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Mantovani A, Lonardo A, Stefan N, Targher G. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and extrahepatic gastrointestinal cancers. Metabolism 2024; 160:156014. [PMID: 39182602 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) poses a significant and ever-increasing health and economic burden worldwide. Substantial epidemiological evidence shows that MASLD is a multisystem disease that is associated not only with liver-related complications but is also associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic comorbidities and extrahepatic cancers (principally gastrointestinal [GI] cancers). GI cancers account for a quarter of the global cancer incidence and a third of cancer-related deaths. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the literature on (a) the epidemiological data on the risk of non-liver GI cancers in MASLD, (b) the putative mechanisms by which MASLD (and factors linked with MASLD) may increase this risk, and (c) the possible pharmacotherapies beneficially affecting both MASLD and extrahepatic GI cancer risk. There are multiple potential pathophysiological mechanisms by which MASLD may increase extrahepatic GI cancer risk. Although further studies are needed, the current evidence supports a possible extrahepatic carcinogenic role for MASLD, regardless of obesity and diabetes status, thus highlighting the potential role of tailoring cancer screening for individuals with MASLD. Although there are conflicting data in the literature, aspirin, statins and metformin appear to exert some chemo-preventive effects against GI cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Italy; Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, IRCCS Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy.
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Hánělová K, Raudenská M, Masařík M, Balvan J. Protein cargo in extracellular vesicles as the key mediator in the progression of cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:25. [PMID: 38200509 PMCID: PMC10777590 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles of endosomal origin that are released by almost all cell types, even those that are pathologically altered. Exosomes widely participate in cell-to-cell communication via transferring cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and other metabolites, into recipient cells. Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in many important molecular pathways and affect various hallmarks of cancer, including fibroblasts activation, modification of the tumour microenvironment (TME), modulation of immune responses, angiogenesis promotion, setting the pre-metastatic niche, enhancing metastatic potential, and affecting therapy sensitivity and resistance. The unique exosome biogenesis, composition, nontoxicity, and ability to target specific tumour cells bring up their use as promising drug carriers and cancer biomarkers. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes, with an emphasis on their protein cargo, in the key mechanisms promoting cancer progression. We also briefly summarise the mechanism of exosome biogenesis, its structure, protein composition, and potential as a signalling hub in both normal and pathological conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Hánělová
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenská
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masařík
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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Nimptsch K, Aleksandrova K, Pham TT, Papadimitriou N, Janke J, Christakoudi S, Heath A, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Schulze MB, Katzke V, Kaaks R, van Guelpen B, Harbs J, Palli D, Macciotta A, Pasanisi F, Yohar SMC, Guevara M, Amiano P, Grioni S, Jakszyn PG, Figueiredo JC, Samadder NJ, Li CI, Moreno V, Potter JD, Schoen RE, Um CY, Weiderpass E, Jenab M, Gunter MJ, Pischon T. Prospective and Mendelian randomization analyses on the association of circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4) and risk of colorectal cancer. BMC Med 2023; 21:391. [PMID: 37833736 PMCID: PMC10576353 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4) is a lipid-binding adipokine upregulated in obesity, which may facilitate fatty acid supply for tumor growth and promote insulin resistance and inflammation and may thus play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating FABP-4 and CRC and to assess potential causality using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS The association between pre-diagnostic plasma measurements of FABP-4 and CRC risk was investigated in a nested case-control study in 1324 CRC cases and the same number of matched controls within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. A two-sample Mendelian randomization study was conducted based on three genetic variants (1 cis, 2 trans) associated with circulating FABP-4 identified in a published genome-wide association study (discovery n = 20,436) and data from 58,131 CRC cases and 67,347 controls in the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium, Colorectal Cancer Transdisciplinary Study, and Colon Cancer Family Registry. RESULTS In conditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders including body size, the estimated relative risk, RR (95% confidence interval, CI) per one standard deviation, SD (8.9 ng/mL) higher FABP-4 concentration was 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) overall, 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) in men and 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) in women. Genetically determined higher FABP-4 was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (RR per FABP-4 SD was 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) overall, 1.03 (0.84, 1.26) in men and 1.21 (0.98, 1.48) in women). However, in a cis-MR approach, a statistically significant association was observed in women (RR 1.56, 1.09, 2.23) but not overall (RR 1.23, 0.97, 1.57) or in men (0.99, 0.71, 1.37). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these analyses provide no support for a causal role of circulating FABP-4 in the development of CRC, although the cis-MR provides some evidence for a positive association in women, which may deserve to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nimptsch
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thu Thi Pham
