1
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Yang Z, Guan F, Bronk L, Zhao L. Multi-omics approaches for biomarker discovery in predicting the response of esophageal cancer to neoadjuvant therapy: A multidimensional perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108591. [PMID: 38286161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) followed by surgery has been established as the standard treatment strategy for operable locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC). However, achieving pathologic complete response (pCR) or near pCR to NCRT is significantly associated with a considerable improvement in survival outcomes, while pCR patients may help organ preservation for patients by active surveillance to avoid planned surgery. Thus, there is an urgent need for improved biomarkers to predict EC chemoradiation response in research and clinical settings. Advances in multiple high-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing have facilitated the discovery of novel predictive biomarkers, specifically based on multi-omics data, including genomic/transcriptomic sequencings and proteomic/metabolomic mass spectra. The application of multi-omics data has shown the benefits in improving the understanding of underlying mechanisms of NCRT sensitivity/resistance in EC. Particularly, the prominent development of artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced a new direction in cancer research. The integration of multi-omics data has significantly advanced our knowledge of the disease and enabled the identification of valuable biomarkers for predicting treatment response from diverse dimension levels, especially with rapid advances in biotechnological and AI methodologies. Herein, we summarize the current status of research on the use of multi-omics technologies in predicting NCRT response for EC patients. Current limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of these multi-omics platforms will be addressed to assist in experimental designs and clinical use for further integrated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Fada Guan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Bronk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China.
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2
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Lang CCJ, Lloyd M, Alyacoubi S, Rahman S, Pickering O, Underwood T, Breininger SP. The Use of miRNAs in Predicting Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Oesophageal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1171. [PMID: 35267476 PMCID: PMC8909542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer (OC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Patients receive neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) as standard of care, but less than 20% of patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) or a third of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, obtain a clinically meaningful response. Developing a method of determining a patient's response to NAT before treatment will allow rational treatment decisions to be made, thus improving patient outcome and quality of life. (1) Background: To determine the use and accuracy of microRNAs as biomarkers of response to NAT in patients with OAC or OSCC. (2) Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane library were searched to identify studies investigating microRNAs in treatment naïve biopsies to predict response to NAT in OC patients. (3) Results: A panel of 20 microRNAs were identified as predictors of good or poor response to NAT, from 15 studies. Specifically, miR-99b, miR-451 and miR-505 showed the strongest ability to predict response in OAC patients along with miR-193b in OSCC patients. (4) Conclusions: MicroRNAs are valuable biomarkers of response to NAT in OC. Research is needed to understand the effects different types of chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy have on the predictive value of microRNAs; studies also require greater standardization in how response is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stella P. Breininger
- Cancer Research UK Center, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.C.J.L.); (M.L.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (O.P.); (T.U.)
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3
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Jiang W, de Jong JM, van Hillegersberg R, Read M. Predicting Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040996. [PMID: 35205743 PMCID: PMC8869950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Oesophageal cancers are often late-presenting and have a poor 5-year survival rate. The standard treatment of oesophageal adenocarcinomas involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy followed by surgery. However, less than one third of patients respond to neoadjuvant therapy, thereby unnecessarily exposing patients to toxicity and deconditioning. Hence, there is an urgent need for biomarkers to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy. This review explores the current biomarker landscape. (2) Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and ClinicalTrial databases were searched with key words relating to “predictive biomarker”, “neoadjuvant therapy” and “oesophageal adenocarcinoma” and screened as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All peer-reviewed full-text articles and conference abstracts were included. (3) Results: The search yielded 548 results of which 71 full-texts, conference abstracts and clinical trials were eligible for review. A total of 242 duplicates were removed, 191 articles were screened out, and 44 articles were excluded. (4) Discussion: Biomarkers were discussed in seven categories including imaging, epigenetic, genetic, protein, immunologic, blood and serum-based with remaining studies grouped in a miscellaneous category. (5) Conclusion: Although promising markers and novel methods have emerged, current biomarkers lack sufficient evidence to support clinical application. Novel approaches have been recommended to assess predictive potential more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jiang
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Jelske M. de Jong
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Department, The University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.d.J.); (R.v.H.)
| | - Richard van Hillegersberg
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Department, The University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.d.J.); (R.v.H.)
| | - Matthew Read
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (M.R.)
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4
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He D, Zhao Z, Fu B, Li X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Liu L, Liu R, Li J. Exosomes Participate in the Radiotherapy Resistance of Cancers. Radiat Res 2022; 197:559-565. [PMID: 35588472 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | | | - Bo Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Long Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sich
| | - Jingyi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
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Li Y, Liu J, Cai XW, Li HX, Cheng Y, Dong XH, Yu W, Fu XL. Biomarkers for the prediction of esophageal cancer neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy response: A systemic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 167:103466. [PMID: 34508841 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery has been established as the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer. For patients with complete regression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, active surveillance rather than planned surgery has been proposed as an organ preservation strategy. Reliable biomarkers to predict chemoradiation response is needed. We first summarized the previous reports of biomarkers with the potential to predict the treatment response of esophageal cancer neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. These traditional biomarkers are classified into three groups: genetic biomarkers, RNA biomarkers, and protein biomarkers. We then summarized some special types of biomarkers, including metabolites biomarkers, immune and tumor microenvironment biomarkers, and microbiome biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Wei Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma before Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094789. [PMID: 33946439 PMCID: PMC8124636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage, and early detection and treatment are essential to improve survival. However, intraobserver and interobserver variation make the diagnosis of superficial ESCC difficult, and suitable biomarkers are urgently needed. Here, we compared the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of superficial ESCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues obtained immediately before esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection. We found that ESCC and normal tissues differed in their miRNA expression profiles. In particular, miR-21-5p and miR-146b-5p were significantly upregulated and miR-210-3p was significantly downregulated in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues. We also detected significant associations between miRNA expression and ESCC invasion depth and lymphovascular invasion. The same differential expression of miR-21-5p, miR-146b-5p, and miR-210-3p was detected in ESCC cell lines compared with normal esophageal epithelial cells in vitro. However, transfection of ESCC cells with miR-210-3p and miR-21-5p mimics or inhibitors had partial effects on cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. These results indicate that miRNA expression is significantly deregulated in superficial ESCC, and suggest that the potential contribution of differentially expressed miRNAs to the malignant phenotype should be further investigated.
