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Deng T, Lu X, Jia X, Du J, Wang L, Cao B, Yang M, Yin Y, Liu F. Cathepsins and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1428433. [PMID: 38883596 PMCID: PMC11176415 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1428433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous observational epidemiological studies reported an association between cathepsins and cancer, however, a causal relationship is uncertain. This study evaluated the causal relationship between cathepsins and cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods We used publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for bidirectional MR analysis. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the primary MR method of MR analysis. Results After correction for the False Discovery Rate (FDR), two cathepsins were found to be significantly associated with cancer risk: cathepsin H (CTSH) levels increased the risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.070, 95% CI = 1.027-1.114, P = 0.001, PFDR = 0.009), and CTSH levels decreased the risk of basal cell carcinoma (OR = 0.947, 95% CI = 0.919-0.975, P = 0.0002, P FDR = 0.002). In addition, there was no statistically significant effect of the 20 cancers on the nine cathepsins. Some unadjusted low P-value phenotypes are worth mentioning, including a positive correlation between cathepsin O (CTSO) and breast cancer (OR = 1.012, 95% CI = 1.001-1.025, P = 0.041), cathepsin S (CTSS) and pharyngeal cancer (OR = 1.017, 95% CI = 1.001-1.034, P = 0.043), and CTSS and endometrial cancer (OR = 1.055, 95% CI = 1.012-1.101, P = 0.012); and there was a negative correlation between cathepsin Z and ovarian cancer (CTSZ) (OR = 0.970, 95% CI = 0.949-0.991, P = 0.006), CTSS and prostate cancer (OR = 0.947, 95% CI = 0.902-0.944, P = 0.028), and cathepsin E (CTSE) and pancreatic cancer (OR = 0.963, 95% CI = 0.938-0.990, P = 0.006). Conclusion Our MR analyses showed a causal relationship between cathepsins and cancers and may help provide new insights for further mechanistic and clinical studies of cathepsin-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xixue Lu
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemin Jia
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxin Du
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Baorui Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meina Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fanjie Liu
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Seseogullari-Dirihan R, Tekbas Atay M, Pashley DH, Tezvergil-Mutluay A. Inhibitory effect of curcuminoid pretreatments on endogenous dentin proteases. Dent Mater J 2018; 37:445-452. [PMID: 29491199 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcuminoids on the dentin endogenous protease activity. Demineralized dentin were pretreated with 50 or 100 µM of three different curcuminoids for 60 s and incubated up to 3 months. Untreated beams served as controls. Dry dentin mass was measured after incubation. Aliquots were analyzed for the quantity of ICTP and CTX releases for MMP and cathepsin-K mediated degradation, respectively. The effect of curcuminoids on matrix-bound MMP and soluble rhMMP-9 were measured using an activity assay. Data were subjected to repeated-measures-ANOVA (α=0.05). Gelatinolytic activity was analyzed using zymography. ICTP and CTX release and dry mass loss of curcuminoid-treated groups were significantly lower than the control. Inhibition of rhMMP-9 varied from 29-49% among curcumonoid-treated groups, whereas no inhibition was observed at untreated control (p>0.05). Results were confirmed by zymography. The study showed that the pretreatment of dentin matrices by curcuminoids decreases endogenous protease activity-mediated degradation in dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meltem Tekbas Atay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University
| | | | - Arzu Tezvergil-Mutluay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku.,Turku University Hospital, TYKS, University of Turku
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Ravish I, Raghav N. SAR studies of differently functionalized 4′-phenylchalcone based compounds as inhibitors of cathepsins B, H and L. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
4′-Phenylchalcones and their cyclised derivatives as novel inhibitors of cathepsin B, H and L, potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Ravish
- Department of Chemistry
- Kurukshetra University
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry
- Kurukshetra University
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
