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Torres BA, Kominsky S, Perrin GQ, Hobeika AC, Johnson HM. Superantigens: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 226:164-76. [PMID: 11361034 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122600303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that superantigens play a role in Immune-mediated diseases. Superantigens are potent activators of CD4* T cells, causing rapid and massive proliferation of cells and cytokine production. This characteristic of superantigens can be exploited in diseases where strong immunologic responses are required, such as in the B16F10 animal model of melanoma. Superantigen administration is able to significantly enhance Ineffective anti-tumor Immune responses, resulting in potent and long-lived protective anti-tumor immunity. However, superantigens are more well-known for the role they play in diseases. Studies using an animal model for neurologic demy-elinatlng diseases such as multiple sclerosis show that superantigens can induce severe relapses and activate auto-reactive T cells not involved in the Initial bout of disease. This may also involve epitope spreading of disease. Superantigens have also been implicated in acute diseases such as food poisoning and TSS, and in chronic diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Viral superantigens are also involved in the disease process, including superantigens derived from human Immunodeficiency virus and mouse mammary tumor virus. Finally, immunotherapies that ameliorate the role played by superantigens in disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Chun KT, Li B, Dobrota E, Tate C, Lee JH, Khan S, Haneline L, HogenEsch H, Skalnik DG. The epigenetic regulator CXXC finger protein 1 is essential for murine hematopoiesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113745. [PMID: 25470594 PMCID: PMC4254612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXXC finger protein 1 (Cfp1), encoded by the Cxxc1 gene, binds to DNA sequences containing an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide and is an epigenetic regulator of both cytosine and histone methylation. Cxxc1-null mouse embryos fail to gastrulate, and Cxxc1-null embryonic stem cells are viable but cannot differentiate, suggesting that Cfp1 is required for chromatin remodeling associated with stem cell differentiation and embryogenesis. Mice homozygous for a conditional Cxxc1 deletion allele and carrying the inducible Mx1-Cre transgene were generated to assess Cfp1 function in adult animals. Induction of Cre expression in adult animals led to Cfp1 depletion in hematopoietic cells, a failure of hematopoiesis with a nearly complete loss of lineage-committed progenitors and mature cells, elevated levels of apoptosis, and death within two weeks. A similar pathology resulted following transplantation of conditional Cxxc1 bone marrow cells into wild type recipients, demonstrating this phenotype is intrinsic to Cfp1 function within bone marrow cells. Remarkably, the Lin- Sca-1+ c-Kit+ population of cells in the bone marrow, which is enriched for hematopoietic stem cells and multi-potential progenitor cells, persists and expands in the absence of Cfp1 during this time frame. Thus, Cfp1 is necessary for hematopoietic stem and multi-potential progenitor cell function and for the developmental potential of differentiating hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin T Chun
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Biology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis School of Science, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Binghui Li
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Erika Dobrota
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Courtney Tate
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Heon Lee
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shehnaz Khan
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laura Haneline
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David G Skalnik
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America; Biology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis School of Science, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Baron J, Bin-Tarif A, Herbert R, Frost L, Taylor G, Baron MD. Early changes in cytokine expression in peste des petits ruminants disease. Vet Res 2014; 45:22. [PMID: 24559207 PMCID: PMC3941941 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is a viral disease of sheep and goats that has spread through most of Africa as well as the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Although, the spread of the disease and its economic impact has made it a focus of international concern, relatively little is known about the nature of the disease itself. We have studied the early stages of pathogenesis in goats infected with six different isolates of Peste des petits ruminants virus representing all four known lineages of the virus. No lineage-specific difference in the pathogenicity of the virus isolates was observed, although there was evidence that even small numbers of cell culture passages could affect the degree of pathogenicity of an isolate. A consistent reduction in CD4+ T cells was observed at 4 days post infection (dpi). Measurement of the expression of various cytokines showed elements of a classic inflammatory response but also a relatively early induction of interleukin 10, which may be contributing to the observed disease.
