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Alafraidi M, Hoang L, Howitt BE, Longacre TA, McAlpine JN, Jamieson A, Singh N, Gilks CB, Pors J. The spectrum of oestrogen receptor expression in endometrial carcinomas of no specific molecular profile. Histopathology 2024. [PMID: 38890776 DOI: 10.1111/his.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Decreased oestrogen receptor (ER) expression is a marker of poor prognosis in endometrial carcinomas (EC) of no specific molecular profile (NSMP), but the optimal cut-off to separate high-risk 'low ER' versus low-risk 'high ER' expression has not been defined. Here we characterised the distribution of ER staining in a cohort of ECs. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsy specimens from 120 cases of NSMP EC were stained for ER and assigned an Allred score. In 66 additional cases ER staining of matched biopsy and hysterectomy were compared. Twelve of 120 tumours had an Allred score of 0-3, including three endometrioid carcinomas (EEA) (one G1, two G3), four clear cell carcinomas (CCC), two mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma (MLA) and one each of: gastric-type adenocarcinoma, carcinosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma NOS. Three had Allred scores of 4-5: two MLA and one high-grade carcinoma with yolk sac differentiation. Five had Allred scores of 6: four EEA (one G1, one G2, two G3) and one mixed clear cell and endometrioid carcinoma. The remaining 100 tumours with Allred scores ≥ 7 were all EEA (66 G1, 28 G2, five G3 and one grade unknown). Comparing the biopsy versus hysterectomy ER staining (n = 66), the results were within a single Allred score point, except two cases with strong diffuse expression in the biopsy (Allred 8) and moderate expression in the hysterectomy (Allred 5). CONCLUSIONS Most NSMP ECs (> 80%) show high ER expression (Allred score ≥ 7). All non-endometrioid carcinomas and a few endometrioid carcinomas had lower ER expression (Allred score ≤ 6) or were completely negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alafraidi
- Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn Hoang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brooke E Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessica N McAlpine
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Jamieson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Naveena Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Pors
- Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Song S, Gu H, Li J, Yang P, Qi X, Liu J, Zhou J, Li Y, Shu P. Identification of immune-related gene signature for predicting prognosis in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9255. [PMID: 37286702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a gene signature related to the immune system that can be used to create personalized immunotherapy for Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC). To classify the UCEC samples into different immune clusters, we utilized consensus clustering analysis. Additionally, immune correlation algorithms were employed to investigate the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in diverse clusters. To explore the biological function, we conducted GSEA analysis. Next, we developed a Nomogram by integrating a prognostic model with clinical features. Finally, we performed experimental validation in vitro to verify our prognostic risk model. In our study, we classified UCEC patients into three clusters using consensus clustering. We hypothesized that cluster C1 represents the immune inflammation type, cluster C2 represents the immune rejection type, and cluster C3 represents the immune desert type. The hub genes identified in the training cohort were primarily enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, as well as the PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, all of which are immune-related pathways. Cluster C1 may be a more suitable for immunotherapy. The prognostic risk model showed a strong predictive ability. Our constructed risk model demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting the prognosis of UCEC, while also effectively reflecting the state of TIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haoqing Gu
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingzhan Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peipei Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiafei Qi
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiatong Liu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Shu
- Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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The Co-Expression of Estrogen Receptors ERα, ERβ, and GPER in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033009. [PMID: 36769338 PMCID: PMC9918160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have important roles in endometrial cancer (EC) and exert biological effects through the classical estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ, and the G-protein-coupled ER, GPER. So far, the co-expression of these three types of ERs has not been studied in EC. We investigated ERα, ERβ, GPER mRNA and protein levels, and their intracellular protein distributions in EC tissue and in adjacent control endometrial tissue. Compared to control endometrial tissue, immunoreactivity for ERα in EC tissue was weaker for nuclei with minor, but unchanged, cytoplasmic staining; mRNA and protein levels showed decreased patterns for ERα in EC tissue. For ERβ, across both tissue types, the immunoreactivity was unchanged for nuclei and cytoplasm, although EC tissues again showed lower mRNA and protein levels compared to adjacent control endometrial tissue. The immunoreactivity of GPER as well as mRNA levels of GPER were unchanged across cancer and control endometrial tissues, while protein levels were lower in EC tissue. Statistically significant correlations of estrogen receptor α (ESR1) versus estrogen receptor β (ESR2) and GPER variant 3,4 versus ESR1 and ESR2 was seen at the mRNA level. At the protein level studied with Western blotting, there was significant correlation of ERα versus GPER, and ERβ versus GPER. While in clinical practice the expression of ERα is routinely tested in EC tissue, ERβ and GPER need to be further studied to examine their potential as prognostic markers, provided that specific and validated antibodies are available.