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7
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Lin D, Chen X, Tan L. The predictive value of microRNAs for pathological response after neoadjuvant treatment in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:420. [PMID: 33842641 PMCID: PMC8033340 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant treatment followed by esophagectomy has been the standard strategy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Pathological response after neoadjuvant treatment is of vital importance in the determination of long-term survival. Due to the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ESCC, some studies have proposed miRNA models to predict the pathological response. We aimed to summarize current studies on the predictive value of the miRNA models. We searched the relevant studies on PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library up to February 14, 2020, using the following search term: (esophageal OR esophagus OR oesophageal OR oesophagus) AND (miR OR miRNA OR microRNA) AND (neoadjuvant OR preoperative OR induction). The initial search retrieved 206 studies. We briefly summarized the involvement of miRNAs in the origin, development and chemo- and radioresistance in ESCC. Then, 9 studies were enrolled in the systematic review. A great heterogeneity was observed across these studies. Of the 6 studies with diagnostic tests, the area under curve varied a lot. Although much evidence demonstrated the correlation between miRNAs and pathological response after in ESCC, the current studies has not established any promising models. A well-designed prospective study is essential to investigate the potential predictive models for pathological response after neoadjuvant treatment in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Lavery A, Turkington RC. Transcriptomic biomarkers for predicting response to neoadjuvant treatment in oesophageal cancer. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:411-424. [PMID: 33442473 PMCID: PMC7793050 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is a devastating disease with poor outcomes and is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In the setting of resectable disease, there is clear evidence that neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy result in improved survival. Disappointingly, only 15%-30% of patients obtain a histopathological response to neoadjuvant therapy, often at the expense of significant toxicity. There are no predictive biomarkers in routine clinical use in this setting and the ability to stratify patients for treatment could dramatically improve outcomes. In this review, we aim to outline current progress in evaluating predictive transcriptomic biomarkers for neoadjuvant therapy in oesophageal cancer and discuss the challenges facing biomarker development in this setting. We place these issues in the wider context of recommendations for biomarker development and reporting. The majority of studies focus on messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers. These studies report a range of different genes involved in a wide variety of pathways and biological processes, and this is explained to a large extent by the different platforms and analysis methods used. Many studies are also vastly underpowered so are not suitable for identifying a candidate biomarker. Multiple molecular subtypes of oesophageal cancer have been proposed, although little is known about how these relate to clinical outcomes. We anticipate that the accumulating wealth of genomic and transcriptomic data and clinical trial collaborations in the coming years will provide unique opportunities to stratify patients in this poor-prognosis disease and recommend that future biomarker development incorporates well-designed retrospective and prospective analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Lavery
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Linck-Paulus L, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK, Dietrich P. Dissimilar Appearances Are Deceptive-Common microRNAs and Therapeutic Strategies in Liver Cancer and Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:E114. [PMID: 31906510 PMCID: PMC7017070 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNAs as therapeutic targets in two cancer types that were frequently described to be driven by miRNAs-melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By focusing on common microRNAs and associated pathways in these-at first sight-dissimilar cancer types, we aim at revealing similar molecular mechanisms that are evolved in microRNA-biology to drive cancer progression. Thereby, we also want to outlay potential novel therapeutic strategies. After providing a brief introduction to general miRNA biology and basic information about HCC and melanoma, this review depicts prominent examples of potent oncomiRs and tumor-suppressor miRNAs, which have been proven to drive diverse cancer types including melanoma and HCC. To develop and apply miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment in the future, it is essential to understand how miRNA dysregulation evolves during malignant transformation. Therefore, we highlight important aspects such as genetic alterations, miRNA editing and transcriptional regulation based on concrete examples. Furthermore, we expand our illustration by focusing on miRNA-associated proteins as well as other regulators of miRNAs which could also provide therapeutic targets. Finally, design and delivery strategies of miRNA-associated therapeutic agents as well as potential drawbacks are discussed to address the question of how miRNAs might contribute to cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Linck-Paulus
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja K. Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Shen Y, Ding Y, Ma Q, Zhao L, Guo X, Shao Y, Niu C, He Y, Zhang F, Zheng D, Wei W, Liu F. Identification of Novel Circulating miRNA Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1212-1220. [PMID: 30988139 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating miRNAs have been identified as diagnostic biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but their efficacy in discovering early-stage ESCC is still unsatisfying. Esophageal squamous dysplasia (ESD) is the precursor lesion of ESCC. Notably, little is known about the role(s) of circulating miRNAs in identifying ESD. In this study, we, therefore, aimed to identify serum miRNAs as novel diagnostic markers for detecting ESD and ESCC. METHODS The genome-wide miRNA expression was profiled in 104 (52 ESCC and 52 controls) serum samples using microarray. Seven candidate miRNAs from the microarray assay were evaluated for their diagnostic performance in another cohort of 266 participants (96 ESCC, 92 ESD, and 78 healthy controls). RESULTS The serum levels of miR-16-5p, miR-197-5p, miR-451a, and miR-92a-3p were associated with ESCC; the biomarker based on the panel of these four miRNAs could efficiently distinguish patients with ESCC from the controls [AUC = 0.856; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.794-0.905; P < 0.001]. The serum levels of miR-16-5p, miR-320c, miR-638, and miR-92a-3p were significantly higher in patients with ESD than in controls, and this four-miRNA signature could efficiently differentiate patients with ESD from the controls (AUC = 0.842; 95% CI, 0.778-0.893; P < 0.001). In addition, compared with serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 199, miRNA-based panels had a better diagnostic performance in distinguishing patients with ESCC and ESD from healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified two novel panels of circulating miRNAs with high efficiency in detecting ESCC and ESD, suggesting that circulating miRNAs, in particular the combination of them, might serve as noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of ESCC. IMPACT This study suggests the feasibility of using circular miRNA-based blood tests to aid in the detection of ESD and ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjie Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ma
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Xudong Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Exosome-derived miR-339-5p mediates radiosensitivity by targeting Cdc25A in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:4990-5006. [PMID: 30858545 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells associated with radioresistance are likely to give rise to local recurrence and distant metastatic relapse. However, it remains unclear whether specific miRNAs have direct roles in radioresistance and/or prognosis. In this study, we find that miR-339-5p promotes radiosensitivity, and is downregulated in radioresistant subpopulations of esophageal cancer cells. Notably, miR-339-5p was selectively secreted into blood via exosomes, and that higher serum miR-339-5p levels were positively associated with radiotherapy sensitivity and good survival. Moreover, miR-339-5p expression was downregulated in the T3/T4 stage compared with T1/T2 stage in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients (P = 0.04), and low miR-339-5p expression in tissue was significantly associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.036) and disease-free survival (P = 0.037). Overexpression of miR-339-5p enhanced radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-339-5p enhances radiosensitivity by targeting Cdc25A, and is transcriptionally regulated by Runx3. Correlations were observed between miR-339-5p levels and Cdc25A/Runx3 levels in tissue samples. Intriguingly, combined analysis of miR-339-5p expression with Runx3 increased the separation of the survival curves obtained for either gene alone in the TCGA datasets (P = 0.009). Overall, exosome-derived miR-339-5p mediates radiosensitivity through downregulation of Cdc25A, and predicts pathological response to preoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced ESCC, suggesting it could be a promising non-invasive biomarker for facilitating personalized treatments.