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Ato M, Takahashi Y, Fujii H, Hashimoto SI, Kaji T, Itamura S, Horiuchi Y, Arakawa Y, Tashiro M, Takemori T. Influenza A whole virion vaccine induces a rapid reduction of peripheral blood leukocytes via interferon-α-dependent apoptosis. Vaccine 2013; 31:2184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tuo W, Brown WC, Roger E, Zhu D, Lin G, Smith R, Bazer FW. Trophoblast IFN-tau differentially induces lymphopenia and neutropenia in lambs. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:731-7. [PMID: 9781812 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), including IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, cause severe lymphopenia, resulting from altered lymphocyte recirculation and redistribution. IFN-tau, a product of trophectoderm of ruminant conceptuses and new member of the type I IFN family has not been examined for its effect on leukocyte recirculation. Additionally, differential effects of type I IFNs on the redistribution and recirculation of subsets of T cells have not been reported. The present study determined the effects of IFN-tau on the redistribution and recirculation of ovine leukocytes and T cell subsets. Total peripheral blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, and segmented neutrophils were reduced (p < 0.05) following treatment of lambs with IFN-tau. Furthermore, administration of IFN-tau caused an acute, differential reduction in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells (p < 0.05), CD5+ cells (p < 0.05), and gammadelta TCR+ (p < 0.01) T cells but had no effect on CD8+ T cells (p > 0.05). IFN-tau reduced the percentage of gammadelta T cells by 8-fold and that of CD4+ T cells and CD5+ cells by <2-fold in peripheral blood when compared with control lambs. The reduction in leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils was observed as early as 6-12 h after administration of IFN-tau, but levels returned to control values within 48 h. These results indicate that IFN-tau, like other members of the type I IFN family, can have immediate effects on leukocyte recirculation and redistribution. The present study is the first to demonstrate that IFN-tau differentially regulates T cell recirculation with the greatest effect on gammadelta TcR+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tuo
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Mujtaba MG, Streit WJ, Johnson HM. IFN-tau suppresses both the autoreactive humoral and cellular immune responses and induces stable remission in mice with chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 1998; 186:94-102. [PMID: 9665751 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that interferon-tau (IFN-tau) pretreatment inhibits the development of both acute and chronic mouse experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). IFN-tau is a type I IFN that has pregnancy recognition hormone activity in ruminants. Here we show that IFN-tau induced remission in SJL/J mice that had ongoing chronic active EAE disease and protected mice against secondary relapses. IFN-tau treatment reversed lymphocyte infiltration and microglial activation in the central nervous system. Mice that were treated with IFN-tau had lower levels of anti-MBP antibodies than untreated mice in both chronic and acute forms of EAE. MBP induced proliferation in B cells from EAE mice, but treatment with IFN-tau either in vivo or in vitro blocked activation. Furthermore, IFN-tau inhibited MBP activation of T cells from EAE mice. Thus, IFN-tau inhibits the humoral arm as well as the cellular arm of the autoimmune disease EAE. The data presented here show that IFN-tau inhibits both B cell and T cell responses in EAE as well as active, chronic EAE, and this may help explain the effectiveness of type I IFNs in treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Mujtaba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Beilharz MW, McDonald W, Watson MW, Heng J, McGeachie J, Lawson CM. Low-dose oral type I interferons reduce early virus replication of murine cytomegalovirus in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1997; 17:625-30. [PMID: 9355964 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1997.17.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to viral infections involves both innate and antigen-specific immune responses. The antiviral properties of interferons (IFNs) are part of the innate immune response. Low doses of type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) administered daily (10 IU per mouse) by the oral route significantly reduced the early replication of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in both the spleen and liver of MCMV-infected susceptible BALB/c mice. Significant inhibition of virus replication was observed for two different inoculum doses of virus (2 x 10(4) pfu per mouse [0.6 LD50] and 2 x 10(4.12) pfu per mouse [0.8 LD50]). Analysis of IFN retention, using [35S]-labeled IFN-alpha1 compared with the nonreceptor binding mutant IFN-alpha1 (R33M) administered orally to mice, revealed binding of wild-type IFN-alpha1 to several tissues. In particular, IFN was retained by tissues proximal to lymphoid regions, including the posterior nasal cavity, posterior tongue, small intestine, and rectum. These findings suggest that type I IFNs may inhibit MCMV replication by distal binding of the orally administered IFN to various tissues, which in turn augment the primary immune response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Beilharz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth
