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Binder S, Luciano M, Horejs-Hoeck J. The cytokine network in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A focus on pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 43:8-15. [PMID: 30181021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert profound effects on the progression of hematopoietic malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Critical roles of cytokines in the context of inflammation have gained special interest. While pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 tend to increase AML aggressiveness, anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-β and IL-10 appear to impede AML progression. Dysregulation of the complex interactions between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AML may create a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment with effects on leukemic cell proliferation, survival and drug-resistance. This article summarizes current knowledge about the functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AML, their modes of action, and therapeutic interventions with potential to improve clinical outcomes for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Binder
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michela Luciano
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg, Austria.
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2
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Interleukin-1β as emerging therapeutic target in hematological malignancies and potentially in their complications. Blood Rev 2017; 31:306-317. [PMID: 28495184 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts multiple roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. It is produced by different cell subsets, and drives a wide range of inflammatory responses in numerous target cells. Enhanced IL-1β signaling is a common event in patients of hematological malignancies. Recent body of evidence obtained in preclinical models shows the pathogenic role of these alterations, and the promising therapeutic value of IL-1 targeting. In this review, we further highlight a potential contribution of IL-1β linking to complications and autoimmune disease that should be investigated in future studies. Hence, drugs that target IL-1 may be helpful to improve outcome or reduce morbidity in patients. Some of them are FDA-approved, and used efficiently against autoimmune diseases, like IL-1 receptor antagonist. In the clinic, however, this agent seems to have limited properties. Current improved drugs will allow to determine the true potential of IL-1 and IL-1β targeting as therapy in hematological malignancies and their related complications.
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Carey A, Edwards DK, Eide CA, Newell L, Traer E, Medeiros BC, Pollyea DA, Deininger MW, Collins RH, Tyner JW, Druker BJ, Bagby GC, McWeeney SK, Agarwal A. Identification of Interleukin-1 by Functional Screening as a Key Mediator of Cellular Expansion and Disease Progression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3204-3218. [PMID: 28355571 PMCID: PMC5437102 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins in the bone marrow microenvironment play critical roles in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Through an ex vivo functional screen of 94 cytokines, we identified that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) elicited profound expansion of myeloid progenitors in ∼67% of AML patients while suppressing the growth of normal progenitors. Levels of IL-1β and IL-1 receptors were increased in AML patients, and silencing of the IL-1 receptor led to significant suppression of clonogenicity and in vivo disease progression. IL-1 promoted AML cell growth by enhancing p38MAPK phosphorylation and promoting secretion of various other growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with p38MAPK inhibitors reversed these effects and recovered normal CD34+ cells from IL-1-mediated growth suppression. These results highlight the importance of ex vivo functional screening to identify common and actionable extrinsic pathways in genetically heterogeneous malignancies and provide impetus for clinical development of IL-1/IL1R1/p38MAPK pathway-targeted therapies in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Carey
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David K Edwards
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura Newell
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elie Traer
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Pollyea
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Robert H Collins
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Grover C Bagby
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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4
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Antibodies targeting human IL1RAP (IL1R3) show therapeutic effects in xenograft models of acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10786-91. [PMID: 26261316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422749112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with a poor survival rate, and there is an urgent need for novel and more efficient therapies, ideally targeting AML stem cells that are essential for maintaining the disease. The interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP; IL1R3) is expressed on candidate leukemic stem cells in the majority of AML patients, but not on normal hematopoietic stem cells. We show here that monoclonal antibodies targeting IL1RAP have strong antileukemic effects in xenograft models of human AML. We demonstrate that effector-cell-mediated killing is essential for the observed therapeutic effects and that natural killer cells constitute a critical human effector cell type. Because IL-1 signaling is important for the growth of AML cells, we generated an IL1RAP-targeting antibody capable of blocking IL-1 signaling and show that this antibody suppresses the proliferation of primary human AML cells. Hence, IL1RAP can be efficiently targeted with an anti-IL1RAP antibody capable of both achieving antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and blocking of IL-1 signaling as modes of action. Collectively, these results provide important evidence in support of IL1RAP as a target for antibody-based treatment of AML.
