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Lovastatin induces apoptosis of k-ras-transformed thyroid cells via inhibition of ras farnesylation and by modulating redox state. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1341-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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2
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Laezza C, Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Messa C, Macchia M, Bertini S, Minutolo F, Portella G, Fiorentino L, Stingo S, Bifulco M. N6‐isopentenyladenosine arrests tumor cell proliferation by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase and protein prenylation. FASEB J 2006; 20:412-8. [PMID: 16507758 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4044lsf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects of a variety of N6-substituted adenine and adenosine derivatives called cytokinins have been documented in plants, but information on their occurrence and function in other biological system is limited. Here we investigated the anti-proliferative effect of N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A), an adenosine and isoprenoid derivative, in a thyroid cell system, FRTL-5 wild-type, and K-ras transformed KiMol cells. Addition of i6A to FRTL-5 cells caused a dose-dependent arrest of the G0-G1 cell phase transition associated with a reduction of cells in the S phase that was much more evident in KiMol cells. I6A arrested tumor cell proliferation by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and protein prenylation. Indeed the addition of farnesol reversed these effects and i6A affected protein prenylation, in particular lamin B processing. I6A effect was not mediated by the adenosine receptor but was due to a direct modulation of FPPS enzyme activity as a result of its uptake inside the cells. I6A inhibited FPPS activity more efficaciously in KiMol cells than in normal FRTL-5. Moreover, the i6A anti-proliferative effect was evaluated in vivo in a nude mouse xenograft model, where KiMol cells were implanted subcutaneously. Mice treated with i6A showed a drastic reduction in tumor volume. Our findings indicate that this isoprenoid end product might be used for antineoplastic therapy, an application emulating that of the lovastatin and/or farnesyl-transferase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Laezza
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale. I.E.O.S., CNR, Bari, Italy.
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3
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Corea G, Iorizzi M, Lanzotti V, Cammareri M, Conicella C, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Astersedifolioside A–C, three new oleane-type saponins with antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:4909-15. [PMID: 15336270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A phytochemical analysis of Aster sedifolius has led to the isolation of three novel triterpenoid saponins, based on an oleane-type skeleton and named astersedifolioside A (1), B (2) and C (3). On the basis of chemical, and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry data, the structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] echinocystic acid 28-[O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] (1), 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] echinocystic acid 28-[O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] (2) and 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] echinocystic acid 28-[O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] (3). The isolated compounds showed antiproliferative effect in KiMol, a transformed thyroid cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Corea
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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4
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Portella G, Laezza C, Laccetti P, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V, Bifulco M. Inhibitory effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation on tumor growth and metastatic spreading: actions on signals involved in angiogenesis and metastasis. FASEB J 2003; 17:1771-3. [PMID: 12958205 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1129fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by 2-methyl-arachidonyl-2'-fluoro-ethylamide (Met-F-AEA) inhibits the growth of a rat thyroid cancer cell-derived tumor in athymic mice by inhibiting the activity of the oncogene product p21ras. Here we report that Met-F-AEA also blocks the growth of tumors previously induced in nude mice by the s.c. injection of the same rat thyroid carcinoma cells. Met-F-AEA significantly inhibited, in tumors as well as transformed cells, the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor, an angiogenetic factor known to be up-regulated by p21ras, as well as of one of its receptors, flt-1/VEGFR-1. The levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1), which is down-regulated by p21ras, were instead increased by Met-F-AEA. All these effects were antagonized by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. Met-F-AEA inhibited in vitro the growth of a metastasis-derived thyroid cancer cell line more potently than a primary cancer cell line. Therefore, the hypothesis that CB1 receptor stimulation interferes not only with angiogenesis but also with metastatic processes was tested in a widely used model of metastatic infiltration in vivo, the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in C57Bl/6 mice. Three weeks from the paw injection of 3LL cells, Met-F-AEA reduced significantly the number of metastatic nodes, in a way antagonized by SR141716A. Our findings indicate that CB1 receptor agonists might be used therapeutically to retard tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting at once tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Portella