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Soos JM, Mujtaba MG, Subramaniam PS, Streit WJ, Johnson HM. Oral feeding of interferon tau can prevent the acute and chronic relapsing forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 75:43-50. [PMID: 9143236 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IFN tau is a member of the type I IFN family but unlike IFN alpha and IFN beta, IFN tau lacks toxicity at high concentrations. Recently, ovine IFN tau was shown to prevent acute induction and superantigen reactivation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). In this report, we examined the ability of IFN tau when administered by oral feeding to block development of EAE. Oral feeding of INF tau prevented paralysis in the acute form of EAE in NZW mice and chronic-relapsing EAE in SJL/J mice. In addition, oral feeding of IFN tau at 10(5) U/dose was as effective as intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in preventing chronic-relapsing EAE, and both forms of IFN tau administration resulted in IL10 production. Histological examination revealed no inflammatory lymphocytic infiltration to the CNS in IFN tau treated animals as compared to controls. Prolonged treatment of IFN tau was shown to be necessary for chronic-relapsing EAE since removal of IFN tau treatment by either oral feeding or i.p. injection resulted in onset of disease. Lastly, sera from SJL/J mice which received prolonged IFN tau treatment by oral feeding exhibited little to no development of anti-IFN tau antibodies. Thus, oral feeding of ovine IFN tau may be a successful form of IFN tau administration for treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS and may circumvent potentially debilitative antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Soos
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Koren S, Fleischmann WR. Optimal circadian timing reduces the myelosuppressive activity of recombinant murine interferon-gamma administered to mice. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1993; 13:187-95. [PMID: 8366285 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1993.13.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a marked, reproducible circadian variation in the toxicity of a number of antineoplastic drugs. A recent study has employed a murine model to show that recombinant human interferon-alpha A/D (rHuIFN-alpha A/D) exhibited a differential potency in its peripheral white blood cell (WBC)-suppressive and bone marrow-suppressive activities according to the time in the circadian cycle at which it was administered. It was of interest to determine whether another biological response modifier such as IFN-gamma would also exhibit a differential potency during the circadian cycle. A mouse model was used to study peripheral WBC suppression, a toxicity associated with IFN-gamma therapy. Recombinant murine (rMu)IFN-gamma was employed to induce peripheral WBC suppression and was evaluated for its ability to induce peripheral WBC suppression as a function of the time of rMuIFN-gamma administration. Mice were maintained on cycles of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. The rMuIFN-gamma was administered at various hours after light onset (HALO). The rMuIFN-gamma-induced peripheral WBC-suppressive effect varied in its intensity in a cyclical manner. Administration of rMuIFN-gamma at 4 HALO caused the greatest suppressive effect, whereas administration of rMuIFN-gamma at 14 HALO caused the least suppressive effect. Mice treated at 14 HALO were found to be about 20-fold less sensitive to the peripheral WBC-suppressive effects of rMuIFN-gamma than mice treated at 4 HALO. This differential sensitivity to the peripheral WBC-suppressive effects of rMuIFN-gamma was examined at six different times in the circadian cycle and was found to be a general effect, occurring throughout the circadian cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koren
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Mann EA, Markovic SN, Murasko DM. Inhibition of lymphocyte recirculation by murine interferon: effects of various interferon preparations and timing of administration. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1989; 9:35-51. [PMID: 2497198 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1989.9.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of highly purified and/or recombinant interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, and the IFN-inducer, poly(I):poly(C), on the circulation of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) of (BALB/cJ x C57Bl/6J)F1 mice were examined. Although all IFN classes could depress significantly the number of circulating PBL and TDL when given at sufficient doses, IFN-alpha appeared to be the most potent. Phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes in the blood and lymph during the decrease induced by IFN suggests that IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-alpha preferentially decrease the Lyt-2+, or suppressor/cytotoxic, subset. Timing of IFN administration was found to be an important factor. Repeated administration of IFN-alpha/beta once a day for 3 days produced continuous suppression of the number of circulating PBL. Administration of either IFN-alpha/beta or IFN-gamma in the evening resulted in a longer and more extensive inhibition of PBL circulation than when IFN was administered in the morning. Our results suggest that the leukopenia observed in many patients undergoing IFN therapy may, in part, be attributed to decreased lymphocyte recirculation, and that the timing of IFN administration may be important in maximizing its therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