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Terwijn M, Feller N, van Rhenen A, Kelder A, Westra G, Zweegman S, Ossenkoppele G, Schuurhuis GJ. Interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain (CD25) expression on leukaemic blasts is predictive for outcome and level of residual disease in AML. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1692-9. [PMID: 19321337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of CD25 as a prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Seventy-two newly diagnosed patients < or =60 years were retrospectively analysed by flow cytometry for CD25 positivity of AML blasts. Patients with CD25 expression of >10%, when compared to < or =10%, had a significantly shorter overall survival (OS, p=0.0005) and relapse-free survival (RFS, p=0.005). In multivariate analysis CD25 expression is an independent adverse factor for OS and RFS. High CD25 combined with FLT3-ITD positivity resulted in the poorest OS and RFS (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). CD25 expression remained prognostic within the intermediate cytogenetic risk group. In addition, after the first cycle of chemotherapy, a significantly higher MRD frequency was found in patients expressing CD25 above cut-off (p=0.003). Our results show that CD25 expression is an independent adverse prognostic marker in AML patients < or =60 and correlates with MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Terwijn
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, VU Institute for Cancer and Immunology, CCA 4.24, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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6
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Akin C, Sonnenfeld G. Stimulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production and its role as an autocrine inducer of CD14 upregulation in human myeloid leukemia cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:479-86. [PMID: 8807503 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that takes part in the growth and differentiation of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. Because of its potential significance in the etiopathogenesis of myeloid leukemia, we have studied the extracellular stimuli leading to GM-CSF secretion from a human myeloid leukemia cell line, K-562, and have demonstrated an important role for the cytokine in the differentiation process of this cell line. TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, phorbol ester (PMA), and calcium ionophore A23187 were found to stimulate GM-CSF production from K-562 cells. PMA caused the cells to differentiate into megakaryocytic lineage, whereas treatment with A23187 resulted in increased expression of monocyte/macrophage marker CD14. Neutralization of the GM-CSF activity in the culture medium, as well as blocking of its receptors, resulted in suppression of the increase in CD14 expression and partially restored the proliferative capacity in cells exposed to A23187. Autocrine GM-CSF secretion did not appear to play an important role in PMA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation. These results suggest that autocrine GM-CSF secretion may be associated with differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells without any significant growth stimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Akin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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7
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Espat NJ, Rogy MA, Copeland EM, Moldawer LL. CMNSG Guest Lecture. Interleukin-1, interleukin-1 receptor, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Nutr Soc 1994; 53:393-400. [PMID: 7972153 DOI: 10.1079/pns19940044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Espat
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0268
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8
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Estrov Z, Kurzrock R, Talpaz M. Role of interleukin-1 inhibitory molecules in therapy of acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 10:407-18. [PMID: 8401177 DOI: 10.3109/10428199309148197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The poor outcome of conventional therapy of acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias (AML and CML) has prompted several groups to investigate new therapeutic directions. Data from various laboratories, including our own, indicate that both normal and leukemia precursors proliferate in response to growth factors. Furthermore, it has been shown that AML blasts, low-density cells from CML patients with advanced disease, and cultured bone marrow-adherent layers from CML blast crisis patients produce interleukin 1 (IL-1); this molecule may play a pivotal role in driving leukemia cell proliferation through autocrine or paracrine pathways. We have therefore hypothesized that interruption of the IL-1-mediated growth-stimulatory mechanism may suppress leukemia precursor multiplication. In searching for IL-1-inhibitory molecules that may be used clinically, we have investigated the in vitro effects of various IL-1 inhibitors including IL-1 receptor antagonist, soluble IL-1 receptors, and interleukin 4. Our studies suggest that IL-1 inhibitors can suppress clonogenic growth of cultured AML and CML progenitors and may hence be exploitable in clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Interleukin-4/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Serpins/therapeutic use
- Sialoglycoproteins/therapeutic use
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Estrov
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Lübbert M, Mertelsmann R. Cytokines and myeloid-specific genes: patterns of expression and possible role in proliferation and differentiation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Cancer Treat Res 1993; 64:171-87. [PMID: 8095792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3086-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lübbert
- University Medical Center, Department Medicine One, Hematology/Oncology, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Lappi DA, Martineau D, Sarmientos P, Garofano L, Aranda AP, Miyajima A, Kitamura T, Baird A. Characterization of a saporin mitotoxin specifically cytotoxic to cells bearing the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Growth Factors 1993; 9:31-9. [PMID: 8347350 DOI: 10.3109/08977199308991580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
When granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is chemically conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin, the resulting protein conjugate is highly toxic for cells expressing the GM-CSF receptor. Structural and Western blot analyses of the purified conjugate establish that it contains equimolar amounts of the starting materials and is free of any contamination by the non-conjugated components. The resulting bifunctional reagent is specifically cytotoxic to cells expressing the GM-CSF receptor, but is ineffective to cells that do not express the receptor. The cytotoxic activity is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by GM-CSF, but not by any one of five other peptide growth factors. This is the first report of a mitotoxin for cells that express the GM-CSF receptor and which promises to be a valuable tool to study the expression of the GM-CSF receptor in normal and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lappi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Growth Biology, Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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12
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Cerretti DP, Kozlosky CJ, Mosley B, Nelson N, Van Ness K, Greenstreet TA, March CJ, Kronheim SR, Druck T, Cannizzaro LA. Molecular cloning of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 1992; 256:97-100. [PMID: 1373520 DOI: 10.1126/science.1373520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) mediates a wide range of immune and inflammatory responses. The active cytokine is generated by proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor. A complementary DNA encoding a protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned. Recombinant expression in COS-7 cells enabled the cells to process precursor IL-1 beta to the mature form. Sequence analysis indicated that the enzyme itself may undergo proteolytic processing. The gene encoding the protease was mapped to chromosomal band 11q23, a site frequently involved in rearrangement in human cancers.
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Specchia G, Liso V, Capalbo S, Fazioli F, Bettoni S, Bassan R, Viero P, Barbui T, Rambaldi A. Constitutive expression of IL-1 beta, M-CSF and c-fms during the myeloid blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1992; 80:310-6. [PMID: 1533785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb08138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the myeloid blast crisis (BC) of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) non-random additional chromosome abnormalities occur in over 80% of patients. However, these cytogenetic changes have been reported to precede the clinical signs of CML-BC by several months to years suggesting that other biological events may participate in the multistep process of acute transformation of CML. The autocrine production of growth factors has been recently shown to occur in several haematological malignancies and particularly in acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). In the present report we demonstrate that IL-1 beta gene is expressed in almost all cases of CML in myeloid blast crisis. The secretion of IL-1 from CML blasts in culture supernatants was confirmed in all five of the patients we studied. A high proportion of cases showed constitutive expression of the M-CSF gene and many of the same patients often had a simultaneous co-expression of the proto-oncogene c-fms which encodes for the M-CSF receptor. After exposure of leukaemic cells to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), release of M-CSF protein was documented in three of five patients studied. No significant interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), was detected in these patients demonstrating that a different pattern of growth factors secretion exist in AML and CML, where distinct molecular events are likely involved in the control of leukaemic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Specchia
- Division of Hematology, University of Bari, Italy
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