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikos Papadimitriou
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alicia Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Århus, Århus, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nutehtal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Verena Katzke
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bethany van Guelpen
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justin Harbs
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Macciotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pasanisi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandra Milena Colorado Yohar
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Demography and Health, National Faculty of Public Health, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31003, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paula Gabriela Jakszyn
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Jewel Samadder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher I Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victor Moreno
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Y Um
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany
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Xing X, Cao F, Gao L, Song M. AHSG, a Gene Promoting Tumour Proliferation, Migration and Invasion, is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Poor Overall Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7659-7666. [PMID: 37535244 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that the metabolic process-related gene AHSG is involved in multiple pathological processes of tumours. This study will explore the relationship between AHSG and lung adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression analysis, survival analysis and co-expression analysis of AHSG were performed using a public database, and cytological and molecular biology assays were performed to explore the role of AHSG in lung adenocarcinoma. RESULT Compared with normal tissues, AHSG expression was significantly higher in cancer tissues in the TCGA-LUAD database, and pan-cancer analysis revealed abnormal AHSG expression in different kinds of tumours. Survival analysis revealed that compared with the low expression group, the patients in the high expression group had a significantly worse overall survival duration in the TCGA-LUAD database, and a subsequent study confirmed that AHSG expression could be an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma. AHSG-related genes are involved in multiple physiological and pathophysiological pathways. In subsequent cytological and molecular biology experiments, inhibition of AHSG expression suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, and the EMT process was blocked after knockdown of AHSG. CONCLUSION AHSG could be used as a prognostic factor for OS in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. It can promote the biological behaviour of lung adenocarcinoma and may become a potential target for treatment, which is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xing
- Department of General Medical, The Second Hospital of Heibei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Heibei province, China
| | - Fumin Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Heibei province, China
| | - Liping Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Heibei province, China
| | - Minglei Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Heibei province, China.
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Li X, Ma C. Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid-glycoprotein (AHSG) a potential biomarker associated with prognosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: The PROPOLIS study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e878. [PMID: 36262809 PMCID: PMC9576116 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) is the third common pathological subtype in renal cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms of specific genetic characteristics of chRCC are currently unclear. In this study, protein expression profiles, gene ontology (GO), and survival plots were provided by integrated bioinformatics analysis to investigate key genes associated with the mechanism of tumorigenesis and prognosis of chRCC. Methods The chRCC data set of gene expression profiles and clinical data were obtained from the gdc-client (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov) deposited on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data portal. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in chRCC, compared with normal samples, were analyzed by R packages "DESeq2," "edgeR," and "limma." Heat maps, volcano plots, and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for integrated analyses. GUniGO, mutant analysis, and survival plots were performed by R packages. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated and analyzed by R packages, online String software, and Cytoscape software. Survival analysis and gene expressing comparison in tumor and normal samples were used to detect the core genes of chRCC. Furthermore, the top interacting proteins were reanalyzed. Results A total of 306 upregulated genes and 678 downregulated genes were identified by a Venn diagram. Ten hub genes were extracted from PPI network. Furthermore, Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid-glycoprotein (AHSG), one of 10 hub genes, was found to be associated with chRCC, and had a big difference in expression between survival and dead events. AHSG could predict potential prognostic and may be a diagnostic biomarker in chRCC. Conclusion This study illustrated that AHSG may be a potential therapeutic target and prognostic genetic marker for chRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Cuiyan Ma