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, and Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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5
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Bifulco M, Laezza C, Portella G, Vitale M, Orlando P, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Control by the endogenous cannabinoid system of ras oncogene-dependent tumor growth. FASEB J 2001; 15:2745-7. [PMID: 11687506 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0320fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of 2-methyl-arachidonyl-2'-fluoro-ethylamide (Met-F-AEA), a stable analog of the endocannabinoid anandamide, on a rat thyroid epithelial cell line (FRTL-5) transformed by the K-ras oncogene, and on epithelial tumors derived from these cells. Met-F-AEA effect in vivo was evaluated in a nude mouse xenograft model, where K-ras-transformed (KiMol) cells were implanted subcutaneously. Met-F-AEA (0.5 mg/kg/dose) induced a drastic reduction in tumor volume. This effect was inhibited by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (0.7 mg/kg/dose) and was accompanied by a strong reduction of K-ras activity. Accordingly, KiMol cells and tumors express CB1 receptors. Met-F-AEA inhibited (IC50 ~5 mM) the proliferation in vitro and the transition to the S phase of KiMol cells and it reduced K-ras activity; these effects were antagonized by SR141716A. Met-F-AEA cytostatic action was significantly smaller in nontransformed FRTL-5 cells than in KiMol cells. Met-F-AEA treatment exerted opposite effects on the expression of CB1 receptors in KiMol and FRTL-5 cells, with a strong up-regulation in the former case and a suppression in nontransformed cells. The data suggest that: 1) Met-F-AEA inhibits ras oncogene-dependent tumor growth in vivo through CB1 cannabinoid receptors; and 2) responsiveness of FRTL-5 cells to endocannabinoids depends on whether or not they are transformed by K-ras.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/chemistry
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators
- Cannabinoids/metabolism
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocannabinoids
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Genes, ras/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, Drug/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Rimonabant
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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6
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Sorrentino R, Porcellini A, Spalletti-Cernia D, Lombari V, Vecchio G, Laccetti P. Inhibition of MAPK activity, cell proliferation, and anchorage-independent growth by N-Ras antisense in an N-ras-transformed human cell line. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2001; 11:349-58. [PMID: 11838636 DOI: 10.1089/108729001753411317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ras genes encode a family of plasma membrane-bound proteins that function as intermediates in signal transduction pathways involved in cell growth and differentiation. Ras oncogene is frequently involved in neoplastic transformation of different cellular histotypes. In this study, we tested the ability of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (AS-ODN) that have mixed phosphodiester/phosphorothioate backbone, targeted against human N-Ras, to inhibit N-ras gene expression and to specifically interfere with the Ras-dependent activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in two human cell lines carrying an endogenous N-ras mutated allele at codon 61. Three AS-ODN that inhibit basal MAPK activity have been identified. Moreover, AS-ODN treatment resulted in potent antiproliferative effects in cell culture and great inhibition of N-ras mRNA levels in one of two cell lines. These studies suggest that antisense molecules, targeted against N-Ras, could be of considerable value as a tool to study the N-Ras-specific transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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7