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Raghav N, Singh M. Acyl hydrazides and triazoles as novel inhibitors of mammalian cathepsin B and cathepsin H. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:231-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Curcumin as inhibitor of mammalian Cathepsin B, Cathepsin H, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase: a correlation with pharmacological activities. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chen CY, Tsai MM, Chi HC, Lin KH. Biological significance of a thyroid hormone-regulated secretome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2271-84. [PMID: 23429180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), modulates several physiological processes, including cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, via interactions with thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Several intracellular and extracellular protein candidates are regulated by T3. Moreover, T3-regulated secreted proteins participate in physiological processes or cellular transformation. T3 has been employed as a marker in several disorders, such as cardiovascular disorder in chronic kidney disease, as well as diseases of the liver, immune system, endocrine hormone metabolism and coronary artery. Our group subsequently showed that T3 regulates several tumor-related secretory proteins, leading to cancer progression via alterations in extracellular matrix proteases and tumor-associated signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinomas. Therefore, elucidation of T3/thyroid hormone receptor-regulated secretory proteins and their underlying mechanisms in cancers should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a detailed summary on the known secretory proteins regulated by T3 and their physiological significance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Jevnikar Z, Rojnik M, Jamnik P, Doljak B, Fonovic UP, Kos J. Cathepsin H mediates the processing of talin and regulates migration of prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:2201-9. [PMID: 23204516 PMCID: PMC3554893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein talin, an actin- and β-integrin tail-binding protein, plays an important role in cell migration by promoting integrin activation and focal adhesion formation. Here, we show that talin is a substrate for cathepsin H (CtsH), a lysosomal cysteine protease with a strong aminopeptidase activity. Purified active CtsH sequentially cleaved a synthetic peptide representing the N terminus of the talin F0 head domain. The processing of talin by CtsH was determined also in the metastatic PC-3 prostate cancer cell line, which exhibits increased expression of CtsH. The attenuation of CtsH aminopeptidase activity by a specific inhibitor or siRNA-mediated silencing significantly reduced the migration of PC-3 cells on fibronectin and invasion through Matrigel. We found that in migrating PC-3 cells, CtsH was co-localized with talin in the focal adhesions. Furthermore, specific inhibition of CtsH increased the activation of α(v)β(3)-integrin on PC-3 cells. We propose that CtsH-mediated processing of talin might promote cancer cell progression by affecting integrin activation and adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Jevnikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Gocheva V, Chen X, Peters C, Reinheckel T, Joyce JA. Deletion of cathepsin H perturbs angiogenic switching, vascularization and growth of tumors in a mouse model of pancreatic islet cell cancer. Biol Chem 2011; 391:937-45. [PMID: 20731543 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases can regulate many aspects of tumor development as their actions, which include degradation of the extracellular matrix, proteolytic processing of chemokines and activation of other enzymes, influence several key tumorigenic processes. Members of one protease class, the cysteine cathepsins, have received increasing recognition for their involvement in cancer development, and numerous clinical studies have reported correlations between elevated cathepsin levels and malignant progression. This is also the case for cathepsin H, a member of the cysteine cathepsin family, and its utility as a prognostic marker has been analyzed extensively. However, there is limited information available on its specific functions in tumor development and progression. To gain further insight into the role of this protease in cancer, we crossed cathepsin H-deficient mice with the RIP1-Tag2 model of pancreatic islet carcinogenesis. Deletion of cathepsin H significantly impaired angiogenic switching of the pre-malignant hyperplastic islets and resulted in a reduction in the subsequent number of tumors that formed. Moreover, the tumor burden in cathepsin H null RT2 mice was significantly reduced, in association with defects in the blood vasculature and increased apoptosis. Thus, we demonstrate here for the first time important tumor-promoting roles for cathepsin H in vivo using a mouse model of human cancer.