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, RIIT, Institute of Internet IndustryTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Integrative Medicine Center, School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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Deng Y, Wang L, Huang J, Ding H, Wong MCS. Associations between potential causal factors and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. J Dig Dis 2022; 23:435-445. [PMID: 36169182 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the associations between potential causal factors and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk based on existing Mendelian randomization studies. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis involved a literature search in Embase and Medline. All published articles using Mendelian randomization to explore potential causal factors of CRC were included. Studies that reported Mendelian randomization estimates of standard deviation changes in exposures were included in the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses based on sex and anatomical sites were performed. RESULTS One hundred and ninety studies presented in 51 articles were included in systematic review, and 114 studies conducted in 32 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Adult body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, body height, body fat percentage, arm fat ratio, childhood obesity, lifetime cigarette consumption, short sleep, coffee consumption, and blood levels of vitamin B12 , arachidonic acid, stearic acid, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 were positively associated with CRC risk. Conversely, acceleration-vector-magnitude physical activity, milk consumption, and blood levels of adiponectin, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, interleukin-6 receptor subunit-α, and tumor necrosis factor were inversely associated with CRC risk. CONCLUSIONS Most obesity-related anthropometric characteristics, several unhealthy lifestyles, and blood levels of some micronutrients, fatty acids, and diabetes-related biomarkers were positively associated with CRC risk. In contrast, some lifestyles and blood levels of some fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers were inversely associated with CRC risk. Future studies with more valid genetic variants are needed for factors with discrepancies between Mendelian randomization and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Deng
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lyu Wang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hanyue Ding
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin Chi Sang Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Public Health, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Markozannes G, Kanellopoulou A, Dimopoulou O, Kosmidis D, Zhang X, Wang L, Theodoratou E, Gill D, Burgess S, Tsilidis KK. Systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies on risk of cancer. BMC Med 2022; 20:41. [PMID: 35105367 PMCID: PMC8809022 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to map and describe the current state of Mendelian randomization (MR) literature on cancer risk and to identify associations supported by robust evidence. METHODS We searched PubMed and Scopus up to 06/10/2020 for MR studies investigating the association of any genetically predicted risk factor with cancer risk. We categorized the reported associations based on a priori designed levels of evidence supporting a causal association into four categories, namely robust, probable, suggestive, and insufficient, based on the significance and concordance of the main MR analysis results and at least one of the MR-Egger, weighed median, MRPRESSO, and multivariable MR analyses. Associations not presenting any of the aforementioned sensitivity analyses were not graded. RESULTS We included 190 publications reporting on 4667 MR analyses. Most analyses (3200; 68.6%) were not accompanied by any of the assessed sensitivity analyses. Of the 1467 evaluable analyses, 87 (5.9%) were supported by robust, 275 (18.7%) by probable, and 89 (6.1%) by suggestive evidence. The most prominent robust associations were observed for anthropometric indices with risk of breast, kidney, and endometrial cancers; circulating telomere length with risk of kidney, lung, osteosarcoma, skin, thyroid, and hematological cancers; sex steroid hormones and risk of breast and endometrial cancer; and lipids with risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Despite the large amount of research on genetically predicted risk factors for cancer risk, limited associations are supported by robust evidence for causality. Most associations did not present a MR sensitivity analysis and were thus non-evaluable. Future research should focus on more thorough assessment of sensitivity MR analyses and on more transparent reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Mary's Campus, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Afroditi Kanellopoulou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Kosmidis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- CRUK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Mary's Campus, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Mary's Campus, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Niu L, Gao C, Li Y. Identification of potential core genes in colorectal carcinoma and key genes in colorectal cancer liver metastasis using bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23938. [PMID: 34907282 PMCID: PMC8671463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. Meanwhile, the majority of CRC related deaths results from liver metastasis. Gene expression profile of CRC patients with liver Metastasis was identified using 4 datasets. The data was analyzed using GEO2R tool. GO and KEGG pathway analysis were performed. PPI network of the DEGs between 1 and 2 gene sets was also constructed. The set 1 is named between primary CRC tissues and metastatic CRC tissues. The set 2 is named between primary CRC tissues and normal tissues. Finally, the prognostic value of hub genes was also analyzed. 35 DEGs (set 1) and 142 DEGs (set 2) were identified between CRC liver metastatic cancer patients. The PPI network was constructed using the top 10 set 1 hub genes which included AHSG, SERPINC1, FGA, F2, CP, ITIH2, APOA2, HPX, PLG, HRG and set 2 hub genes which included TIMP1, CXCL1, COL1A2, MMP1, AURKA, UBE2C, CXCL12, TOP2A, ALDH1A1 and PRKACB. Therefore, ITIH2 might represent the potential core gene for colon cancer liver metastasis. COL1A2 behaves as a key gene in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Niu
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Fuyong People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518103, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shihua Residential District Community Health Service Center, 12th Xiangzhou Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, Shanghai, China.