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Tell G, Crivellato E, Pines A, Paron I, Pucillo C, Manzini G, Bandiera A, Kelley MR, Di Loreto C, Damante G. Mitochondrial localization of APE/Ref-1 in thyroid cells. Mutat Res 2001; 485:143-52. [PMID: 11182545 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(00)00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with different human diseases, including cancer and aging. Reactive oxygen species produced during oxidative phosphorylation are a major source of mtDNA damage. It is not clear, however, whether DNA repair mechanisms, able to abolish effects due to oxidative damage, are present in mitochondria. APE/Ref-1 is a nuclear protein possessing both redox activity (by which activates, "in vitro", the DNA-binding functions of several transcription factors) and DNA repair activity over apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Immunohistochemical evidences indicate that in follicular thyroid cells, APE/Ref-1 is located in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Electronmicroscopy immunocytochemistry performed in the rat thyroid FRTL-5 cell line, indicates that part of the cytoplasmatic APE/Ref-1 is located in mitochondria. The presence of APE/Ref-1 inside mitochondria is further demonstrated by western blot analysis after cell fractionation. In the Kimol cell line (which is derived from FRTL-5, transformed by the Ki-ras oncogene) the amount of mitochondrial APE/Ref-1 is reduced by three to fourfold with respect to the normal FRTL-5 cells. These results suggest that: (i) a machinery capable of repairing DNA damaged by oxidative stress is present in mitochondria and (ii) mtDNA repair mechanisms may be impaired during cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tell
- Dipartimento di Biochimica Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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8
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Abstract
For the first time, 3, 7 and 10 days growth of normal thyroid follicular FRTL-5 cell colonies in a semi-solid medium of 0.6% methocel over 1% agar base was morphometrically analyzed. It was found that the areas of FRTL-5 colonies as well as their perimeters and maximum diameters increased, while according to their form factors the FRTL-5 colonies were regular in shape. After 10 days in a semi-solid medium, 83% of the FRTL-5 colonies had maximum diameters greater than 50 microm. It is obvious that after long culturing of FRTL-5 cells under the influence of the pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) these cells are not uniform anymore and that they grow in a semi-solid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pajer
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Laezza C, Di Marzo V, Bifulco M. v-K-ras leads to preferential farnesylation of p21(ras) in FRTL-5 cells: multiple interference with the isoprenoid pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13646-51. [PMID: 9811854 PMCID: PMC24873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoprenoid pathway in FRTL-5 thyroid cells was found to be deeply altered on transformation with v-K-ras. A dramatic overall reduction of protein prenylation was found in v-K-ras-transformed cells in comparison with the parent FRTL-5 cells, as shown by labeling cells with [3H]mevalonic acid. This phenomenon was accompanied by a relative increase of p21(ras) farnesylation and by a decrease of the ratio between the amounts of geranylgeraniol and farnesol bound to prenylated proteins. Analysis of protein prenylation in FRTL-5 cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of the v-K-ras oncogene indicated that these variations represent an early and specific marker of active K-ras. Conversely, FRTL-5 cells transformed with Harvey-ras showed a pattern of [3H]-mevalonate (MVA)-labeled proteins similar to that of nontransformed cells. The K-ras oncogene activation also resulted in an overall decrease of [3H]-MVA incorporation into isopentenyl-tRNA together with an increase of unprocessed [3H]-MVA and no alteration in [3H]-MVA uptake. The effects of v-K-ras on protein prenylation could be mimicked in FRTL-5 cells by lowering the concentration of exogenous [3H]-MVA whereas increasing the [3H]-MVA concentration did not revert the alterations observed in transformed cells. Accordingly, v-K-ras expression was found to: (i) down-regulate mevalonate kinase; (ii) induce farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase expression; and (iii) augment protein farnesyltransferase but not protein geranylgeranyl-transferase-I activity. Among these events, mevalonate kinase down-regulation appeared to be related strictly to differential protein prenylation. This study represents an example of how expression of the v-K-ras oncogene, through multiple interferences with the isoprenoid metabolic pathway, may result in the preferential farnesylation of the ras oncogene product p21(ras).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laezza
- Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia-Sperimentale "G. Salvatore"/Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy)
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10
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Iitaka M, Fukasawa N, Kitahama S, Miura S, Kawakami Y, Sato H, Sugano S, Ishii J, Katayama S. Transplantable rat thyroid cancer cell line FRTC transformed with muramyl dipeptide. Br J Cancer 1997; 75:40-6. [PMID: 9000596 PMCID: PMC2222688 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A rat thyroid cancer cell line, FRTC, was established from the normal rat thyroid cell line, FRTL-5. FRTL-5 cells were cultured in vitro with N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) for 4 days and were transplanted intraperitoneally into Fisher rats. Disseminated tumour formation in the peritoneum was found in ten out of ten rats in which MDP-treated FRTL-5 cells were transplanted. Colloid-like structures stained with anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies were observed in the tumours. On the other hand, no tumour was found in any of the rats in which untreated FRTL-5 cells were transplanted. No