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Hu T, Cheng B, Matsunaga A, Zhang T, Lu X, Fang H, Mori SF, Fang X, Wang G, Xu H, Shi H, Cowell JK. Single-cell analysis defines highly specific leukemia-induced neutrophils and links MMP8 expression to recruitment of tumor associated neutrophils during FGFR1 driven leukemogenesis. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:49. [PMID: 38730491 PMCID: PMC11084112 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemias driven by activated, chimeric FGFR1 kinases typically progress to AML which have poor prognosis. Mouse models of this syndrome allow detailed analysis of cellular and molecular changes occurring during leukemogenesis. We have used these models to determine the effects of leukemia development on the immune cell composition in the leukemia microenvironment during leukemia development and progression. METHODS Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was used to characterize leukemia associated neutrophils and define gene expression changes in these cells during leukemia progression. RESULTS scRNA-Seq revealed six distinct subgroups of neutrophils based on their specific differential gene expression. In response to leukemia development, there is a dramatic increase in only two of the neutrophil subgroups. These two subgroups show specific gene expression signatures consistent with neutrophil precursors which give rise to immature polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). Analysis of gene expression in these precursor cells identified pathways that were specifically upregulated, the most pronounced of which involved matrix metalloproteinases Mmp8 and Mmp9, during leukemia progression. Pharmacological inhibition of MMPs using Ilomastat preferentially restricted in vitro migration of neutrophils from leukemic mice and led to a significantly improved survival in vivo, accompanied by impaired PMN-MDSC recruitment. As a result, levels of T-cells were proportionally increased. In clinically annotated TCGA databases, MMP8 was shown to act as an independent indicator for poor prognosis and correlated with higher neutrophil infiltration and poor pan-cancer prognosis. CONCLUSION We have defined specific leukemia responsive neutrophil subgroups based on their unique gene expression profile, which appear to be the precursors of neutrophils specifically associated with leukemia progression. An important event during development of these neutrophils is upregulation MMP genes which facilitated mobilization of these precursors from the BM in response to cancer progression, suggesting a possible therapeutic approach to suppress the development of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Hu
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Atsuko Matsunaga
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaocui Lu
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephanie F Mori
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xuexiu Fang
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gavin Wang
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Augusta University, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Huidong Shi
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA.
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2
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Lang Y, Lyu Y, Tan Y, Hu Z. Progress in construction of mouse models to investigate the pathogenesis and immune therapy of human hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195194. [PMID: 37646021 PMCID: PMC10461088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy is a disease arisen by complicate reasons that seriously endangers human health. The research on its pathogenesis and therapies depends on the usage of animal models. Conventional animal model cannot faithfully mirror some characteristics of human features due to the evolutionary divergence, whereas the mouse models hosting human hematological malignancy are more and more applied in basic as well as translational investigations in recent years. According to the construction methods, they can be divided into different types (e.g. cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) model) that have diverse characteristics and application values. In addition, a variety of strategies have been developed to improve human hematological malignant cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the humanized mouse model with both functional human immune system and autologous human hematological malignancy provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic drugs/approaches. Herein, we first review the evolution of the mouse model of human hematological malignancy; Then, we analyze the characteristics of different types of models and summarize the ways to improve the models; Finally, the way and value of humanized mouse model of human immune system in the immunotherapy of human hematological malignancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Li T, Zhang G, Zhang X, Lin H, Liu Q. The 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome: Genotypic and phenotypic classification and targeted therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1015792. [PMID: 36408177 PMCID: PMC9669583 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1015792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
EMS(8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome, EMS) is an aggressive hematological neoplasm with/without eosinophilia caused by a rearrangement of the FGFR1 gene at 8p11-12. It was found that all cases carry chromosome abnormalities at the molecular level, not only the previously reported chromosome translocation and insertion but also a chromosome inversion. These abnormalities produced 17 FGFR1 fusion genes, of which the most common partner genes are ZNF198 on 13q11-12 and BCR of 22q11.2. The clinical manifestations can develop into AML (acute myeloid leukemia), T-LBL (T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma), CML (chronic myeloid leukemia), CMML (chronic monomyelocytic leukemia), or mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL). Most patients are resistant to traditional chemotherapy, and a minority of patients achieve long-term clinical remission after stem cell transplantation. Recently, the therapeutic effect of targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (such as pemigatinib and infigratinib) in 8p11 has been confirmed in vitro and clinical trials. The TKIs may become an 8p11 treatment option as an alternative to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gaoling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuju Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Lewis AH, Bridges CS, Moorshead DN, Chen TJ, Du W, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Puppi M, Lacorazza HD. Krüppel-like Factor 4 Supports the Expansion of Leukemia Stem Cells in MLL-AF9-driven Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Stem Cells 2022; 40:736-750. [PMID: 35535819 PMCID: PMC9406610 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of the bone marrow with 5-year overall survival of less than 10% in patients over the age of 65. Limited progress has been made in the patient outcome because of the inability to selectively eradicate the leukemic stem cells (LSC) driving the refractory and relapsed disease. Herein, we investigated the role of the reprogramming factor KLF4 in AML because of its critical role in the self-renewal and stemness of embryonic and cancer stem cells. Using a conditional Cre-lox Klf4 deletion system and the MLL-AF9 retroviral mouse model, we demonstrated that loss-of-KLF4 does not significantly affect the induction of leukemia but markedly decreased the frequency of LSCs evaluated in limiting-dose transplantation studies. Loss of KLF4 in leukemic granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (L-GMP), a population enriched for AML LSCs, showed lessened clonogenicity and percentage in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. RNAseq analysis of purified L-GMPs revealed decreased expression of stemness genes and MLL-target genes and upregulation of the RNA sensing helicase DDX58. However, silencing of DDX58 in KLF4 knockout leukemia indicated that DDX58 is not mediating this phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of KLF4 in MOLM13 cell line and AML patient-derived xenograft cells showed impaired expansion in vitro and in vivo associated with a defective G2/M checkpoint. Collectively, our data suggest a mechanism in which KLF4 promotes leukemia progression by establishing a gene expression profile in AML LSCs supporting cell division and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Henry Lewis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cory Seth Bridges
