residues including the SH3 domain with full length PTK6. RT-PCR was used to show that ALT-PTK6 is coexpressed with full length PTK6 in established human prostate and colon cell lines, as well as in primary cell lines derived from human prostate tissue and tumors. Although interaction between full-length PTK6 and ALT-PTK6 was not detected, ALT-PTK6 associates with the known PTK6 substrates Sam68 and β-catenin in GST pull-down assays. Coexpression of PTK6 and ALT-PTK6 led to suppression of PTK6 activity and reduced association of PTK6 with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. While ALT-PTK6 alone did not influence β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity in a luciferase reporter assay, it enhanced PTK6-mediated inhibition of β-catenin/TCF transcription by promoting PTK6 nuclear functions. Ectopic expression of ALT-PTK6 led to reduced expression of the β-catenin/TCF targets Cyclin D1 and c-Myc in PC3 cells. Expression of tetracycline-inducible ALT-PTK6 blocked the proliferation and colony formation of PC3 cells. Our findings suggest that ALT-PTK6 is able to negatively regulate growth and modulate PTK6 activity, protein-protein associations and/or subcellular localization. Fully understanding functions of ALT-PTK6 and its impact on PTK6 signaling will be critical for development of therapeutic strategies that target PTK6 in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carmen Dominguez-Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Angela L. Tyner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|