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Yan F, Gao M, Gong Y, Zhang L, Ai N, Zhang J, Chai Y, Wu S, Liu Q, Jiang X, Deng H, Liu W. Proteomic analysis of underlying apoptosis mechanisms of human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells in response to mechanical stretch. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7604-7619. [PMID: 32437028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated mechanical stretch (MS) could induce the apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, but the related mechanisms remained unclear. This study was to characterize the protein expression profile in RPE cell line ARPE-19 exposed to MS, cytochalasin D (CD; an inhibitor of actin polymerization) or CD + MS at 2-time points (6, 24 hr; n = 3, at each time point) by using proteomics technique. Our data highlighted that compared with control, ECE1 was continuously downregulated in ARPE-19 cells treated by MS or CD + MS from 6 to 24 hr. Function and protein-protein interaction network analyses showed ATAD2 was downregulated in all three treatment groups compared with control, but successive upregulation of RPS13 and RPL7 and downregulation of AHSG were specifically induced by MS. ATAD2 was enriched in cell cycle; AHSG was associated with membrane organization; RPS13 and RPL7 participated in ribosome biogenesis. Furthermore, transcription factor CREB1 that was upregulated in MS group at 24 hr after treatment, may negatively regulate ATAD2. The expressions of all crucial proteins in ARPE-19 cells were confirmed by western blot analysis. Overexpression of ATAD2 and AHSG were also shown to reverse the apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells induced by MS or CD + MS, with significantly decreased apoptotic rates and caspase-3 activities. Accordingly, our findings suggest downregulation of ATAD2 and AHSG may be potential contributors to the apoptosis of RPE cells induced by MS. Overexpression of them may represent underlying preventive and therapeutic strategies for MS-induced retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fancheng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yiyi Gong
- Central Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nanping Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Chai
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Huainan, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Anhui, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Liu
- Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Gala H, Tomlinson I. The use of Mendelian randomisation to identify causal cancer risk factors: promise and limitations. J Pathol 2020; 250:541-554. [PMID: 32154591 DOI: 10.1002/path.5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of observational analyses, such as classical epidemiological studies or randomised controlled trials (RCTs), to infer causality in cancer may be problematic due to both ethical reasons and technical issues, such as confounding variables and reverse causation. Mendelian randomisation (MR) is an epidemiological technique that uses genetic variants as proxies for exposures in an attempt to determine whether there is a causal link between an exposure and an outcome. Given that genetic variants are randomly assigned during meiosis according to Mendel's first and second laws of heritability, MR may be thought of as a 'natural' RCT and is therefore less vulnerable to the aforementioned problems. MR has the potential to help identify new, and validate or disprove previously implicated, modifiable risk factors in cancer, but it is not without limitations. This review provides a brief description of the history and principles of MR, as well as a guide to basic MR methodology. The bulk of the review then examines various limitations of MR in more detail, discussing some of the proposed solutions to these problems. The review ends with a brief section detailing the practical implementation of MR, with examples of its use in the study of cancer, and an assessment of its utility in identifying cancer predisposition traits. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Gala
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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He L, Shi X, Liu Z, Ren X, Zhang C, Yang Z, Li Z. Roles Of EAAT1, DHFR, And Fetuin-A In The Pathogenesis, Progression And Prognosis Of Chondrosarcoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8411-8420. [PMID: 31695419 PMCID: PMC6811368 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a high-morbidity, relatively common bone malignancy without well-established biomarkers. The proteins EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A have been investigated in many cancers, but their specific relationship to CS has not been reported. The present study examined EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A expression in CS and the clinicopathological significance of these proteins in CS pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis. Methods EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A protein levels in 80 CS and 25 chondroma specimens were measured by immunohistochemistry and related to histological and clinical factors with chi-squared tests. Following univariate survival analysis, ROC curves calculation, and multivariate analysis. Results EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A expression levels were significantly higher in the CS group than in the chondroma group (p < 0.05). Their immunopositivity rates were significantly greater in tissues with moderate or poor tumor differentiation, AJCC stage III or IV, Enneking stage II or III, and metastasis (p<0.05 or p<0.01 or p<0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed significantly shorter survival in patients with moderately or poorly differentiated tumors, AJCC stage III or IV CS, Enneking stage II or III CS, metastasis, invasion, or EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A immunopositivity (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that moderate or poor tumor differentiation, AJCC stage III or IV, Enneking stage II or III, metastasis, invasion, and EAAT1, DHFR, or fetuin-A immunopositivity correlated negatively with postoperative survival and positively with mortality (p < 0.05). The AUCs for EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A were 0.654 (95% CI: 0.532–0.776, p = 0.025), 0.638 (95% CI: 0.519–0.756, p = 0.039), and 0.670 (95% CI: 0.556–0.784, p = 0.011), respectively. Conclusion EAAT1, DHFR, and fetuin-A may be important biomarkers of the pathogenesis and progression of CS and predictors of its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lile He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsa, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyue Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsa, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