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Mann EA, Taylor CE, Murasko DM. Interferon-induced inhibition of lymphocyte circulation: lack of effect on humoral immune responses to T-dependent or T-independent antigens. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1988; 8:735-43. [PMID: 3068315 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1988.8.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that interferon (IFN) transiently inhibits the number of recirculating thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), while other researchers have demonstrated similar decreases in lymphocytes in peripheral blood. In the present study we examined whether or not this decreased lymphocyte recirculation contributes to IFN's suppressive effects on antibody formation. Immunizing at varying times during the period of maximal decrease in lymphocyte recirculation, there are no significant differences in the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) or antibody titers generated to either a T-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or a T-independent antigen, Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III). These results suggest that: (i) the suppressive effects of IFN on antibody responses are not related to changes in lymphocyte recirculation and (ii) lymphocyte circulation is not required during the early phases of the humoral immune response to antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
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Oppenheimer-Marks N, Ziff M. Migration of lymphocytes through endothelial cell monolayers: augmentation by interferon-gamma. Cell Immunol 1988; 114:307-23. [PMID: 3134140 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(88)90324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During normal lymphocyte recirculation and in chronic inflammation, lymphocytes emigrate from blood into the perivascular tissue. The mechanism of lymphocyte migration through the endothelial cell (EC) layer of blood vessels is poorly understood. To identify factors that control lymphocyte emigration, a method has been developed to measure human peripheral blood lymphocyte migration through monolayers of human umbilical vein EC and into nitrocellulose (NC) filters located below the EC monolayer. Counts were made of lymphocytes that had migrated into the NC filter using a particle counter. T lymphocytes attached to and migrated through EC monolayers in a T-cell-number- and time-dependent fashion. Migration required viable EC since lymphocytes failed to migrate through formaldehyde-fixed EC monolayers or monolayers of dermal fibroblasts. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) markedly augmented the migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner when preincubated with the EC. When T lymphocytes were pretreated with IFN-gamma, no increase in migration was observed. Finally, IFN-gamma augmented the migration of T cells prebound to the EC, indicating that the IFN-gamma-enhanced migration was not due to increased binding of T cells to the EC, but rather to an action on the EC to facilitate subsequent migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oppenheimer-Marks
- Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9030
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Kawasaki H, Moriyama M, Hirao C, Takahashi T, Naruse N, Kobayashi S, Tanaka A. Effects of interferon on the lymphocyte subset in the blood and lymphoid organs in mice. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1986; 6:507-17. [PMID: 2433363 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1986.6.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mouse interferon-alpha/beta (MuIFN) or poly(I):poly(C) injection on the lymphocytes in the blood, thymus, and spleen of C3H/HeN mice were examined. A single injection of MuIFN (2 X 10(6) to 2 X 10(7) IU/kg of MuIFN) or poly(I):poly(C) (0.12-1.2 mg/kg) caused a significant lymphocytopenia without any evidence of direct cytotoxic effects on lymphocytes in the blood or lymphoid organs, a significant decrease in the number of T cells both in the thymus and spleen along with a significant increase in the number of non-T cells in the splenic white pulp, and a differential decrease in the number of blood T-cell subsets ("suppressor/cytotoxic" subset was decreased continuously whereas "helper" subset only transiently). The differential effect on T-cell subsets could explain the complicated effects of IFN on the cell-mediated immune response.