morphological changes were observed in FRTL-5 cells after long-term in vitro culture in the presence of MDP. MDP had no effect on thymidine incorporation, the production of cAMP or the expression of c-myc in FRTL-5 cells in vitro. Cells from the tumour (FRTC) secreted Tg in vitro and expressed Tg, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyrotropin (TSH) receptor mRNA. The expression of TSH receptor mRNA increased in FRTC cells after TSH stimulation. FRTC cells produced cAMP in response to TSH stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. However, the growth of FRTC cells was TSH independent. Expression of c-myc and c-fos was observed in FRTC cells in vivo as well as in vitro. FRTC cells formed tumours in Fisher rats when transplanted subcutaneously. FRTC cells have several characteristics of differentiated thyroid cancer cells and may provide a good model for the study of human differentiated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iitaka
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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11
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Monaco C, Califano D, Chiappetta G, Mineo A, De Franciscis V, Vecchio G, Santelli G. Mutated human Kirsten ras, driven by a thyroglobulin promoter, induces a growth advantage and partially dedifferentiates rat thyroid epithelial cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 1995; 63:757-60. [PMID: 7591297 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910630525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have earlier shown that expression of the human activated Ki-ras, directed by the rat thyroglobulin (TG) promoter in the thyroid gland of transgenic mice, is able to induce thyroid benign tumors, albeit at low incidence. A likely explantation of our results is that the low levels of exogenous Ki-ras transcripts are not sufficient to induce multifocal tumors in the thyroid gland. We have performed experiments to analyze the effects of a similar construct in vitro upon thyroid-cell proliferation and differentiation. Transfection of FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells with the human Ki-rasval12 fused to the rat TG promoter is rapidly followed by reduced expression of the differentiation markers thyroglobulin, thyroperoxydase and thyrotropin receptor, but not by fully malignant cell transformation. The data reported support the hypothesis that Ki-ras mRNA levels are critical to the process of complete neoplastic transformation of thyroid epithelial differentiated cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Monaco
- Servizio di Oncologia Sperimentale E, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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12
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Perillo B, Tedesco I, Laezza C, Santillo M, Romano A, Aloj SM, Bifulco M. Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in FRTL-5 cells. II. Down-regulation by v-K-ras oncogene. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15237-41. [PMID: 7797508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and mRNA levels were significantly reduced in FRTL-5 cells transformed with the Kirsten-Moloney sarcoma virus (KiMol); these cells have lost thyrotropin dependence and express high levels of p21ras. FRTL-5 cells, transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the v-K-ras oncogene (Ats cells: 33 degrees C, permissive; 39 degrees C, nonpermissive), showed significant reduction of HMG-CoA reductase expression when exposed to 33 degrees C. In KiMol cells, as well as in Ats cells at 33 degrees C, the transcription driven by cAMP-responsive element was probed by measuring chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) levels after transfection with a chimeric plasmid containing the reporter gene linked to the rat reductase promoter. Basal CAT activity in KiMol cells transfected with wild-type promoter was lower than in FRTL-5 cells but was increased by forskolin to the levels attained in thyrotropin-stimulated FRTL-5 cells. Forskolin failed to increase CAT activity in KiMol cells transfected with the plasmid harboring a reductase promoter in which the cAMP-responsive element octamer was mutated to a nonpalindromic sequence. The effect of v-K-ras could be mimicked in FRTL-5 cells by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate and reverted in KiMol and Ats cells, expressing active Ras protein, by increasing intracellular cAMP and/or by protein kinase C inhibition. The data are consistent with the contention that v-K-ras, through protein kinase C and depletion of intracellular cAMP, is inhibitory for the protein kinase A pathway. This is the first demonstration that active v-K-ras down-regulates HMG-CoA reductase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Perillo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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13
