2
|
Ryu HY, Ahn SH, Hochstrasser M. SUMO and cellular adaptive mechanisms. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:931-939. [PMID: 32591648 PMCID: PMC7338444 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin family member SUMO is a covalent regulator of proteins that functions in response to various stresses, and defects in SUMO-protein conjugation or deconjugation have been implicated in multiple diseases. The loss of the Ulp2 SUMO protease, which reverses SUMO-protein modifications, in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is severely detrimental to cell fitness and has emerged as a useful model for studying how cells adapt to SUMO system dysfunction. Both short-term and long-term adaptive mechanisms are triggered depending on the length of time cells spend without this SUMO chain-cleaving enzyme. Such short-term adaptations include a highly specific multichromosome aneuploidy and large changes in ribosomal gene transcription. While aneuploid ulp2Δ cells survive, they suffer severe defects in growth and stress resistance. Over many generations, euploidy is restored, transcriptional programs are adjusted, and specific genetic changes that compensate for the loss of the SUMO protease are observed. These long-term adapted cells grow at normal rates with no detectable defects in stress resistance. In this review, we examine the connections between SUMO and cellular adaptive mechanisms more broadly. Cellular stress caused by disrupting attachment of the ubiquitous small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, which are present in most organisms and regulate numerous DNA processes and stress responses by attaching to key proteins, results in some remarkable adaptations. Mark Hochstrasser at Yale University, New Haven, USA, and co-workers review how this “sumoylation” is reversed by protease enzymes, and how imbalances between sumoylation and desumoylation may be linked to diseases including cancer. When certain SUMO proteases are deliberately disrupted, the cells quickly become aneuploid, i.e., carry an abnormal number of chromosomes. These cells show severe growth defects, but over many generations they regain the normal number of chromosomes. They also undergo genetic changes that promote alternative mechanisms that compensate for losing the SUMO protease and facilitate the same efficient stress responses as the original cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Z, Guo P, Xie X, Yu H, Wang Y, Chen G. The role of tumour microenvironment: a new vision for cholangiocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:59-69. [PMID: 30394682 PMCID: PMC6307844 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a relatively rare malignant and lethal tumour derived from bile duct epithelium and the morbidity is now increasing worldwide. This disease is difficult to diagnose at its inchoate stage and has poor prognosis. Therefore, a clear understanding of pathogenesis and major influencing factors is the key to develop effective therapeutic methods for CCA. In previous studies, canonical correlation analysis has demonstrated that tumour microenvironment plays an intricate role in the progression of various types of cancers including CCA. CCA tumour microenvironment is a dynamic environment consisting of authoritative tumour stromal cells and extracellular matrix where tumour stromal cells and cancer cells can thrive. CCA stromal cells include immune and non‐immune cells, such as inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages. Likewise, CCA tumour microenvironment contains abundant proliferative factors and can significantly impact the behaviour of cancer cells. Through abominably intricate interactions with CCA cells, CCA tumour microenvironment plays an important role in promoting tumour proliferation, accelerating neovascularization, facilitating tumour invasion, and preventing tumour cells from organismal immune reactions and apoptosis. This review summarizes the recent research progress regarding the connection between tumour behaviours and tumour stromal cells in CCA, as well as the mechanism underlying the effect of tumour stromal cells on the growth of CCA. A thorough understanding of the relationship between CCA and tumour stromal cells can shed some light on the development of new therapeutic methods for treating CCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengyi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaozai Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Environmental and Public, Health School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jones KB, Barrott JJ, Xie M, Haldar M, Jin H, Zhu JF, Monument MJ, Mosbruger TL, Langer EM, Randall RL, Wilson RK, Cairns BR, Ding L, Capecchi MR. The impact of chromosomal translocation locus and fusion oncogene coding sequence in synovial sarcomagenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:5021-32. [PMID: 26947017 PMCID: PMC5014712 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synovial sarcomas are aggressive soft-tissue malignancies that express chromosomal translocation-generated fusion genes, SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 in most cases. Here, we report a mouse sarcoma model expressing SS18-SSX1, complementing our prior model expressing SS18-SSX2. Exome sequencing identified no recurrent secondary mutations in tumors of either genotype. Most of the few mutations identified in single tumors were present in genes that were minimally or not expressed in any of the tumors. Chromosome 6, either entirely or around the fusion gene expression locus, demonstrated a copy number gain in a majority of tumors of both genotypes. Thus, by fusion oncogene coding sequence alone, SS18-SSX1 and SS18-SSX2 can each drive comparable synovial sarcomagenesis, independent from other genetic drivers. SS18-SSX1 and SS18-SSX2 tumor transcriptomes demonstrated very few consistent differences overall. In direct tumorigenesis comparisons, SS18-SSX2 was slightly more sarcomagenic than SS18-SSX1, but equivalent in its generation of biphasic histologic features. Meta-analysis of human synovial sarcoma patient series identified two tumor-gentoype-phenotype correlations that were not modeled by the mice, namely a scarcity of male hosts and biphasic histologic features among SS18-SSX2 tumors. Re-analysis of human SS18-SSX1 and SS18-SSX2 tumor transcriptomes demonstrated very few consistent differences, but highlighted increased native SSX2 expression in SS18-SSX1 tumors. This suggests that the translocated locus may drive genotype-phenotype differences more than the coding sequence of the fusion gene created. Two possible roles for native SSX2 in synovial sarcomagenesis are explored. Thus, even specific partial failures of mouse genetic modeling can be instructive to human tumor biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J J Barrott
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Haldar
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J-F Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M J Monument
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T L Mosbruger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E M Langer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R L Randall
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R K Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - B R Cairns
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - L Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsumoto T, Shimizu T, Takai A, Marusawa H. Exploring the Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Cancer Development Using Deep Sequencing Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1037-51. [PMID: 26083936 PMCID: PMC4491698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized cancer genomics due to their high throughput sequencing capacity. Reports of the gene mutation profiles of various cancers by many researchers, including international cancer genome research consortia, have increased over recent years. In addition to detecting somatic mutations in tumor cells, NGS technologies enable us to approach the subject of carcinogenic mechanisms from new perspectives. Deep sequencing, a method of optimizing the high throughput capacity of NGS technologies, allows for the detection of genetic aberrations in small subsets of premalignant and/or tumor cells in noncancerous chronically inflamed tissues. Genome-wide NGS data also make it possible to clarify the mutational signatures of each cancer tissue by identifying the precise pattern of nucleotide alterations in the cancer genome, providing new information regarding the mechanisms of tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight these new methods taking advantage of NGS technologies, and discuss our current understanding of carcinogenic mechanisms elucidated from such approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Takai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|