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12
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Cornish AJ, Tomlinson IPM, Houlston RS. Mendelian randomisation: A powerful and inexpensive method for identifying and excluding non-genetic risk factors for colorectal cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:41-47. [PMID: 30710596 PMCID: PMC6856712 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in economically developed countries and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. The importance of lifestyle and diet as major determinants of CRC risk is suggested by differences in CRC incidence between countries and in migration studies. Previous observational epidemiological studies have identified associations between modifiable environmental risk factors and CRC, but these studies can be susceptible to reverse causation and confounding, and their results can therefore conflict. Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis represents an approach complementary to conventional observational studies examining associations between exposures and disease. The MR strategy employs allelic variants as instrumental variables (IVs), which act as proxies for non-genetic exposures. These allelic variants are randomly assigned during meiosis and can therefore inform on life-long exposure, whilst not being subject to reverse causation. In previous studies MR frameworks have associated several modifiable factors with CRC risk, including adiposity, hyperlipidaemia, fatty acid profile and alcohol consumption. In this review we detail the use of MR to investigate and discover CRC risk factors, and its future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Cornish
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Ian P M Tomlinson
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Histopathology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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13
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Pierscianek D, Ahmadipour Y, Oppong MD, Rauschenbach L, Kebir S, Glas M, Sure U, Jabbarli R. Blood-Based Biomarkers in High Grade Gliomas: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6071-6079. [PMID: 30719642 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) are the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. During the course of disease, several challenges occur, like measuring tumor burden, monitoring of treatment response, estimating the patient's prognosis, and distinguishing between true progression and pseudo-progression. So far, no blood-based biomarker has been established in the clinical routine to address these challenges. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the present evidence on blood-based biomarkers for HGG. We systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases for publications before 30th of March 2018 reporting on associations of blood-based biomarkers in HGG patients with different endpoints as overall survival, progression-free survival, and postoperative monitoring. Quality assessment of the studies according to QUIPS and STARD guidelines was performed. In accordance with the GRADE guidelines, level of evidence (I-IV) for each of the tested biomarkers was assessed. One thousand six hundred eighty unique records were identified. Of these, 170 original articles were included to this review. Four hundred fifteen different blood-based biomarkers analyzed in 15.041 patients with HGG as also their corresponding recurrent tumors. Ten predictive biomarkers reached level II of evidence. No biomarker achieved level I of evidence. In this review, 10 blood-based biomarkers were selected as most promising biomarkers for HGG: α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG), albumin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor- binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1δ (MIP-1 δ), macrophage inflammatory protein 3ß (MIP-3ß), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), soluble glycoprotein 130 (Sgp130), and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40). To further assess the clinical significance of these biomarkers, the evaluation in a larger cohort of HGG and their corresponding subgroups would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pierscianek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Yahya Ahmadipour
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marvin Darkwah Oppong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sied Kebir