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Falasca M, Corda D. Elevated levels and mitogenic activity of lysophosphatidylinositol in k-ras-transformed epithelial cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 221:383-9. [PMID: 8168525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In cell lines stably (KiKi) or reversibly (Ts) transformed by the k-ras oncogene originated from a differentiated rat thyroid line (FRTL5 cells), k-ras-induced transformation has been associated with an increased phospholipase A2 activity. Here we provide evidence that this enzymic activity is phosphoinositide specific and leads to the formation of lysophosphatidylinositol. The levels of this lysolipid increased by 2-3-fold in ras-transformed cells (KiKi cells and Ts cells at the permissive temperature of 33 degrees C) as compared to differentiated cells (FRTL5) or to Ts cells maintained at 39 degrees C, i.e. at the temperature where ras-p21, the product of the ras oncogene, is inactive. Since another lysoderivative, lysophosphatidic acid, has been shown to be a mitogen, we have tested whether lysophosphatidylinositol could have a similar activity on thyroid cells. Lysophosphatidylinositol (10-100 microM) induced a 5-10-fold increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in both FRTL5 and KiKi cells, whereas lysophosphatidic acid was active only in differentiated cells. Lysophosphatidylinositol (approximately 25 microM) and lysophosphatidic acid (50-100 microM) acted synergistically with insulin in increasing [3H]thymidine incorporation. Moreover, lysophosphatidylinositol at concentrations three-fold higher than those found to be mitogenic, inhibited the activity of the GTPase-activating protein. We conclude that lysophosphatidylinositol is a mitogen that might play a role in the modulation of k-ras transformed cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Falasca
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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14
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Iacovelli L, Falasca M, Valitutti S, D'Arcangelo D, Corda D. Glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate, a putative endogenous inhibitor of adenylylcyclase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Di Girolamo M, D'Arcangelo D, Cacciamani T, Gierschik P, Corda D. K-ras transformation greatly increases the toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of GTP binding proteins in thyroid cells. Involvement of an inhibitor of the ADP-ribosylation reaction. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Pax-8, a paired domain-containing protein, binds to a sequence overlapping the recognition site of a homeodomain and activates transcription from two thyroid-specific promoters. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1508216 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.9.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pax-8 gene, a member of the murine family of paired box-containing genes (Pax genes), is expressed in adult thyroid and in cultured thyroid cell lines. The Pax-8 protein binds, through its paired domain, to the promoters of thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase, genes that are exclusively expressed in the thyroid. In both promoters, the binding site of Pax-8 overlaps with that of TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing protein involved in the activation of thyroid-specific transcription. Pax-8 activates transcription from cotransfected thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin promoters, indicating that it may be involved in the establishment, control, or maintenance of the thyroid-differentiated phenotype. Thus, the promoters of thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase represent the first identified natural targets for transcriptional activation by a paired domain-containing protein.
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17
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Zannini M, Francis-Lang H, Plachov D, Di Lauro R. Pax-8, a paired domain-containing protein, binds to a sequence overlapping the recognition site of a homeodomain and activates transcription from two thyroid-specific promoters. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:4230-41. [PMID: 1508216 PMCID: PMC360331 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.9.4230-4241.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pax-8 gene, a member of the murine family of paired box-containing genes (Pax genes), is expressed in adult thyroid and in cultured thyroid cell lines. The Pax-8 protein binds, through its paired domain, to the promoters of thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase, genes that are exclusively expressed in the thyroid. In both promoters, the binding site of Pax-8 overlaps with that of TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing protein involved in the activation of thyroid-specific transcription. Pax-8 activates transcription from cotransfected thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin promoters, indicating that it may be involved in the establishment, control, or maintenance of the thyroid-differentiated phenotype. Thus, the promoters of thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase represent the first identified natural targets for transcriptional activation by a paired domain-containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zannini