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Abstract
Large numbers of lymphocytes are recruited from the blood into sites of cutaneous DTH reactions. Our goal was to investigate the factors controlling this recruitment. 111In-labeled peritoneal exudate lymphocytes were injected iv and the accumulation of these cells in skin sites injected with a variety of stimuli, was used to measure lymphocyte recruitment in rats. Large numbers of lymphocytes migrated into vaccinia- and KLH-injected sites in sensitized animals, but only into the viral and not the KLH lesions in non-immune animals. Lymphocytes also migrated efficiently into sites injected with the alpha-interferon (IFN) inducers, uv-inactivated vaccinia virus and poly I:C, as well as into sites injected with IFN. In each case there was a dose-response relationship. Analysis of the kinetics of lymphocyte recruitment demonstrated that the peak rate of migration occurred most rapidly after the injection of IFN, later after poly I:C, and was slowest to be reached after vaccinia virus. Rabbit anti-IFN blocked the recruitment of lymphocytes by uv-inactivated vaccinia and by IFN. Histologically, all of these sites demonstrated a dense mononuclear cell infiltrate in the dermis. It is suggested that IFN may be an important mediator in the recruitment of lymphocytes into inflammatory reactions.
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Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) into mice causes marked and rapid changes in leukocyte distribution. The virus induces an increase in peripheral blood (PB) granulocytes and an extensive decrease in the lymphocyte count which reaches a nadir of less than 10% of preinfection values, 12 hr after virus inoculation. In the lymph nodes and spleen extensive lymphocyte translocation and granulocyte infiltration are observed. Most changes abate 48 hr following virus inoculation. Injection of poly(rI):(rC) causes similar changes to those observed with VSV. The lymphocyte changes observed after injection of VSV or poly(rI):(rC) coincide with high levels of interferon (IFN) in the serum. We have examined the effects of anti-IFN antibody on those changes and investigated whether they can be mimicked by injecting IFN. Our findings suggest that the IFN induced by VSV or poly(rI):(rC), rather than those agents themselves, causes the observed lymphopenia as well as some of the changes observed in the spleen. On the other hand, the effects of VSV on granulocyte localization do not appear to be mediated by IFN.
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Lai PK, Alpers MP, MacKay-Scollay EM. Epstein-Barr herpesvirus infection: inhibition by immunologically induced mediators with interferon-like properties. Int J Cancer 1977; 20:21-9. [PMID: 198380 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When sensitized leukocytes were re-exposed to EBV antigen or to tuberculin-purified protein derivatives, they produced lymphokines, including the migration inhibition factor, which inhibited the migration of guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells, and other lymphokines with the characteristics of interferon, which inhibited EBV-induced transformation and EBV superinfection of target cells. Unsensitized leucocytes from sero-negative adults and from neonates did not produce lymphokines when challenged with the antigens. This indicates that cell-mediated immunity and its associated soluble mediators may be involved in the control of EBV infection and that the interferon release assay is a useful in vitro correlate for the study of cellular immunity to EBV.
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Hilfenhaus J, Damm H, Karges HE, Manthey KF. Growth inhibition of human lymphoblastoid Daudi cells in vitro by interferon preparations. Arch Virol 1976; 51:87-97. [PMID: 962589 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human interferon (HIF) preparations inhibited the propagation of Daudi cells in stationary suspension cultures, while a control preparation showed no such effect. The growth inhibition (= anticellular) activity of differently pretreated HIF preparations was determined by the reduction of 14C-labelled thymidine (14C-TDR) uptake in a microassay system. These studies demonstrated that the degree of anticellular activity is directly proportional to the antiviral activity of different HIF preparations. These preparations were obtained from peripheral leukocytes (lHIF) or diploid fibroblasts (fHIF). Together with gel chromatography results, and the sensitivity of the anticellular activity to tryptic digestion and heat inactivation, these results suggest that the anticellularly active substance is a protein which is very similar to, or identical with, interferon.
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