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Metformin Treatment Suppresses Melanoma Cell Growth and Motility Through Modulation of microRNA Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020209. [PMID: 30754729 PMCID: PMC6406940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with high mortality in advanced stages. Metformin is an oral biguanide drug used for diabetes and has demonstrated positive effects on cancer prevention and treatment. Herein, we found that metformin significantly suppressed melanoma cancer cell motility and growth through inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promoting cell apoptosis. Using the next-generation sequencing approach, we identified three upregulated microRNAs (miRNA; miR-192-5p, miR-584-3p, and miR-1246) in melanoma cells treated with metformin. Among these, we examined the roles of miR-192-5p and miR-584-3p and discovered that they significantly suppressed melanoma cell motility. Furthermore, they inhibited melanoma cell growth through destroying cell cycle progression and inducing cell apoptosis. Using microarray and bioinformatics approaches for identifying putative target genes, Epidermal growth factor (EGF) containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1) gene for miR-192-5p and an isoform of the secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMP3) gene for miR-584-3p could be silenced through targeting their 3′UTR region directly. EFEMP1 and SCAMP3 knockdown significantly suppressed melanoma cell growth, but only EFEMP1 knockdown inhibited its motility abilities. Our findings indicated that miR-192-5p and miR-584-3p might contribute to metformin-induced growth and motility suppression in melanoma cells through silencing their target genes EFEMP1 and SCAMP3.
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Chiam K, Mayne GC, Watson DI, Woodman RJ, Bright TF, Michael MZ, Karapetis CS, Irvine T, Phillips WA, Hummel R, Wang T, Pimlott LK, Marri S, Astill DS, Ruszkiewicz AR, Thompson SK, Hussey DJ. Identification of microRNA Biomarkers of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Using Next Generation Sequencing. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2731-2738. [PMID: 29987600 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials report improved overall survival following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients undergoing surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma, with a 10-15% survival improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are known to direct the behavior of cancers, including response to treatment. We investigated the ability of miRNAs to predict outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. METHODS Endoscopic biopsies from esophageal adenocarcinomas were obtained before neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy. miRNA levels were measured in the biopsies using next generation sequencing and compared with pathological response in the surgical resection, and subsequent survival. miRNA ratios that predicted pathological response were identified by Lasso regression and leave-one-out cross-validation. Association between miRNA ratio candidates and relapse-free survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression and Harrell's C analyses were performed to assess the predictive performance of the miRNAs. RESULTS Two miRNA ratios (miR-4521/miR-340-5p and miR-101-3p/miR-451a) that predicted the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy were found to be associated with relapse-free survival. Pretreatment expression of these two miRNA ratios, pretreatment tumor differentiation, posttreatment AJCC histopathological tumor regression grading, and posttreatment tumor clearance/margins were significant factors associated with survival in Cox regression analysis. Multivariate analysis of the two ratios together with pretherapy factors resulted in a risk prediction accuracy of 85% (Harrell's C), which was comparable with the prediction accuracy of the AJCC treatment response grading (77%). CONCLUSIONS miRNA-ratio biomarkers identified using next generation sequencing can be used to predict disease free survival following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiam
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - George C Mayne
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David I Watson
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tim F Bright
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christos S Karapetis
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tanya Irvine
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Hummel
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tingting Wang
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Letitia K Pimlott
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David StJ Astill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew R Ruszkiewicz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah K Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damian J Hussey
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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14
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MicroRNA expression profiling for the prediction of resistance to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Transl Med 2018; 16:109. [PMID: 29695253 PMCID: PMC5918871 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in cancer biology. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy followed by surgery is a standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, a subset of patients do not respond. We evaluated whether miRNA profiles can predict resistance to radiochemotherapy. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pretherapeutic biopsies of patients treated by radiochemotherapy followed by esophagectomy were analyzed. The response was determined by histopathological tumor regression grading. miRNA profiling was performed by microarray analysis (Agilent platform) in 16 non-responders and 15 responders. Differentially expressed miRNAs were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) in an expanded cohort of 53 cases. Results The miRNA profiles within and between non-responders and responders were highly similar (r = 0.96, 0.94 and 0.95). However, 12 miRNAs were differentially expressed (> twofold; p ≤ 0.025): non-responders showed upregulation of hsa-miR-1323, hsa-miR-3678-3p, hsv2-miR-H7-3p, hsa-miR-194*, hsa-miR-3152, kshv-miR-K12-4-3p, hsa-miR-665 and hsa-miR-3659 and downregulation of hsa-miR-126*, hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-330-3p and hsa-miR-3653. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the microarray findings for hsa-miR-194* and hsa-miR-665 (p < 0.001 each) with AUC values of 0.811 (95% CI 0.694–0.927) and 0.817 (95% CI 0.704–0.930), respectively, in ROC analysis. Conclusions Our results indicate that miRNAs are involved in the therapeutic response in ESCC and suggest that miRNA profiles could facilitate pretherapeutic patient selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1492-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Vrana D, Hlavac V, Brynychova V, Vaclavikova R, Neoral C, Vrba J, Aujesky R, Matzenauer M, Melichar B, Soucek P. ABC Transporters and Their Role in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E868. [PMID: 29543757 PMCID: PMC5877729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of esophageal cancer (EC) is poor, despite considerable effort of both experimental scientists and clinicians. The tri-modality treatment consisting of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery has remained the gold standard over decades, unfortunately, without significant progress in recent years. Suitable prognostic factors indicating which patients will benefit from this tri-modality treatment are missing. Some patients rapidly progress on the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, which is thus useless and sometimes even harmful. At the same time, other patients achieve complete remission on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and subsequent surgery may increase their risk of morbidity and mortality. The prognosis of patients ranges from excellent to extremely poor. Considering these differences, the role of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, among other factors, in the EC response to chemotherapy may be more important compared, for example, with pancreatic cancer where all patients progress on chemotherapy regardless of the treatment or disease stage. This review surveys published literature describing the potential role of ATP-binding cassette transporters, the genetic polymorphisms, epigenetic regulations, and phenotypic changes in the prognosis and therapy of EC. The review provides knowledge base for further research of potential predictive biomarkers that will allow the stratification of patients into defined groups for optimal therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vrana
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Hlavac
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Brynychova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Vaclavikova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Cestmir Neoral
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Vrba
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Rene Aujesky
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcel Matzenauer
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty Hospital Pilsen, Alej Svobody 80, 30460 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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16
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Abstract
Our understanding of the epigenetic changes occurring in gastrointestinal cancers has gained tremendous advancements in recent years, and some epigenetic biomarkers are already translated into the clinics for cancer diagnostics. In parallel, pharmacoepigenetics and pharmacoepigenomics of solid tumors are relevant novel, but emerging and promising fields. Areas covered: A comprehensive review of the literature to summarize and update the emerging field of pharmacoepigenetics and pharmacoepigenomics of gastrointestinal cancers. Expert commentary: Several epigenetic modifications have been proposed to account for interindividual variations in drug response in gastrointestinal cancers. Similarly, single-agent or combined strategies with high doses of drugs that target epigenetic modifications (epi-drugs) were scarcely tolerated by the patients, and current research has moved to their combination with standard therapies to achieve chemosensitization, radiosensitization, and immune modulation of cancerous cells. In parallel, recent genome-wide technologies are revealing the pathways that are epigenetically deregulated during cancer-acquired resistance, including those targeted by non-coding RNAs. Indeed, novel, less toxic, and more specific molecules are under investigation to specifically target those pathways. The field is rapidly expanding and gathering together information coming from these investigations has the potential to lead to clinical applications in the coming new years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lopomo
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Medical Genetics , University of Pisa, Medical School , Pisa , Italy
| | - Fabio Coppedè
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Medical Genetics , University of Pisa, Medical School , Pisa , Italy
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17
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RNAi-mediated TCF-3 gene silencing inhibits proliferation of Eca-109 esophageal cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170799. [PMID: 28864779 PMCID: PMC5678029 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains an important health problem in China. In the present study, through the use of siRNA, specific gene knockdown of transcription factor 3 gene (TCF-3) was achieved in vitro and the effect of TCF-3 gene on human EC Eca-109 cell proliferation and apoptosis. Eca-109 cells were treated using negative control (NC) of siRNA against TCF-3 (siTCF-3) and siTCF-3 group. Colony formation assay was used to detect the colony formation ability in Eca-109 cells. MTT assay was used to measure the cell growth and viability, whereas BrDU assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation, and flow cytometry (FCM) to assess cell apoptosis. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to measure TCF-3 gene expression. Protein expressions of TCF-3, apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 were determined using Western blotting. Transfection of siTCF-3 successfully down-regulated TCF-3 gene expression. In addition, siTCF-3, reduced Eca-109 cell viability and proliferation, in a time-dependent manner, and inhibited progression of cell cycle from G0/G1 to S-stage. When treated with siTCF-3, the Eca-109 cells exhibited increased apoptosis, with up-regulated cleaved caspase and Bax expressions, whereas Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated. The present study shows that TCF-3 gene silencing inhibits Eca-109 cell growth and proliferation, suppresses cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis, which might serve as a new objective for EC treatment.