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Valitutti S, Cucchi P, Colletta G, Di Filippo C, Corda D. Transformation by the k-ras oncogene correlates with increases in phospholipase A2 activity, glycerophosphoinositol production and phosphoinositide synthesis in thyroid cells. Cell Signal 1991; 3:321-32. [PMID: 1657098 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(91)90061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two cell lines transformed by the k-ras oncogene (KiKi and KiMol cells) and a temperature sensitive clone (Ts), all originated from a normal rat thyroid line (FRTL5 cells), have been employed to analyse the intracellular mechanisms affected by the ras p21. In k-ras transformed cells two phosphoinositide derivatives, glycerophosphoinositol and inositol monophosphate, were markedly increased, whereas inositol bisphosphate and trisphosphate maintained the same level as in normal cells. Cytosolic Ca2+ was also unaffected. This indicates that in epithelial cells the phospholipase C activity is not altered upon ras transformation. The formation of glycerophosphoinositol involved the activation of a phosphoinositide specific phospholipase A2. The higher phospholipase A2 activity in ras transformed cells could be further demonstrated by the increase in total arachidonic acid release. In the Ts clone the increase in glycerophosphoinositol and inositol monophosphate was evident only at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C), whereas it disappeared at 39 degrees C. At 33 degrees C the cells were also characterized by an enriched membrane pool of phosphoinositides. All these changes occurred in parallel with morphological transformation. We propose that cell transformation by the k-ras oncogene affects different steps of the membrane lipid metabolism, among which the most prominent one is the activation of a phosphoinositide specific phospholipase A2. These effects could originate mitogenic metabolites. Moreover, they correlate well with the induction of the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valitutti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Napoli, Italy
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19
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Bifulco M, Santillo M, Tedesco I, Zarrilli R, Laezza C, Aloj SM. Thyrotropin modulates low density lipoprotein binding activity in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Cooperation between the polyomavirus middle-T-antigen gene and the human c-myc oncogene in a rat thyroid epithelial differentiated cell line: model of in vitro progression. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2838744 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two rat thyroid epithelial differentiated cell lines, PC Cl 3 and PC myc, were infected with the polyoma murine leukemia virus (PyMLV) carrying the Middle-T-antigen gene of polyomavirus. After infection, both cell lines acquired the typical markers of neoplastic transformation; however, the PC myc cells showed a greater malignant phenotype. Furthermore, the thyroid differentiated functions were completely suppressed in PC myc cells transformed by PyMLV, whereas they were, at least partially, retained in PC Cl 3 cells transformed by PyMLV, and in particular, thyroglobulin synthesis and secretion were not affected at all. Since no differences in the expression of the middle-T-antigen gene were observed in the two PyMLV-transformed cell lines, the different properties shown by these two infected cell lines must be ascribed to the expression of the c-myc oncogene.
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21
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Berlingieri MT, Portella G, Grieco M, Santoro M, Fusco A. Cooperation between the polyomavirus middle-T-antigen gene and the human c-myc oncogene in a rat thyroid epithelial differentiated cell line: model of in vitro progression. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:2261-6. [PMID: 2838744 PMCID: PMC363414 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2261-2266.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two rat thyroid epithelial differentiated cell lines, PC Cl 3 and PC myc, were infected with the polyoma murine leukemia virus (PyMLV) carrying the Middle-T-antigen gene of polyomavirus. After infection, both cell lines acquired the typical markers of neoplastic transformation; however, the PC myc cells showed a greater malignant phenotype. Furthermore, the thyroid differentiated functions were completely suppressed in PC myc cells transformed by PyMLV, whereas they were, at least partially, retained in PC Cl 3 cells transformed by PyMLV, and in particular, thyroglobulin synthesis and secretion were not affected at all. Since no differences in the expression of the middle-T-antigen gene were observed in the two PyMLV-transformed cell lines, the different properties shown by these two infected cell lines must be ascribed to the expression of the c-myc oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Berlingieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
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22
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Colletta G, Corda D, Schettini G, Cirafici AM, Kohn LD, Consiglio E. Adenylate cyclase activity of v-ras-k transformed rat epithelial thyroid cells. FEBS Lett 1988; 228:37-41. [PMID: 3125065 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of adenylate cyclase has been analyzed in normal rat thyroid cells as well as in the same cells transformed by the v-ras-k oncogene. In both cell types the adenylate cyclase complex consists of the two GTP-binding proteins, Gi and Gs, as demonstrated by the specific ADP-ribosylation induced by pertussis and cholera toxin, respectively. The response of adenylate cyclase of the transformed cells to forskolin, pertussis toxin and cholera toxin is attenuated with respect to the control cell line. The thyrotropic hormone (TSH), that acts on normal thyroid cells in culture as a growth factor by stimulating the adenylate cyclase activity, is not able to induce DNA synthesis nor does it stimulate adenylate cyclase in v-ras-k transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Colletta