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Wu SM, Huang YH, Yeh CT, Tsai MM, Liao CH, Cheng WL, Chen WJ, Lin KH. Cathepsin H regulated by the thyroid hormone receptors associate with tumor invasion in human hepatoma cells. Oncogene 2011; 30:2057-69. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Skrzydlewska E, Sulkowska M, Koda M, Sulkowski S. Proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and its regulation in carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1251-66. [PMID: 15761961 PMCID: PMC4250670 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i9.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is essentially a tissue remodeling process in which normal tissue is substituted with cancer tissue. A crucial role in this process is attributed to proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Degradation of ECM is initiated by proteases, secreted by different cell types, participating in tumor cell invasion and increased expression or activity of every known class of proteases (metallo-, serine-, aspartyl-, and cysteine) has been linked to malignancy and invasion of tumor cells. Proteolytic enzymes can act directly by degrading ECM or indirectly by activating other proteases, which then degrade the ECM. They act in a determined order, resulting from the order of their activation. When proteases exert their action on other proteases, the end result is a cascade leading to proteolysis. Presumable order of events in this complicated cascade is that aspartyl protease (cathepsin D) activates cysteine proteases (e.g., cathepsin B) that can activate pro-uPA. Then active uPA can convert plasminogen into plasmin. Cathepsin B as well as plasmin are capable of degrading several components of tumor stroma and may activate zymogens of matrix metalloproteinases, the main family of ECM degrading proteases. The activities of these proteases are regulated by a complex array of activators, inhibitors and cellular receptors. In physiological conditions the balance exists between proteases and their inhibitors. Proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance may be of major significance in the cancer development. One of the reasons for such a situation is enhanced generation of free radicals observed in many pathological states. Free radicals react with main cellular components like proteins and lipids and in this way modify proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and enable penetration damaging cellular membrane. All these lead to enhancement of proteolysis and destruction of ECM proteins and in consequence to invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland.
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Waghray A, Keppler D, Sloane BF, Schuger L, Chen YQ. Analysis of a truncated form of cathepsin H in human prostate tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:11533-8. [PMID: 11796715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109557200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of proteases has been correlated with the malignant progression of a variety of tumors. We found a significant increase in cathepsin H expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. Two forms of cathepsin H, the full-length form (CTSH) and a truncated form with a 12-amino acid deletion in its signal peptide region (CTSHDelta10-21), were identified by cDNA sequence analysis. This deletion occurred not at the genomic level but likely at the RNA processing level. Both forms are expressed in prostate tissues as well as LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines. The deletion within the signal peptide region affected the trafficking of cathepsin H. Fluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and activity data indicated that the truncated form was perinuclear and secreted and had a reduced lysosomal association as compared with the full-length cathepsin H. Furthermore, the truncated cathepsin H was enzymatically active. Therefore, an increase in overall cathepsin H expression, particularly in the truncated form with a high secretion propensity, may affect cell biological behaviors such as those associated with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Waghray
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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12
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Bartenjev I, Rudolf Z, Stabuc B, Vrhovec I, Perkovic T, Kansky A. Cathepsin D expression in early cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39:599-602. [PMID: 10971728 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aspartic proteinase cathepsin D is believed to be associated with proteolytic processes leading to the invasion and seeding of tumor cells. An association between cathepsin D tissue concentration and aggressiveness of tumors has been detected in different cancer types, as well as in metastatic melanoma. METHODS The concentration of cathepsin D was measured immunoradiometrically (ELSA-CATH-D kit, CIS Bio International) in the cytosols of 51 primary cutaneous melanomas (with Breslow index < 4 mm) to estimate the tissue concentrations of cathepsin D in early cutaneous melanoma. RESULTS A significantly elevated concentration of cathepsin D was measured in the tumor cytosols as compared to adjacent normal tissue (44.2 vs. 14.7 pmol/mg of total protein, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that cathepsin D is expressed at high levels by melanoma cells. The extremely high expression of cathepsin D in two of our patients, with later progression of the disease over a 42-month follow-up period, suggests a possible correlation between the cathepsin D tissue concentration and the prognosis of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bartenjev