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ramazan Jabbarli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Niu L, Song X, Wang N, Xue L, Song X, Xie L. Tumor-derived exosomal proteins as diagnostic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:433-442. [PMID: 30407700 PMCID: PMC6317937 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a role for exosomal protein in diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to identify the tumor‐derived exosomal biomarkers in the serum that improve the diagnostic value in Chinese non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Serum exosomes were isolated from healthy donors (n = 46) and NSCLC patients (n = 125) by ultracentrifugation and were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, qNano, and immunoblotting. Proteomic profiles (by mass spectrometry) revealed multiple differentially expressed proteins in the healthy and NSCLC groups. The exosomal expression levels of alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein (AHSG) and extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) increased significantly in the NSCLC patients compared to the healthy group. Alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein showed diagnostic values with a maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as 0.736 for NSCLC vs healthy individuals (P < .0001) and 0.682 for early stage NSCLC vs healthy individuals (P < .01). Extracellular matrix protein 1 showed the diagnostic capacity with AUC values of 0.683 (P < .001) and 0.656 (P < .05) in cancer and early stage NSCLC compared to healthy individuals. When AHSG was combined with ECM1, the AUCs were 0.795 and 0.739 in NSCLC and early stage patients, respectively. Taken together, the combination of AHSG, ECM1, and carcinoembryonic antigen improved the diagnostic potential of NSCLC. The diagnosis values were AUC of 0.938 for NSCLC and 0.911 for early stage NSCLC vs healthy individuals. Our results suggest that novel proteomic signatures found in serum exosomes of NSCLC patients show potential usefulness as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Niu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xingguo Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xianrang Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Abstract
Purpose of review In this paper, we summarize prior studies that have used Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods to study the effects of exposures, lifestyle factors, physical traits, and/or biomarkers on cancer risk in humans. Many such risk factors have been associated with cancer risk in observational studies, and the MR approach can be used to provide evidence as to whether these associations represent causal relationships. MR methods require a risk factor of interest to have known genetic determinants that can be used as proxies for the risk factor (i.e., "instrumental variables" or IVs), and these can be used to obtain an effect estimate that, under certain assumptions, is not prone to bias caused by unobserved confounding or reverse causality. This review seeks to describe how MR studies have contributed to our understanding of cancer causation. Recent findings We searched the published literature and identified 76 MR studies of cancer risk published prior to October 31, 2017. Risk factors commonly studied included alcohol consumption, Vitamin D, anthropometric traits, telomere length, lipid traits, glycemic traits, and markers of inflammation. Risk factors showing compelling evidence of a causal association with risk for at least one cancer type include alcohol consumption (for head/neck and colorectal), adult body mass index (increases risk for multiple cancers, but decreases risk for breast), height (increases risk for breast, colorectal, and lung; decreases risk for esophageal), telomere length (increases risk for lung adenocarcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, glioma, B-cell lymphoma subtypes, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and neuroblastoma), and hormonal factors (affects risk for sex-steroid sensitive cancers). Summary This review highlights alcohol consumption, body mass index, height, telomere length, and the hormonal exposures as factors likely to contribute to cancer causation. This review also highlights the need to study specific cancer types, ideally subtypes, as the effects of risk factors can be heterogeneous across cancer types. As consortia-based genome-wide association studies increase in sample size and analytical methods for MR continue to become more sophisticated, MR will become an increasingly powerful tool for understanding cancer causation.
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16
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Wikberg ML, Myte R, Palmqvist R, van Guelpen B, Ljuslinder I. Plasma miRNA can detect colorectal cancer, but how early? Cancer Med 2018; 7:1697-1705. [PMID: 29573205 PMCID: PMC5943420 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of deaths worldwide but has a good prognosis if detected early. The need for efficient, preferable non‐ or minimally invasive, inexpensive screening tools is therefore critical. We analyzed 12 miRNAs in pre‐ and postdiagnostic plasma samples to evaluate their potential as CRC screening markers. We used a unique study design with two overlapping cohorts, allowing analysis of pre‐ and postdiagnostic samples from 58 patients with CRC and matched healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of miR‐15b, ‐16, ‐18a, ‐19a, 21, ‐22, ‐25, ‐26a, ‐29c, ‐142‐5p, ‐150, and ‐192 were measured by semi‐quantitative real‐time PCR. Concentrations of miR‐18a, ‐21, ‐22, and ‐25 in plasma from patients with CRC were significantly altered compared to healthy controls. Combined as a multimarker panel, they detected CRC with an AUC of 0.93. Furthermore, levels of these three miRNAs also showed different levels in the prediagnostic case samples close to diagnosis. Only miR‐21‐levels were elevated several years before diagnosis. Plasma levels of miR‐18a, ‐21, ‐22, and ‐25 show promise as screening biomarkers for CRC. However, based on our unique analysis of prediagnostic and postdiagnostic samples from the same patients, we conclude that circulating miRNAs elevated at diagnosis may not automatically be suitable for CRC screening, if the increase occurs too close to clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Wikberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin Myte
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Palmqvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ingrid Ljuslinder