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Naples, Italy
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23
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One- and two-step transformations of rat thyroid epithelial cells by retroviral oncogenes. Mol Cell Biol 1987. [PMID: 3670314 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.9.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A system of epithelial cells is described in which it is possible to study the number and the nature of genes capable of conferring the malignant phenotype. Two fully differentiated, hormone-responsive cell lines from rat thyroid glands are presented which are susceptible to one-step or two-step transformation upon infection with several murine acute retroviruses. After infection, both cell lines became independent from their thyrotropic hormone requirement for growth. However, complete transformation was achieved with one of the cell lines (FRTL-5 Cl 2), whereas the other cell line (PC Cl 3) failed to grow in agar and to give rise to tumors in vivo. The latter cell line was susceptible to complete transformation upon cooperation of the v-ras-Ha and the human c-myc oncogenes.
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24
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Fusco A, Berlingieri MT, Di Fiore PP, Portella G, Grieco M, Vecchio G. One- and two-step transformations of rat thyroid epithelial cells by retroviral oncogenes. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:3365-70. [PMID: 3670314 PMCID: PMC367981 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.9.3365-3370.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A system of epithelial cells is described in which it is possible to study the number and the nature of genes capable of conferring the malignant phenotype. Two fully differentiated, hormone-responsive cell lines from rat thyroid glands are presented which are susceptible to one-step or two-step transformation upon infection with several murine acute retroviruses. After infection, both cell lines became independent from their thyrotropic hormone requirement for growth. However, complete transformation was achieved with one of the cell lines (FRTL-5 Cl 2), whereas the other cell line (PC Cl 3) failed to grow in agar and to give rise to tumors in vivo. The latter cell line was susceptible to complete transformation upon cooperation of the v-ras-Ha and the human c-myc oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fusco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, L. Califano II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
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25
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Ostertag W, Stocking C, Johnson GR, Kluge N, Kollek R, Franz T, Hess N. Transforming genes and target cells of murine spleen focus-forming viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1987; 48:193-355. [PMID: 3039810 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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A mos oncogene-containing retrovirus, myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, transforms rat thyroid epithelial cells and irreversibly blocks their differentiation pattern. J Virol 1985; 56:284-92. [PMID: 2993656 PMCID: PMC252524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.56.1.284-292.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated, cloned rat thyroid epithelial cells (424 cells) were infected with a wild-type and a temperature-sensitive strain of the myeloproliferative variant of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus. The thyroid cells were productively infected and transformed by both virus strains and displayed some of the typical properties of malignant cells, such as morphological changes, growth in soft agar, and in vivo tumorigenicity. The acquisition of the transformed phenotype by the virus-infected cells was accompanied by a loss of the typical differentiated features of the thyroid epithelium, such as thyroglobulin (TG) secretion, iodide uptake, and dependence for growth on six factors including thyrotropin, the physiological thyroid stimulator. TG mRNA could not be demonstrated in cells transformed by both viral strains, suggesting a block at the level of the TG gene transcription. While the transformed state of the cell clones infected with the temperature-sensitive strain could be reverted by shifting the cultures to the temperature nonpermissive for transformation (39 degrees C), no reversion of the differentiated functions took place after such a shift, showing that the v-mos oncogene irreversibly shuts off the differentiation of thyroid epithelial cells in vitro. These results demonstrate, for the first time, an oncogenic potential of the v-mos oncogene family towards differentiated epithelial cells in vitro.