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Medical Centre, Institute of Oncology, and Institute of Pathology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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del Re EC, Shuja S, Cai J, Murnane MJ. Alterations in cathepsin H activity and protein patterns in human colorectal carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1317-26. [PMID: 10755408 PMCID: PMC2374483 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our analyses of cathepsin H activity levels and protein forms in human colorectal cancers compared to matched control mucosa support the concept that altered proteinase expression patterns may reflect both cancer stage and site. Cathepsin H-specific activity was significantly increased in colorectal cancers compared to control mucosa (P = 0.003; n = 77). Highest specific activities and cancer/normal ratios (C/N) for activity were measured in Dukes' B and C stage carcinomas, cancers involved in local spread and invasion to lymph nodes. In contrast, cathepsin B and L activities analysed in the same paired extracts had been shown to be most frequently elevated in earlier stage carcinomas (Dukes' A and B), confirming that cathepsin H demonstrates a distinct pattern of expression during colorectal cancer progression. Although cathepsin H activities were most commonly elevated in Dukes' C cancers at all colon sites, both specific activity and C/N ratios were significantly higher for cancers of the left colon compared to other colon locations. A subset of 43 paired extracts analysed on Western blots also revealed consistent changes in cathepsin H protein forms in cancers. Normal mucosa typically showed a strong protein doublet at 31 and 29 kDa while cancers demonstrated decreased expression or total loss of the 31 kDa protein (90% of cases), equal or increased expression of the 29-kDa protein (67% of cases) and the new appearance or up-regulation of a cathepsin H band at 22 kDa (78% of cases). C/N ratios for cathepsin H enzyme activity correlated significantly with C/N ratios for the 29 kDa mature single-chain protein form (P < 0.001), with increased activity most commonly associated with elevated expression of 29-kDa cathepsin H but also with up-regulation of the 22-kDa band, suggesting a shift to more fully processed, mature active cathepsin H protein forms in cancers. Changes in cathepsin H expression were also detected by immunohistochemistry as elevated cathepsin H staining in tumour epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C del Re
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
A significant number of exciting papain-like cysteine protease structures have been determined by crystallographic methods over the last several years. This trove of data allows for an analysis of the structural features that empower these molecules as they efficiently carry out their specialized tasks. Although the structure of the paradigm for the family, papain, has been known for twenty years, recent efforts have reaped several structures of specialized mammalian enzymes. This review first covers the commonalities of architecture and purpose of the papain-like cysteine proteases. From that broad platform, each of the lysosomal enzymes for which there is an X-ray structure (or structures) is then examined to gain an understanding of what structural features are used to customize specificity and activity. Structure-based design of inhibitors to control pathological cysteine protease activity will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McGrath
- Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Guncar G, Podobnik M, Pungercar J, Strukelj B, Turk V, Turk D. Crystal structure of porcine cathepsin H determined at 2.1 A resolution: location of the mini-chain C-terminal carboxyl group defines cathepsin H aminopeptidase function. Structure 1998; 6:51-61. [PMID: 9493267 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin H is a lysosomal cysteine protease, involved in intracellular protein degradation. It is the only known mono-aminopeptidase in the papain-like family and is reported to be involved in tumor metastasis. The cathepsin H structure was determined in order to investigate the structural basis for its aminopeptidase activity and thus to provide the basis for structure-based design of synthetic inhibitors. RESULTS The crystal structure of native porcine cathepsin H was determined at 2.1 A resolution. The structure has the typical papain-family fold. The so-called mini-chain, the octapeptide EPQNCSAT, is attached via a disulfide bond to the body of the enzyme and bound in a narrowed active-site cleft, in the substrate-binding direction. The mini-chain fills the region that in related enzymes comprises the non-primed substrate-binding sites from S2 backwards. CONCLUSIONS The crystal structure of cathepsin H reveals that the mini-chain has a definitive role in substrate recognition and that carbohydrate residues attached to the body of the enzyme