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Dobroch J, Bojczuk K, Kołakowski A, Baczewska M, Knapp P. The Exploration of Chemokines Importance in the Pathogenesis and Development of Endometrial Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072041. [PMID: 35408440 PMCID: PMC9000631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequent female malignancies. Because of a characteristic symptom, vaginal bleeding, EC is often diagnosed in an early stage. Despite that, some EC cases present an atypical course with rapid progression and poor prognosis. There have been multiple studies conducted on molecular profiling of EC in order to improve diagnostics and introduce personalized treatment. Chemokines—a protein family that contributes to inflammatory processes that may promote carcinogenesis—constitute an area of interest. Some chemokines and their receptors present alterations in expression in tumor microenvironment. CXCL12, which binds the receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, is known for its impact on neoplastic cell proliferation, neovascularization and promotion of epidermal–mesenchymal transition. The CCL2–CCR2 axis additionally plays a pivotal role in EC with mutations in the LKB1 gene and activates tumor-associated macrophages. CCL20 and CCR6 are influenced by the RANK/RANKL pathway and alter the function of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Another axis, CXCL10–CXCR3, affects the function of NK-cells and, interestingly, presents different roles in various types of tumors. This review article consists of analysis of studies that included the roles of the aforementioned chemokines in EC pathogenesis. Alterations in chemokine expression are described, and possible applications of drugs targeting chemokines are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dobroch
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
- University Oncology Center, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-662735369
| | - Klaudia Bojczuk
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Adrian Kołakowski
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Marta Baczewska
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
- University Oncology Center, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Knapp
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
- University Oncology Center, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Czerwiński M, Bednarska-Czerwińska A, Zmarzły N, Boroń D, Oplawski M, Grabarek BO. miRNAs in the Expression Regulation of Dopamine-Related Genes and Proteins in Endometrial Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214939. [PMID: 34768458 PMCID: PMC8584850 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the dopaminergic system leads to many diseases, including cancer. Dopamine and its receptors are involved in the regulation of proliferation, cell death, invasion, and migration. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes could reveal new molecular markers and therapeutic targets. The aim of this study was to determine the expression profile of dopamine-related genes and proteins in endometrial cancer and to assess whether miRNAs are involved in its regulation. Sixty women were recruited for the study: 30 with endometrial cancer and 30 without cancer. The expression profiles of dopamine-related genes were determined in endometrial tissue samples using microarrays and qRT-PCR. Then, protein concentration was determined with the ELISA test. In the last step, miRNA detection was performed using microarrays. The matching of miRNAs to the studied genes was carried out using the TargetScan tool. The analysis showed DRD2 and DRD3 overexpression, with a reduction in DRD5 expression, which could be due to miR-15a-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-4640-5p, and miR-221-5p activity. High levels of OPRK1 and CXCL12, related to the activity of miR-124-3p.1 and miR-135b-5p, have also been reported. Low COMT expression was probably not associated with miRNA regulation in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Czerwiński
- American Medical Clinic, 40-600 Katowice, Poland
- Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, 40-121 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Bednarska-Czerwińska
- Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, 40-121 Katowice, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Z.); (D.B.); (B.O.G.)