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18
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Yue Y, Song M, Qiao Y, Li P, Yuan Y, Lian J, Wang S, Zhang Y. Gene function analysis and underlying mechanism of esophagus cancer based on microarray gene expression profiling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105222-105237. [PMID: 29285246 PMCID: PMC5739633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common digestive malignant tumors worldwide. Over the past decades, there have been minimal improvements in outcomes for patients with EC. New targets and novel therapies are needed to improve outcomes for these patients. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of EC by integrated bioinformatic analyses of the feature genes associated with EC and correlative gene functions which can distinguish cancerous tissues from non-cancerous tissues. Gene expression profile GSE20347 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including 17 EC samples and their paired adjacent non-cancerous samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EC and normal specimens were identified and then applied to analyze the GO enrichment on gene functions and KEGG pathways. Corresponding Pathway Relation Network (Pathway-net) and Gene Signal Network (signal-net) of DEGs were established based on the data collected from GCBI datasets. The results showed that DEGs mainly participated in the process of cell adhesion, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Aberrant expression of PTK2, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and MET were closely associated with EC carcinogenesis. Importantly, Interleukin 8 (IL8) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) were predicted to be significantly related to EC. These findings were further validated by analyzing both TCGA database and our clinical samples of EC. Our discovery provides a registry of genes and pathways that are disrupted in EC, which has the potential to be used in clinic for diagnosis and target therapy of EC in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yue
- 1 Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,2 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,3 The No.7. People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, China
| | - Mengjia Song
- 1 Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,2 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yamin Qiao
- 1 Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,2 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Pupu Li
- 1 Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,2 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yiqiang Yuan
- 3 The No.7. People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, China
| | - Jingyao Lian
- 1 Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,2 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Suying Wang
- 4 Clinical Laboratory, Hebi People's Hospital, Hebi 458030, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- 1 Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,2 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,5 School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China,6 Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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19
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Gusella M, Pezzolo E, Modena Y, Barile C, Menon D, Crepaldi G, La Russa F, Fraccon AP, Pasini F. Predictive genetic markers in neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer: a long way to go. Review of the literature. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 18:14-22. [PMID: 28607505 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetic molecular markers in neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer has been reviewed, focusing strictly on concurrent chemoradiation protocols followed by surgery. Eleven studies evaluated the role of mRNA expression profile; the end point was overall survival (OS) in two studies and different definitions of histological response in nine. Genes reported as significant were involved in cell cycle control (30), apoptosis (7), structural molecules (9), cell metabolism (6) and DNA repair (1). Seven studies reported about 15 microRNA (miRNA) molecules associated with OS (2) or histological response (13), however, defined with different classifications. Their target genes were prevalently involved in cell cycle control (4), apoptosis (1), cell adhesion (1), migration (1) and angiogenesis (1). Gene polymorphisms (single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) have been evaluated in 8 studies reporting 10 variants associated with survival or pathological response. OS was the end point in six of these studies. SNPs reported as significant were involved in DNA repair system (4), detoxification (2), folate metabolism (6), drug efflux (2) and others (2). In a study, a panel including histology, pathological response and five SNPs discriminated two subsets of patients with 5-year survival rates of 79.3% and 26.3% (hazard ratio 6.25, P<0.0001). In another study, combination of stage, grade and 4 miRNAs improved prediction of pathological response (P=10-30). At present, given the great inconsistency of the data and the variability of the end points, definite conclusions are extremely difficult, if not impossible. More consistent data can derive only from analyses obtained from patients included in prospective randomized trials while panels combining genetic and clinical factors may improve prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gusella
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Department of Oncology, San Luca Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - E Pezzolo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Department of Oncology, San Luca Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Y Modena
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - C Barile
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - D Menon
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - G Crepaldi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - F La Russa
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - A P Fraccon
- Medical Oncology Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda (Verona), Italy
| | - F Pasini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda (Verona), Italy
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20
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Bollschweiler E, Hölscher AH, Herbold T, Metzger R, Alakus H, Schmidt H, Drebber U, Warnecke-Eberz U. Molecular Markers for the Prediction of Minor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Esophageal Cancer: Results of the Prospective Cologne Esophageal Response Prediction (CERP) Study. Ann Surg 2017; 264:839-846. [PMID: 27741011 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of a single or combination of biomarker(s) for histopathologic non-response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in esophageal cancer. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Patients without response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation for esophageal cancer have no prognostic benefits, but experience time delays and risk side effects. METHODS Inclusion criteria for this prospective diagnostic study were patients with cT3,Nx,M0, esophageal squamous cell or adenocarcinoma and planned neoadjuvant chemoradiation (5- fluorouracil, cisplatin, 40Gy) followed by 2-field transthoracic esophagectomy. From pretherapeutic endoscopic tumor biopsies, ERCC1 rs11615 single-nucleotide polymorphism (ERCC1-SNP) and a combination of gene expression marker mRNA (ERCC1, DPYD, ERBB2) were analyzed. ERCC1-SNP was subdifferentiated into homozygous C-allele (CC) and T-allele (TT), and heterozygous C/T carriers. The primary endpoint was the prediction of histopathological minor response (≥10% vital tumor cells in the primary tumor) relative to marker levels. RESULTS From 2009 until 2013, 320 patients were screened, and 85 patients (SCC n = 29, AC n = 56) were included in the study. Forty-one patients (48%) had major response with 3-year survival rate (3-YSR) of 57% compared with 44 patients with minor response and 3-YSR of 25% (P = 0.001). Patients with ERCC1-SNP CC (n = 8) and TT (n = 37) had similar rates of minor response of 70% and 75%, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 71% [95% confidence interval (CI 56%-84%)]. PPV increased to 89% (95% CI 73%-96%) when ERCC1-SNP was combined with mRNA markers. CONCLUSION ERCC1-SNP in combination with mRNA ERCC1, DPYD, and ERBB2 from pretherapeutic endoscopic biopsies can predict minor response to chemoradiation, as a basis for individualized therapy of advanced esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Bollschweiler
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Chen GZ, Zhu HC, Dai WS, Zeng XN, Luo JH, Sun XC. The mechanisms of radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and current strategies in radiosensitivity. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:849-859. [PMID: 28449496 PMCID: PMC5394057 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.03.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery is the primary form of treatment, but the survival is poor, especially for patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Radiotherapy has been a critical treatment option that may be combined with chemotherapy in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer. However, resistance to chemoradiotherapy might result in treatment failures and cancer relapse. This review will mainly focus on the possible cellular mechanisms and tumor-associated microenvironmental (TAM) factors that result in radioresistance in patients with esophageal cancer. In addition, current strategies to increase radiosensitivity, including targeted therapy and the use of radiosensitive biomarkers in clinical treatment, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wang-Shu Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin-Hua Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin-Chen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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22