are involved in positioning the mini-chain in the active-site cleft. Modeling of a substrate into the active-site cleft suggests that the negatively charged carboxyl group of the C terminus of the mini-chain acts as an anchor for the positively charged N-terminal amino group of a substrate. The observed displacements of the residues within the active-site cleft from their equivalent positions in the papain-like endopeptidases suggest that they form the structural basis for the positioning of both the mini-chain and the substrate, resulting in exopeptidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guncar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Marzella L, Lee HK. Chapter 5 Role of lysosomes in cell injury. PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY A MULTI-VOLUME WORK, VOLUME 13 1998. [PMCID: PMC7149001 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(98)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic intracellular vacuoles of heterogeneous shape, size, and content. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids derived from intracellular (through autophagy) and extracellular (through heterophagy) sources. Lysosomal degradation regulates several physiological cell functions. These include turnover of cellular organelles and extracellular constituents; amino acid and glucose homeostasis; processing of proteins; lipid metabolism; cell growth, differentiation, and involution; host defenses against microorganisms and other pathogens; and removal of necrotic and foreign material from the circulation and from tissues. Lysosomal degradation also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic cell injury, inflammation and repair, and tumor growth and metastasis. The participation of the lysosomes in the specific types of cell injury we have discussed is due to altered regulation of one or more of the following processes: turnover of cellular organelles by autophagic degradation; levels and activities of lysosomal hydrolases; levels of intracellular and extracellular lysosomal hydrolase inhibitors; transport of degradation products from the lysosomal matrix to the cytosol; permeability of the lysosomal membrane to hydrolases; lysosomal vacuolar acidification; transport of degradable substrates and of pathogens to the lysosomes; transport and processing of secretory proteins and lysosomal hydrolases during biogenesis; traffic and fusion of lysosomal vacuoles and vesicles; secretion of lysosomal hydrolases; and accumulation of metals, particularly iron, acidotropic agents, and undegraded and/or undegradable materials in lysosomes.
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Würl P, Taubert H, Meye A, Dansranjavin T, Weber E, Günther D, Berger D, Schmidt H, Dralle H, Rath FW. Immunohistochemical and clinical evaluation of cathepsin expression in soft tissue sarcomas. Virchows Arch 1997; 430:221-5. [PMID: 9099979 DOI: 10.1007/bf01324805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal proteases are known to enhance the spread of epithelial tumour cells, but little is known of the possible role of proteases in the growth of soft tissue sarcomas (STS). We investigated the expression of cathepsins D, B, S, H, L and procathepsin L in frozen sections of 34 STS from 34 patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cathepsins D, B and H were relatively highly expressed in STS (77-91%). The expression rate of cathepsins S and L and of procathepsin L was lower (40-66%). Cathepsin S and L expression showed a moderate (P = 0.078 and P = 0.019) and procathepsin L a strong (P = 0.00001) correlation with the survival rate of STS patients. Cathepsin S expression is also correlated with the local recurrence rate (P < 0.01). Lysosomal proteases may play a role in STS progression, and cathepsin expression may also have significance as a prognostic factor in STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Würl
- Clinic of General Surgery, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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Schweiger A, Stabuc B, Popovíc T, Turk V, Kos J. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of total cathepsin H in human tissue cytosols and sera. J Immunol Methods 1997; 201:165-72. [PMID: 9050938 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(96)00218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was constructed for the determination of total human cathepsin H concentration in clinical samples. Utilising monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, raised to human liver cathepsin H, the assay is able to detect a mature protein, a precursor molecule and enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The test system permits sensitive and reliable detection of analyte either in tissue cytosols or in sera. The detection limit is 2 ng/ml (n = 10, mean of zero standard +/- 3 SD). The average recovery of cathepsin H, added to the low content samples, was 95.3% +/- 1.8%. The within-run and between-run coefficient of variance (CV) varied from 2.3% to 8.9% and 12.7% to 16.4%, respectively, indicating satisfactory reproducibility of the method. The level of cathepsin H was defined in tissue cytosols of human heart, muscle and kidney and in sera from 30 healthy individuals. Additionally, cathepsin H was measured in sera from 55 patients with primary skin melanoma and from 42 patients with metastatic melanoma. The mean cathepsin H level was significantly higher for both groups of patients compared to normal sera level, being highest for metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schweiger