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Z.); (D.B.); (B.O.G.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, TOMMED Specjalisci od Zdrowia, Fredry 22, 40-662 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Oplawski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.Z.); (D.B.); (B.O.G.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, TOMMED Specjalisci od Zdrowia, Fredry 22, 40-662 Katowice, Poland
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Identification of an immune gene signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:541. [PMID: 33292199 PMCID: PMC7650210 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is a frequent gynecological malignancy with a poor prognosis particularly at an advanced stage. Herein, this study aims to construct prognostic markers of UCEC based on immune-related genes to predict the prognosis of UCEC. Methods We analyzed expression data of 575 UCEC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and immune genes from the ImmPort database, which were used for generation and validation of the signature. We constructed a transcription factor regulatory network based on Cistrome databases, and also performed functional enrichment and pathway analyses for the differentially expressed immune genes. Moreover, the prognostic value of 410 immune genes was determined using the Cox regression analysis. We then constructed and verified a prognostic signature. Finally, we performed immune infiltration analysis using TIMER-generating immune cell content. Results The immune cell microenvironment as well as the PI3K-Akt, and MARK signaling pathways were involved in UCEC development. The established prognostic signature revealed a ten-gene prognostic signature, comprising of PDIA3, LTA, PSMC4, TNF, SBDS, HDGF, HTR3E, NR3C1, PGR, and CBLC. This signature showed a strong prognostic ability in both the training and testing sets and thus can be used as an independent tool to predict the prognosis of UCEC. In addition, levels of B cells and neutrophils were significantly correlated with the patient’s risk score, while the expression of ten genes was associated with immune cell infiltrates. Conclusions In summary, the ten-gene prognostic signature may guide the selection of the immunotherapy for UCEC.
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Zhu Y, Shi L, Chen P, Zhang Y, Zhu T. Identification of six candidate genes for endometrial carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:161. [PMID: 32641130 PMCID: PMC7346467 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecological malignant tumors which poses a serious threat to women health. This study aimed to screen the candidate genes differentially expressed in EC by bioinformatics analysis. Methods GEO database and GEO2R online tool were applied to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of EC from the microarray datasets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for the DEGs was constructed to further explore the relationships among these genes and identify hub DEGs. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the biological role of DEGs. Besides, correlation analysis, genetic alteration, expression profile, and survival analysis of these hub DEGs were also investigated to further explore the roles of these hub gene in mechanism of EC tumorigenesis. qRT-PCR analysis was also performed to verify the expression of identified hub DEGs. Results A total of 40 DEGs were screened out as the DEGs with 3 upregulated and 37 downregulated in EC. The gene ontology analysis showed that these genes were significantly enriched in cell adhesion, response to estradiol, and growth factor activity, etc. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in focal adhesion, leukocyte transendothelial migration, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ECM-receptor interaction pathway. More importantly, COL1A1, IGF1, COL5A1, CXCL12, PTEN, and SPP1 were identified as the hub genes of EC. The genetic alteration analysis showed that hub genes were mainly altered in mutation and deep deletion. Expression validation by bioinformatic analysis and qRT-PCR also proved the expression of these six hub genes were differentially expressed in EC. Additionally, significantly better overall survival and disease-free survival were observed with six hub genes altered, and survival outcome in high expression of COL1A1, IGF1, and PTEN patients was also significantly better than low expression patients. Conclusions COL1A1, IGF1, COL5A1, CXCL12, PTEN, and SPP1 involved in the pathogenesis of EC and might be candidate genes for diagnosis of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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Patel MV, Shen Z, Rossoll RM, Wira CR. Estradiol-regulated innate antiviral responses of human endometrial stromal fibroblasts. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13042. [PMID: 30295964 PMCID: PMC6275105 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The contribution of fibroblasts to innate immune protection of the human female reproductive tract (FRT) against viral pathogens is relatively unknown. METHOD OF STUDY Endometrial (EM), endocervical (Cx) and ectocervical (ECx) fibroblasts were isolated from hysterectomy patients and grown in vitro. Fibroblasts were treated with the viral mimic poly (I:C) in the presence or absence of the sex hormone estradiol (E2 ), with gene expression measured by real-time RT-PCR and protein secretion by ELISA. RESULTS Poly (I:C) induced the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) MxA, OAS2 and APOBEC3G, and the cytokines MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, CCL20, IFNβ and RANTES by fibroblasts from all three sites. ISG upregulation was dependent upon Type I IFN signaling. E2 inhibited the poly (I:C)-induced upregulation of MxA and OAS2 in EM fibroblasts, but not Cx or ECx fibroblasts. E2 upregulated SDF-1α by EM fibroblasts but had no effect on secretion of other cytokines either alone or in the presence of poly (I:C). Conditioned media (CM) from poly (I:C)-treated or E2 -treated fibroblasts significantly reduced HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION Stromal fibroblasts represent a level of innate immune protection against viral pathogens in the FRT beyond that seen with epithelial cells and immune cells. Our findings indicate that fibroblasts FRT are selectively responsive to E2 , capable of initiating an antiviral response against viral pathogens and may play a role in preventing HIV infection of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey V. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Rossoll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Huang Y, Ye Y, Long P, Zhao S, Zhang L, A Y. Silencing of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression by RNA interference suppresses human endometrial carcinoma growth in vivo. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1896-1904. [PMID: 28469794 PMCID: PMC5411937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of silencing the expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by RNAi on the growth of endometrial carcinoma (EC), in vivo, was evaluated. To establish endometrial carcinoma model, thirty nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 1 × 107 Ishikawa cells. All tumor-bearing mice were randomly assigned to five groups (six mice in each group) when the tumor xenografts reached 5-7 mm in diameter, and treated with CXCR4-siRNA (5 nmol), CXCR7-siRNA (5 nmol), CXCR4-siRNA (5 nmol) plus CXCR7-siRNA (5 nmol), negative-siRNA (5 nmol) and normal saline, respectively. Following intra-tumor injection, the growth rate of tumor xenografts in the three treatment groups was significantly delayed compared with those in Ne-si and NS group (P<0.05). The results of QRT-PCR and immunohistochemical assessment showed that the expression levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 could be down regulated by RNA interference. We also observed that treatment with CXCR4-siRNA and CXCR7-siRNA reduced cell proliferation, but there was no significant difference in apoptosis among the five groups. CXCR4 and CXCR7 silencing by RNAi inhibit the growth of human endometrial carcinoma xenografts by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, in vivo. These results indicate that CXCR4 and CXCR7 could serve as potential alternative targets for gene therapy in endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- The Affiliated Women & Children Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Qingdao Women & Children HospitalQingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuanying Ye
- The Affiliated Women & Children Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Qingdao Women & Children HospitalQingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Long
- The Affiliated Women & Children Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Qingdao Women & Children HospitalQingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- The Affiliated Women & Children Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Qingdao Women & Children HospitalQingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Affiliated Women & Children Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Qingdao Women & Children HospitalQingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanni A
- The Affiliated Women & Children Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Qingdao Women & Children HospitalQingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Woo JK, Kang JH, Kim B, Park BH, Shin KJ, Song SW, Kim JJ, Kim HM, Lee SJ, Oh SH. Humanized anti-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) antibody suppresses innate irinotecan (CPT-11) resistance induced by fibroblast-derived HGF. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24047-60. [PMID: 26090722 PMCID: PMC4695169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth factors derived from the microenvironment create an environment conducive to tumor growth and survival. HGF deprivation using neutralizing antibody enhanced chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells (CRC). We determined secreted HGF in fibroblast conditioned medium (CM). Combination treatment of anti-HGF antibody and irinotecan (CPT-11) directly enhanced CPT-11 sensitivity in CRC. We generated xenograft in NOD/SCID mice inoculating HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells subcutaneously with or without fibroblast. We found that the combination of CPT-11 and anti-HGF antibody induced marked suppression of tumor development. These results suggest that HGF produced by fibroblast induce CPT-11 resistance, and that anti-HGF antibody abrogate such resistance in vivo. fibroblast-derived HGF is important determinant of chemoresistance. Anti-HGF monoclonal antibody treatment confirmed the importance of this growth factor for chemoresistance in CRC. These results present new options toward the early diagnosis of chemoresistance and suggest novel combinations of chemotherapy and anti-HGF agents to prevent or significantly delay the onset of therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kyu Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - BoRa Kim
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jung Ju Kim