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Pinto R, Strippoli S, De Summa S, Albano A, Azzariti A, Guida G, Popescu O, Lorusso V, Guida M, Tommasi S. MicroRNA expression in BRAF-mutated and wild-type metastatic melanoma and its correlation with response duration to BRAF inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 19:1027-35. [PMID: 26156293 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Currently, the treatment of BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma with BRAF inhibitors gives a response rate of ~ 50% with a progression-free survival of ~ 6 -- 7 months. In order to identify predictive biomarkers capable of stratifying BRAF-mutated patients at high risk of shorter response duration to anti-BRAF therapy, the authors analyzed the expression of 15 microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting crucial genes involved in melanoma biology and drug response.Research design and methods: A total of 15 miRNAs and target gene expression were investigated in 43 patients (30 BRAF-mutated, and 13 BRAF wild-type). Moreover, 20 BRAF-mutated patients treated with vemurafenib were analyzed for miRNA expression in respect to time-to-progression.Results: All miRNAs except miR-192 showed low expression in BRAF-mutated as compared with BRAF wild-type patients. In particular, miR-101, miR-221,miR-21, miR-338-3p and miR-191 resulted in significant downregulation inBRAF-mutated patients. Moreover, high expression of miR-192 and miR-193b* and low expression of miR-132 resulted in significant association with shorter progression.Conclusion: Three miRNAs were significantly associated with clinical outcome in metastatic melanoma patients. An increased understanding of the molecular assessment of BRAF-mutated melanomas could allow development of specific molecular tests able to predict response duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pinto
- 1IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Molecular Genetics Laboratory , Bari , Italy +0039 0805555283 ;
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23
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Huang Z, Zhang L, Zhu D, Shan X, Zhou X, Qi LW, Wu L, Zhu J, Cheng W, Zhang H, Chen Y, Zhu W, Wang T, Liu P. A novel serum microRNA signature to screen esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2016; 6:109-119. [PMID: 28035762 PMCID: PMC5269712 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been used as promising diagnostic biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We performed miRNA expression profiling using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) based Exiqon panels from three ESCC pools and one normal control (NC) pool samples. Using qRT‐PCR, identified serum miRNAs were further confirmed in training (32 ESCC vs. 32 NCs) and testing stages (108 ESCC vs. 96 NCs). Consequently, five serum miRNAs (miR‐20b‐5p, miR‐28‐3p, miR‐192‐5p, miR‐223‐3p, and miR‐296‐5p) were significantly overexpressed in ESCC compared with NCs. The diagnostic value of the 5‐miRNA signature was validated by an external cohort (60 ESCC vs. 60 NCs). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of the 5‐miRNA signature were 0.753, 0.763, and 0.966 for the training, testing, and the external validation stages, respectively. The expression levels of the miRNAs were also determined in tissues, arterial serum, and exosomes. MiR‐20b‐5p, miR‐28‐3p, and miR‐192‐5p were significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues, while miR‐296‐5p was overexpressed in ESCC serum exosomes. In conclusion, we identified a 5‐miRNA signature in serum for the detection of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Danxia Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Xia Shan
- Department of Respiration, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 168 Gushan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lirong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, No. 42 Bai Zi Ting, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, No. 42 Bai Zi Ting, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenfang Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Huo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tongshan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Karimi M, Musavishenas MH, Baradaran B. Differential role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis and treatment of Esophageal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:509-19. [PMID: 27470391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most invasive disease associated with inclusive poor prognosis. EC usually is found as either adenocarcinoma (EAC) or squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). ESCC forms in squamous cells and highly occurs in the upper third of the esophagus. EAC appears in glandular cells and ordinarily develops in the lower one third of the esophagus near the stomach. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic precursor of EAC. There is a persistent need for improving our understanding of the molecular basis of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) demonstrate an uncovered class of small, non-coding RNAs that can negatively regulate the protein coding gene, and are associated with approximately all known physiological and pathological processes, especially cancer. MiRNAs can affect cancer pathogenesis, playing a crucial role as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The recent emergence of observations on the role of miRNAs in cancer and their functions has induced many investigations to examine their relevance to esophageal cancer. In esophageal cancer, miRNA dysregulation plays a crucial role in cancer prognosis and in patients' responsiveness to neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapies. In this review, the oncogenic, tumor suppressive, and drug resistance related roles of miRNAs, and their involvement in the pathogenesis and treatment of esophageal cancer were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, International Branch (Aras), Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, International Branch (Aras), Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Musavishenas
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, International Branch (Aras), Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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25
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Tao CJ, Lin G, Xu YP, Mao WM. Predicting the Response of Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients with Esophageal Carcinoma: an In-depth Literature Review. J Cancer 2015; 6:1179-86. [PMID: 26516367 PMCID: PMC4615355 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the most promising strategy to improve the prognosis of advanced esophageal cancer is neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) followed by surgery. However, patients who achieved pathological complete response can experience more survival benefit. Therefore, it is critical to identify the responders early in the course of treatment. Published data demonstrate that clinic-histopathological factors, molecular biomarkers, and functional imaging are predictive of neoadjuvant therapy. The existing biomarkers, including epidermal growth factor receptors, angiogenetic factors, transcription factors, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle regulators, nucleotide excision repair pathway, cytokines, and chemotherapy associated genes, need to be validated and novel biomarkers warrant further exploration. Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for differentiating the responders of neoadjuvant CRT. The most valuable parameters and the time point of performing PET in the course of treatment remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, predictive models incorporating the multiple categories of factors need to be established with a large, prospective, and homogeneous patient cohort in the future. Standardization of staging, biomarker detection method, and image acquisition protocol will be critical for the generalization of this model. Prospective, multi-center controlled trials, which stratified patients according to these predictive factors, will help guide individualized treatment strategies for patients with esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Juan Tao
- 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Gang Lin
- 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Wei-Min Mao
- 2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
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26
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Sharma P, Sharma R. miRNA-mRNA crosstalk in esophageal cancer: From diagnosis to therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:449-62. [PMID: 26257289 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymptomatic nature of esophageal cancer (EC) at early stages results in late clinical presentation leading to poor prognosis and limited success of therapeutic modalities. Efforts to identify diagnostic/prognostic markers have proven to be unsuccessful for translation into clinics. Hence, there is a pressing need for establishment of novel non-invasive biomarker for early diagnosis/better prognosis of EC. Recently, alteration in microRNA (miRNA) expression has emerged as an important hallmark of cancer. This review summarizes the differential expression of miRNAs in EC and addresses how their aberrant expression influences crucial biological processes such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Additionally, this review highlights the current status of circulating miRNA based diagnostic/prognostic markers. An effort has been made to find a connection between different miRNAs involved in EC and a detailed analysis has been done to screen out micoRNAs involved in prognosis and multidrug resistance. Further, investigation of these miRNAs would not only provide a gene therapy based strategy to prevent/treat cancer but also to reverse multidrug resistance leading to decreased requirement of harmful chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Research Scholar, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110078, India.
| | - Rinu Sharma
- Assistant Professor, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India.