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27
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Dissociation between transformed and differentiated phenotype in rat thyroid epithelial cells after transformation with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Mol Cell Biol 1984. [PMID: 6318081 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.11.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated rat thyroid epithelial cells, infected in vitro with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, expressed at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C) some phenotypic properties typical of transformed cells, including morphological features, colony formation in agar, and induction of tumors in newborn animals. Specific functional markers of these differentiated cells, i.e., synthesis/secretion of thyroglobulin, synthesis of thyroglobulin mRNA and iodide uptake, were blocked during growth at 33 degrees C. Normal morphology, failure to grow in agar, and the requirement of hormones for optimal growth were all restored after shifting to the temperature nonpermissive for transformation (39 degrees C), though the typical differentiated functions remained blocked. Infection with a leukemia helper virus clone (Moloney or Kirsten murine leukemia virus) did not lead to the loss of the differentiated phenotype of rat epithelial thyroid cells, thus demonstrating that the loss of the differentiated phenotype is caused by the sarcoma virus component. These results indicate that the expression of some of the phenotypic properties of transformed differentiated rat thyroid epithelial cells is under the direct control of the p21 thermosensitive activity, whereas the block in the expression of two typical differentiation markers of thyroid epithelial cells is irreversible and probably controlled by different mechanisms.
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28
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Colletta G, Pinto A, Di Fiore PP, Fusco A, Ferrentino M, Avvedimento VE, Tsuchida N, Vecchio G. Dissociation between transformed and differentiated phenotype in rat thyroid epithelial cells after transformation with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Mol Cell Biol 1983; 3:2099-109. [PMID: 6318081 PMCID: PMC370076 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.11.2099-2109.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated rat thyroid epithelial cells, infected in vitro with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, expressed at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C) some phenotypic properties typical of transformed cells, including morphological features, colony formation in agar, and induction of tumors in newborn animals. Specific functional markers of these differentiated cells, i.e., synthesis/secretion of thyroglobulin, synthesis of thyroglobulin mRNA and iodide uptake, were blocked during growth at 33 degrees C. Normal morphology, failure to grow in agar, and the requirement of hormones for optimal growth were all restored after shifting to the temperature nonpermissive for transformation (39 degrees C), though the typical differentiated functions remained blocked. Infection with a leukemia helper virus clone (Moloney or Kirsten murine leukemia virus) did not lead to the loss of the differentiated phenotype of rat epithelial thyroid cells, thus demonstrating that the loss of the differentiated phenotype is caused by the sarcoma virus component. These results indicate that the expression of some of the phenotypic properties of transformed differentiated rat thyroid epithelial cells is under the direct control of the p21 thermosensitive activity, whereas the block in the expression of two typical differentiation markers of thyroid epithelial cells is irreversible and probably controlled by different mechanisms.
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29
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Keski-Oja J, Rapp UR, Vaheri A. Transformation of MMC-E epithelial cells by acute 3611-MSV: inhibition of collagen synthesis and induction of novel polypeptides. J Cell Biochem 1982; 20:139-48. [PMID: 6302114 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryo epithelial cells MMC-E were transformed by novel fibrosarcoma-inducing murine sarcoma virus 3611-MSV. The cells were analyzed for the production and deposition of pericellular glycoproteins by immunofluorescence and by radioactive metabolic and cell surface labeling techniques followed by analysis in polyacrylamide gels and fluorography. The pericellular fibronectin matrix was lost, but unlike in virus-transformed fibroblastic cells, the production of fibronectin was not affected. The major differences detected were decrease in collagen production and initiation of synthesis of two major glycoproteins with Mr 58,000 and 60,000. Cell surface carbohydrate labeling indicated that after 3611-MSV transformation the cells expressed Mr 100,000 and 68,000 polypeptides. The present and previous results show that viral transformation of epithelial cells induces different transformed phenotypes that are associated with distinct alterations in pericellular glycoproteins.
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