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Mehrsai A, Guitynavard F, Nikoobakht MR, Gooran S, Ahmadi A. The relationship between serum and urinary Fetuin-A levels and kidney stone formation among kidney stone patients. Cent European J Urol 2017; 70:394-399. [PMID: 29410892 PMCID: PMC5791390 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2017.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mineralization inhibitors are required to prevent the precipitation of minerals and inhibit the formation of kidney stones and other ectopic calcifications. In laboratory studies, Fetuin-A as a glycoprotein has inhibited hydroxyapatite precipitation in calcium and phosphate supersaturated solutions; however, information about patients with kidney stones is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of serum and urinary Fetuin-A levels with calcium oxalate kidney stones. Material and methods In this case-control study, 30 patients with kidney stones and 30 healthy individuals without any history of urolithiasis who were referred to the urology ward of Sina Hospital of Tehran, Iran, in 2015 were entered into the study. All patients underwent computerized tomography scans. After collecting demographic information, serum and urine levels of Fetuin-A and some other calcification inhibitors and promoters, were measured and compared using T-test, Mann-Whitney and logistic regression between the two study groups. Results Patients with kidney stones, on average, had lower levels of Serum Fetuin-A (1522.27 ±755.39 vs. 1914.64 ±733.76 μg/ml; P = 0.046) as well as lower levels of Urine Fetuin-A (944.62 ±188.5 vs. 1409.68 ±295.26 μg/ml; P <0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that urinary calcium and serum creatinine are the risk factors and Fetuin-A is a urinary protective factor for kidney stones. Conclusions PFC Our study showed that patients with kidney stones had lower serum and urinary levels of Fetuin-A. In the logistic regression model, urinary Fetuin-A was reported as a protective factor for kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrasoul Mehrsai
- Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Guitynavard
- Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahram Gooran
- Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayat Ahmadi
- Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Jung SY, Sobel EM, Papp JC, Zhang ZF. Effect of genetic variants and traits related to glucose metabolism and their interaction with obesity on breast and colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:290. [PMID: 28446149 PMCID: PMC5405540 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired glucose metabolism-related genetic variants and traits likely interact with obesity and related lifestyle factors, influencing postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancer (CRC), but their interconnected pathways are not fully understood. By stratifying via obesity and lifestyles, we partitioned the total effect of glucose metabolism genetic variants on cancer risk into two putative mechanisms: 1) indirect (risk-associated glucose metabolism genetic variants mediated by glucose metabolism traits) and 2) direct (risk-associated glucose metabolism genetic variants through pathways other than glucose metabolism traits) effects. METHOD Using 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with glucose metabolism and data from 5379 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Harmonized and Imputed Genome-Wide Association Studies, we retrospectively assessed the indirect and direct effects of glucose metabolism-traits (fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) using two quantitative tests. RESULTS Several SNPs were associated with breast cancer and CRC risk, and these SNP-cancer associations differed between non-obese and obese women. In both strata, the direct effect of cancer risk associated with the SNP accounted for the majority of the total effect for most SNPs, with roughly 10% of cancer risk due to the SNP that was from an indirect effect mediated by glucose metabolism traits. No apparent differences in the indirect (glucose metabolism-mediated) effects were seen between non-obese and obese women. It is notable that among obese women, 50% of cancer risk was mediated via glucose metabolism trait, owing to two SNPs: in breast cancer, in relation to GCKR through glucose, and in CRC, in relation to DGKB/TMEM195 through HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that glucose metabolism genetic variants interact with obesity, resulting in altered cancer risk through pathways other than those mediated by glucose metabolism traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yon Jung
- Translational Sciences Section, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, 700 Tiverton Ave, 3-264 Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Eric M Sobel
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeanette C Papp
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Venniyoor A. The most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology-Question 2-5. Obesity-related cancers: more questions than answers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:18. [PMID: 28143590 PMCID: PMC5286818 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobacco-related cancers are well characterized and effective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related cancers, but there is a global epidemic of obesity without a clear understanding of how obesity causes cancer. Obesity is heterogeneous, and approximately 25% of obese individuals remain healthy (metabolically healthy obese, MHO), so which fat deposition (subcutaneous versus visceral, adipose versus ectopic) is "malignant"? What is the mechanism of carcinogenesis? Is it by metabolic dysregulation or chronic inflammation? Through which chemokines/genes/signaling pathways does adipose tissue influence carcinogenesis? Can selective inhibition of these pathways uncouple obesity from cancers? Do all obesity related cancers (ORCs) share a molecular signature? Are there common (over-lapping) genetic loci that make individuals susceptible to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancers? Can we identify precursor lesions of ORCs and will early intervention of high risk individuals alter the natural history? It appears unlikely that the obesity epidemic will be controlled anytime soon; answers to these questions will help to reduce the adverse effect of obesity on human condition.
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