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27
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Bollschweiler E, Hölscher AH, Schmidt M, Warnecke-Eberz U. Neoadjuvant treatment for advanced esophageal cancer: response assessment before surgery and how to predict response to chemoradiation before starting treatment. Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:221-30. [PMID: 26157318 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced esophageal cancer (T3-4, N) have a poor prognosis. Chemoradiation or chemotherapy before esophagectomy with adequate lymphadenectomy is the standard treatment for patients with resectable advanced esophageal carcinoma. However, only patients with major histopathologic response (regression to less than 10% of the primary tumor) after preoperative treatment will have a prognostic benefit of preoperative chemoradiation. Using current therapy regimens about 40% to 50% of the patients show major histopathological response. The remaining cohort does not benefit from this neoadjuvant approach but might benefit from earlier surgical resection. Therefore, it is an aim to develop tools for response prediction before starting the treatment and for early response assessment identifying responders. The current review discusses the different imaging techniques and the most recent studies about molecular markers for early response prediction. The results show that [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has a good sensitivity but the specificity is not robust enough for routine clinical use. Newer positron emission tomography detector technology, the combination of FDG-PET with computed tomography, additional evaluation criteria and standardization of evaluation may improve the predictive value. There exist a great number of retrospective studies using molecular markers for prediction of response. Until now the clinical use is missing. But the results of first prospective studies are promising. A future perspective may be the combination of imaging technics and special molecular markers for individualized therapy. Another aspect is the response assessment after finishing neoadjuvant treatment protocol. The different clinical methods are discussed. The results show that until now no non-invasive method is valid enough to assess complete histopathological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Bollschweiler
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ; 2 Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnulf H Hölscher
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ; 2 Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ; 2 Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Warnecke-Eberz
- 1 Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ; 2 Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Sisic L, Vallböhmer D, Stoecklein NH, Blank S, Schmidt T, Driemel C, Möhlendick B, Knoefel WT, Odenthal M, Ott K. Serum microRNA profiles as prognostic or predictive markers in the multimodality treatment of patients with gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:869-874. [PMID: 26622585 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the implementation of multimodality treatment strategies, the persistently poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients is predominantly caused by the lack of predictive markers for response assessment in the neoadjuvant setting, preventing individualized therapy. Therefore, the identification of novel predictive and prognostic markers for application in the multimodality treatment of gastric cancer patients is required. The aim of the present study was to characterize the serum microRNA (miRNA/miR) profile of gastric cancer patients undergoing multimodality therapy to identify possible prognostic and predictive markers. The study consisted of 32 patients with gastric cancer who had undergone either primary surgical resection (n=14) or neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgical resection (n=18). Histopathological regression was defined as a major histopathological response when the resected specimens contained <10% vital residual tumor cells. Intratumoral miRNA was isolated from pre-operative or post-neoadjuvant blood serum samples. Initially, microarray analyses were performed in six of the patients that received neoadjuvant treatment (three responders versus three non-responders), to assess the amplification profile of dysregulated miRNAs. Based on these findings, possible predictive or prognostic markers were validated in all study patients by performing single reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Depending on the extent of the histopathological regression, a differential miRNA expression profile was identified in the microarray analyses. Based on the amplification profile, miR-21, miR-29a and miR-221 were selected for additional validation. However, the single RT-PCR measurements of the three selected miRNAs did not exhibit any prognostic or predictive value in the patients treated with primary resection or neoadjuvant therapy and resection. Thus, the current pilot study failed to identify a prognostic or predictive value in selected miRNAs using single RT-PCR measurements, however, the microarray results revealed a differential microRNA expression profile depending on the histopathological regression. The findings of the present study may have been affected by the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sisic
- Department of General, Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69115, Germany
| | - Daniel Vallböhmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Susanne Blank
- Department of General, Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69115, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69115, Germany
| | - Christiane Driemel
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Birte Möhlendick
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Wolfram T Knoefel
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | | | - Katja Ott
- Department of General, Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69115, Germany
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Odenthal M, Hee J, Gockel I, Sisic L, Schmitz J, Stoecklein NH, Driemel C, Möhlendick B, Schmidt T, Knoefel WT, Lang H, Büttner R, Ott K, Vallböhmer D. Serum microRNA profiles as prognostic/predictive markers in the multimodality therapy of locally advanced adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:230-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Hee
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne; Koln Germany
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of General; Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Leila Sisic
- Department of General; Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jolly Schmitz
- Department of General; Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Nikolas H. Stoecklein
- Department of General; Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Christiane Driemel
- Department of General; Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Birte Möhlendick
- Department of General; Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General; Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of General; Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Hauke Lang
- Department of General; Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | | | - Katja Ott
- Department of General; Visceral, Pediatric and Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Daniel Vallböhmer
- Department of General; Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Dusseldorf; Dusseldorf Germany
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30
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Ibrahim SA, Hassan H, Götte M. MicroRNA regulation of proteoglycan function in cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:5009-22. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Münster University Hospital; Germany
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31
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Duan XF, Tang P, Yu ZT. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal cancer: an in-depth study of randomized controlled trials and literature review. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:191-201. [PMID: 25364580 PMCID: PMC4197424 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) is a common multidisciplinary treatment for resectable esophageal cancer (EC). After analyzing 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we discuss the key issues of surgery in the management of resectable EC. Along with chemoradiotherapy, NCRT is recommended for patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC), and most chemotherapy regimens are based on cisplatin, fluorouracil (FU), or both (CF). However, taxane-based schedules or additional studies, together with newer chemotherapies, are warranted. In nine clinical trials, post-operative complications were similar without significant differences between two treatment groups. In-hospital mortality was significantly different in only 1 out of 10 trials. Half of the randomized trials that compare NCRT with surgery in EC demonstrate an increase in overall survival or disease-free survival. NCRT offers a great opportunity for margin negative resection, decreased disease stage, and improved loco-regional control. However, NCRT does not affect the quality of life when combined with esophagectomy. Future trials should focus on the identification of optimum regimens and selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from specific treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Duan
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhen-Tao Yu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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32
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Uemura N, Kondo T. Current status of predictive biomarkers for neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2014; 5:322-334. [PMID: 25133032 PMCID: PMC4133529 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant therapy has been proven to be extremely valuable and is widely used for advanced esophageal cancer. However, a significant proportion of treated patients (60%-70%) does not respond well to neoadjuvant treatments and develop severe adverse effects. Therefore, predictive markers for individualization of multimodality treatments are urgently needed in esophageal cancer. Recently, molecular biomarkers that predict the response to neoadjuvant therapy have been explored in multimodal approaches in esophageal cancer and successful examples of biomarker identification have been reported. In this review, promising candidates for predictive molecular biomarkers developed by using multiple molecular approaches are reviewed. Moreover, treatment strategies based on the status of predicted biomarkers are discussed, while considering the international differences in the clinical background. However, in the absence of adequate treatment options related to the results of the biomarker test, the usefulness of these diagnostic tools is limited and new effective therapies for biomarker-identified nonresponders to cancer treatment should be concurrent with the progress of predictive technologies. Further improvement in the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients can be achieved through the introduction of novel therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.