- Yooyoung Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Mook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Teng F, Tian WY, Wang YM, Zhang YF, Guo F, Zhao J, Gao C, Xue FX. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the progression of endometrial cancer via the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:8. [PMID: 26851944 PMCID: PMC4744391 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are believed to play an essential role in cancer initiation and development. However, little research has been undertaken to evaluate the role of CAFs in endometrial cancer (EC) progression. We aim to detect the functional contributions of CAFs to promote progression of EC. Methods Stromal fibroblasts were isolated from endometrioid adenocarcinomas and normal endometrial tissues. The conditioned media of cultured CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were collected to detect the level of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1α), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) by ELISA. The CAFs or NFs were cocultured with EC cell lines to determine the proliferation, migration, and invasion by MTT assays and transwell chambers. Xenograft models were used to observe tumor growth. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity was evaluated by zymography. AMD3100 (a chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist) was used to block the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. Neutralizing antibodies were used to detect PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk pathways by western blotting. SDF-1α and CXCR4 expressions were analyzed in xenotransplanted tumors and 348 cases by immunohistochemistry. Results CAFs promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as in vivo tumorigenesis of admixed EC cells significantly more than NFs by secreting SDF-1α. These effects were significantly inhibited by AMD3100. CAFs promoted EC progression via the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis to activate the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signalings in a paracrine-dependent manner or increase MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion in an autocrine-dependent manner. SDF-1α and CXCR4 expression upregulation accompanied clinical EC development and progression. High SDF-1α expression levels were associated with deep myometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in EC. Conclusions Our data indicated that CAFs derived from EC tissues promoted EC progression via the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in a paracrine- or autocrine-dependent manner. SDF-1α is a novel independent poor prognostic factor for EC patients’ survival. Targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for EC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Wen-Yan Tian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Ying-Mei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yan-Fang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Feng-Xia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO 154, Anshan Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Long P, Sun F, Ma Y, Huang Y. Inhibition of CXCR4 and CXCR7 for reduction of cell proliferation and invasion in human endometrial cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7473-80. [PMID: 26678890 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common malignant cancers in female reproductive tract, endometrial cancer accounts for 20-30 % of the most frequent gynecological malignancy, which is originated from endometrial epithelial. The molecular mechanisms for the generation of endometrial cancer are up to now unclear, hindering the development of corresponding therapy. CXCR4 and CXCR7 were receptors of CXCL12 chemokine ligand, which could regulate critical procedures of neoplastic transformation, including proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of the cells. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cancer, as well as in Ishikawa and HEC-1-A cell line, were analyzed by using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. In order to explore the biological function of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in endometrial tumor, small interference RNAs of CXCR4 and CXCR7 fragments were designed, synthesized, and transfected into Ishikawa and HEC-1-A by using Lipofectamine2000. The influence of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing CXCR4 and CXCR7 on the cell proliferation was investigated under CCK-8. The invasion assay was performed transwell, and cell apoptosis was tested by FCM. Higher mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 were investigated in endometrial adenocarcinomas. The expression levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 could be inhibited by RNA interference, reducing the cell proliferation, invasion in Ishikawa and HEC-1-A cells. In this study, we also observed that treated with CXCR4 and CXCR7 small interfering RNA (siRNA) arrested cells in S phase. CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL12/CXCR7 receptor ligand systems affect the invasion of endometrial carcinoma cell line into Ishikawa and HEC-1-A. CXCR4 and CXCR7 were silenced by RNAi, which can inhibit the invasion of Ishikawa and HEC-1-A cell lines. Hence, CXCR4 and CXCR7 are expected to become two target genes for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Long
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266010, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Sun
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266010, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Y, Zhao D, Gong C, Zhang F, He J, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Sun J. Prognostic role of hormone receptors in endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:208. [PMID: 26108802 PMCID: PMC4511445 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to summarize the global predicting role of hormone receptors for survival in endometrial cancer. Methods Eligible studies were identified and assessed for quality through multiple search strategies. Data were collected from studies comparing overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), or progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with elevated levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with those in patients with lower levels. The combined hazard ratios of ER, PR, and HER2 for survival were calculated. Results A total of 98 studies were included for meta-analysis (44 for ER, 38 for PR, and 16 for HER2). Higher levels of either ER or PR could significantly indicate better survival. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) of ER for OS, CSS, and PFS were 0.75 (95 % CI, 0.68–0.83), 0.45 (95 % CI, 0.33–0.62), and 0.66 (95 % CI, 0.52–0.85), respectively. The combined HRs of PR for OS, CSS, and PFS reached 0.63 (95 % CI, 0.56–0.71), 0.62 (95 % CI, 0.42–0.93), and 0.45 (95 % CI, 0.30–0.68), respectively. In contrast, elevated levels of HER2 could predict worse outcome with a HR of 1.98 (95 % CI, 1.49–2.62) for OS, and a HR of 2.26 (95 % CI, 1.57–3.25) for PFS. Conclusions In patients with endometrial cancer, higher level of ER and PR predicted favorable survival, and increased level of HER2 was associated with poorer survival. All of the three hormone receptors had prognostic value for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Changle Road #536, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Changle Road #536, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changguo Gong
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing He
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yulan Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road #3663, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Changle Road #536, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Construction of a CXCL12-KDEL fusion gene to inhibit head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by intracellular sequestration of CXCR4. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:195828. [PMID: 25866764 PMCID: PMC4383411 DOI: 10.1155/2015/195828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The CXCL12-CXCR4 biological axis consisting of the chemotactic factor CXCL12 and its specific receptor CXCR4 plays an important role in oral cancer metastasis. High expression of CXCR4 may help oral squamous cancer cells invade local tissues and metastasize to lymph nodes. No obvious association was observed between CXCL12 expression and lymph node metastasis, suggesting that CXCL12 chemotaxis may only be related to CXCR4 expression on the tumor cell membrane. KDEL can be retained by receptors on the surface of the intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and also be called an ER retention signal sequence. So we adopted the KDEL sequence in this study to generate a CXCL12-KDEL fusion protein in combination with a traceable E-tag label. As such, CXCL12 was retained in the ER. Specific receptor CXCR4 binds to the CXCL12-KDEL, was also retained in the ER, and was thus prevented from reaching the oral squamous cancer cell surface. We reduced the cell surface level of CXCR4 and called the technique “intracellular sequestration.” By this way, we have finished blocking of CXCL12-CXCR4 biological axis and inhibiting lymph node metastasis of oral carcinoma.
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Walentowicz-Sadlecka M, Sadlecki P, Bodnar M, Marszalek A, Walentowicz P, Sokup A, Wilińska-Jankowska A, Grabiec M. Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in endometrial cancer patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84629. [PMID: 24416254 PMCID: PMC3887002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the most important function of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptors, is regulating the process of metastasis formation. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between SDF-1, CXCR4 and CXCR7 protein levels measured by immunohistochemistry with the clinicopathological features and the survival of endometrial cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS 92 patients aged 37-84 (mean 65.1±9.5) were enrolled to our study between January 2000 and December 2007. After the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, all women underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, with bilateral salpingoophorectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. In all patients clinical stage (according to FIGO classification), histologic grade, myometrial invasion, lymph node and distant metastases were determined.Furthermore, the survival time was assessed. Immunohistochemical analyses of SDF-1, CXCR4 and CXCR7 were performed on archive formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections. RESULTS Statistically significant correlations (p<0.01) were reported between SDF-1 and the clinical stage of disease, lymph node metastases, distant metastases, deep myometrial invasion (≥50%), cervical involvement, involvement of adnexa. Statistically significant correlation (p<0.01) was found between SDF-1 expression and the risk of the recurrence. Higher SDF-1 expression was associated with a higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.0001). The results of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression didn't reveal any significant differences(p>0.05) between the proteins expression in the primary tumor cells and the clinicopathological features. Moreover, the Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated a stepwise impairment of cancer overall survival (OS) with increasing SDF-1 expression. CONCLUSION The important role of SDF-1 as a predictor of negative clinicopathological characteristics of a tumor suggests that the expression of this stromal factor should be included in the panel of accessory pathomorphological tests and could be helpful in establishing a more accurate prognosis in endometrial cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Walentowicz-Sadlecka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Pawel Sadlecki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bodnar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marszalek
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Pawel Walentowicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Sokup
- Department of Gastroenterology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Marek Grabiec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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