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Mueller BM. Different roles for plasminogen activators and metalloproteinases in melanoma metastasis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213 ( Pt 1):65-80. [PMID: 8814995 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61107-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant human melanoma cells produce many matrix-degrading enzymes, including plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinases. These enzymes have substrate specificity for different components of ECM and most of them have been demonstrated to contribute to melanoma cell-mediated dissolution of matrices and to melanoma cell invasion. The degradation of complex matrices in vitro requires the cooperation of proteases with specificity for glycoproteins and collagens. The contribution of proteases to spontaneous melanoma metastasis was studied by overexpressing specific protease inhibitors in human melanoma cells. Overexpression of PAI-2 inhibited the spread of distant metastasis indicating a role for uPA/plasmin in melanoma invasion. Overexpression of TIMP-2, in contrast, reduced the growth rate of subcutaneous tumors, but did not inhibit metastasis, indicating that MMP activities promote melanoma growth in the skin and may not be required for metastatic dissemination. Thus, uPA and MMP activities are involved in different processes, but they both contribute to melanoma malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Mueller
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kageshita T, Yoshii A, Kimura T, Maruo K, Ono T, Himeno M, Nishimura Y. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsins B, H, L and D in human melanocytic tumours. Arch Dermatol Res 1995; 287:266-72. [PMID: 7598531 DOI: 10.1007/bf01105077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We carried out biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of cathepsins B, H, L and D in human melanocytic tumours using monospecific antibodies against rat cathepsins. In Western blot analysis, anti-rat cathepsin antibodies reacted with the cathepsins from normal human tissues and human malignant melanoma. However, the molecular profiles of the cathepsins from human melanoma were slightly different from those of the rat cathepsins, suggesting a distinct intracellular processing mechanism for cathepsins in human melanoma. Although cathepsins B, H, L and D were expressed in primary and metastatic melanomas and pigmented naevi immunohistochemically, the intensity of staining in metastatic melanomas was stronger than in primary melanomas and pigmented naevi. These findings suggest that anti-rat cathepsin antibodies may be useful in biochemical and/or immunohistochemical analysis of human melanocytic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kageshita
- Department of Dermatology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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22
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Moin K, Day NA, Sameni M, Hasnain S, Hirama T, Sloane BF. Human tumour cathepsin B. Comparison with normal liver cathepsin B. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 2):427-34. [PMID: 1637335 PMCID: PMC1132806 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B was purified from normal human liver and several human tumour tissues and partially characterized. Three forms of cathepsin B, with molecular masses of 25 kDa, 26 kDa (the two appearing as a doublet) and 30 kDa, were detected in SDS/polyacrylamide gels. The 25-26 kDa doublet was associated with the fractions from tumours and normal liver containing the highest cathepsin B activity. Cathepsin B from both sources showed similar pH optima. Both normal liver and tumour cathepsin B exhibited similar kinetics against selected synthetic substrates. At neutral pH and 24 degrees C, cathepsin B from both normal liver and tumour exhibited a lower Km and a higher kcat./Km than at pH 6.0. Their inhibitory profiles against synthetic inhibitors were also similar. Immunological studies with a monospecific antibody against the mature double-chain form of human liver cathepsin B and an antibody against a cathepsin B-derived synthetic peptide established the immunological similarity of liver and tumour enzymes. The N-terminal sequences of the 25 kDa and 26 kDa forms were identical with that of the heavy chain of the mature double-chain form of human cathepsin B, whereas the N-terminal sequence of the 30 kDa species was identical with that of the single-chain form of human cathepsin B. Treatment of the double-chain form of cathepsin B from normal liver and tumours with the endoglycosidase peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase converted the 26 kDa form into 25 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that cathepsin B may exist as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Our results, in contrast with those reported earlier for mouse cathepsin B, indicate that human liver and tumour cathepsin B are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moin
- Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
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