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33
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Huang J, Zhang SY, Gao YM, Liu YF, Liu YB, Zhao ZG, Yang K. MicroRNAs as oncogenes or tumour suppressors in oesophageal cancer: potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:277-86. [PMID: 24909356 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that can negatively regulate protein-coding genes, and are associated with almost all known physiological and pathological processes, especially cancer. The number of studies documenting miRNA expression patterns in malignancy continues to expand rapidly, with continuously gained critical information regarding how aberrantly expressed miRNAs may contribute to carcinogenesis. miRNAs can influence cancer pathogenesis, playing a potential role as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors. Recently, several miRNAs have been reported to exert different regulatory functions in oesophageal cancer - the carcinoma typically arising from the epithelial lining of the oesophagus. These miRNAs also have potential clinical applications towards developing biomarkers or targets for possible use in diagnosis or therapy in oesophageal cancer. In this review, we have summarized the two (oncogenic or tumour suppressive) roles of miRNAs here, and their applications as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets, which may illuminate future treatment for oesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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34
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Mercken EM, Majounie E, Ding J, Guo R, Kim J, Bernier M, Mattison J, Cookson MR, Gorospe M, de Cabo R, Abdelmohsen K. Age-associated miRNA alterations in skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys reversed by caloric restriction. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 5:692-703. [PMID: 24036467 PMCID: PMC3808701 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) are altered under different conditions such as cancer, senescence, and aging. Here, we have identified differentially expressed miRNAs in skeletal muscle from young and old rhesus monkeys using RNA sequencing. In old muscle, several miRNAs were upregulated, including miR-451, miR-144, miR-18a and miR-15a, while a few miRNAs were downregulated, including miR-181a and miR-181b. A number of novel miRNAs were also identified, particularly in old muscle. We also examined the impact of caloric restriction (CR) on miRNA abundance by reverse transcription (RT) followed by real-time, quantitative (q)PCR analysis and found that CR rescued the levels of miR-181b and chr1:205580546, and also dampened the age-induced increase in miR-451 and miR-144 levels. Our results reveal that there are changes in expression of known and novel miRNAs with skeletal muscle aging and that CR may reverse some of these changes to a younger phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi M Mercken
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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35
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Manceau G, Imbeaud S, Thiébaut R, Liébaert F, Fontaine K, Rousseau F, Génin B, Le Corre D, Didelot A, Vincent M, Bachet JB, Chibaudel B, Bouché O, Landi B, Bibeau F, Leroy K, Penault-Llorca F, Van Laethem JL, Demetter P, Tejpar S, Rossi S, Mosakhani N, Osterlund P, Ristamäki R, Sarhadi V, Knuutila S, Boige V, André T, Laurent-Puig P. Hsa-miR-31-3p expression is linked to progression-free survival in patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with anti-EGFR therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3338-47. [PMID: 24771647 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify microRNAs (miRNA) that predict response to anti-EGFR antibodies in patients with wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN miRNA profiling was performed in a training set of 87 patients with mCRC refractory to chemotherapy treated with anti-EGFR antibodies. This included 33 fresh-frozen (FF) and 35 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples retrospectively collected and 19 prospectively collected FF samples. An independent validation cohort consisting of 19 FF and 26 FFPE prospectively collected samples from patients with mCRC treated with anti-EGFR antibodies was used to confirm our findings. RESULTS After screening the expression of 1,145 miRNAs in FF samples from the training set, we identified that hsa-miR-31-3p expression level was significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS). Statistical models based on miRNA expression discriminated between high and low risk of progression for both FF and FFPE samples. These models were confirmed in the validation cohort for both FF [HR, 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-15.3; P < 0.04] and FFPE samples (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.1-5.4; P = 0.028). The percentage of variation of RECIST criteria in the validation series was significantly associated with the expression level of hsa-miR-31-3p (r(2) = 0.49; P = 0.0035) and risk status determined by hsa-miR-31-3p expression level (P = 0.02, Kruskal-Wallis rank test). Nomograms were built and validated to predict PFS-depending on hsa-miR-31-3p expression level. Following in vitro studies, we identified 47 genes regulated by hsa-miR-31-3p. CONCLUSION Hsa-miR-31-3p seems to be a new mCRC biomarker whose expression level allows for the identification of patients with wild-type KRAS mCRC who are more likely to respond to anti-EGFR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Manceau
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAuthors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpit
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Raphaële Thiébaut
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - François Liébaert
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Karine Fontaine
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Francis Rousseau
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Bérengère Génin
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Delphine Le Corre
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Audrey Didelot
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marc Vincent
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bachet
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olivier Bouché
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Bruno Landi
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Frédéric Bibeau
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Karen Leroy
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Frédérique Penault-Llorca
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jean-Luc Van Laethem
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pieter Demetter
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Simona Rossi
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Neda Mosakhani
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Virinder Sarhadi
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAuthors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpit
| | - Valérie Boige
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAuthors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpit
| | - Thierry André
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Authors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive; Université Paris-Est Créteil; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil; Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Department of Biology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Georges Pompidou, Paris; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims; Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Val d'Aurelle Paul-Lamarque, Montpellier; Université Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Gastroenterology, GI Cancer Unit; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Helsinki University; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Helsinki; and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAuthors' Affiliations: Université Paris Sorbonne Cité; INSERM UMR-S775 Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques; INSERM UMR-S674 Genomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs; Integragen S.A., Evry; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Assistance Publique-Hôpit
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