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Neal Moorshead
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taylor J Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wa Du
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Present address: Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Monica Puppi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Zhang X, Wang F, Yan F, Huang D, Wang H, Gao B, Gao Y, Hou Z, Lou J, Li W, Yan J. Identification of a novel HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion gene involved in activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:40. [PMID: 35081975 PMCID: PMC8793161 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rearrangements involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene result in 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS), which is a rare and aggressive hematological malignancy that is often initially diagnosed as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Clinical outcomes are typically poor due to relative resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and rapid transformation to acute leukemia. Deciphering the transcriptomic signature of FGFR1 fusions may open new treatment strategies for FGFR1 rearrangement patients. Methods DNA sequencing (DNA-seq) was performed for 20 MDS patients and whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed for one HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion positive patient. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed for 20 MDS patients and 8 healthy donors. Fusion genes were detected using the STAR-Fusion tool. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Sanger sequencing were used to confirm the HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion gene. The phosphorylation antibody array was performed to validate the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling. Results We identified frequently recurrent mutations of ASXL1 and U2AF1 in the MDS cohort, which is consistent with previous reports. We also identified a novel in-frame HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion gene in one MDS case with abnormal monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and ring chromosome 8. FISH analysis detected the FGFR1 break-apart signal in myeloid blasts only. qRT-PCR and Sanger sequencing confirmed the HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion transcript with breakpoints located at the 11th exon of HOOK3 and 10th exon of FGFR1, and Western blot detected the chimeric HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion protein that is presumed to retain the entire tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR1. The transcriptional feature of HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion was characterized by the significant enrichment of the NF-kappaB pathway by comparing the expression profiling of FGFR1 fusion positive MDS with 8 healthy donors and FGFR1 fusion negative MDS patients. Further validation by phosphorylation antibody array also showed NF-kappaB activation, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of p65 (Ser 536) and of IKBalpha (Ser 32). Conclusions The HOOK3-FGFR1 fusion gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of MDS and activate the NF-kappaB pathway. These findings highlight a potential novel approach for combination therapy for FGFR1 rearrangement patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02451-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Furong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China
| | - Fanzhi Yan
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China
| | - Haina Wang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China
| | - Zhijie Hou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Jiacheng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Weiling Li
- Department of Biotechnology College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China.
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China. .,Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116027, Dalian, China.
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6
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Cowell JK, Hu T. Mechanisms of resistance to FGFR1 inhibitors in FGFR1-driven leukemias and lymphomas: implications for optimized treatment. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:607-619. [PMID: 34734169 PMCID: PMC8562765 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and FGFR1 rearrangements (MLN-eo FGFR1) disease is derived from a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell and has a complex presentation with a myeloproliferative disorder with or without eosinophilia and frequently presents with mixed lineage T- or B-lymphomas. The myeloproliferative disease frequently progresses to AML and lymphoid neoplasms can develop into acute lymphomas. No matter the cell type involved, or clinical presentation, chromosome translocations involving the FGFR1 kinase and various partner genes, which leads to constitutive activation of downstream oncogenic signaling cascades. These patients are not responsive to treatment regimens developed for other acute leukemias and survival is poor. Recent development of specific FGFR1 inhibitors has suggested an alternative therapeutic approach but resistance is likely to evolve over time. Mouse models of this disease syndrome have been developed and are being used for preclinical evaluation of FGFR1 inhibitors. Cell lines from these models have now been developed and have been used to investigate the mechanisms of resistance that might be expected in clinical cases. So far, a V561M mutation in the kinases domain and deletion of PTEN have been recognized as leading to resistance and both operate through the PI3K/AKT signaling axis. One of the important consequences is the suppression of PUMA, a potent enforcer of apoptosis, which operates through BCL2. Targeting BCL2 in the resistant cells leads to suppression of leukemia development in mouse models, which potentially provides an opportunity to treat patients that become resistant to FGFR1 inhibitors. In addition, elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying FGFR1-driven leukemias and lymphomas also provides new targets for combined treatment as another option to bypass the FGFR1 inhibitor resistance and improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tianxiang Hu
- Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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7
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Renneville A, Gasser JA, Grinshpun DE, Jean Beltran PM, Udeshi ND, Matyskiela ME, Clayton T, McConkey M, Viswanathan K, Tepper A, Guirguis AA, Sellar RS, Cotteret S, Marzac C, Saada V, De Botton S, Kiladjian JJ, Cayuela JM, Rolfe M, Chamberlain PP, Carr SA, Ebert BL. Avadomide induces degradation of ZMYM2 fusion oncoproteins in hematologic malignancies. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:250-265. [PMID: 34027417 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide analogs exert their therapeutic effects by binding to the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase, promoting ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of specific protein substrates. Drug-induced degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in B-cell malignancies demonstrates the clinical utility of targeting disease-relevant transcription factors for degradation. Here, we found that avadomide (CC-122) induces CRBN-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ZMYM2 (ZNF198), a transcription factor involved in balanced chromosomal rearrangements with FGFR1 and FLT3 in aggressive forms of hematologic malignancies. The minimal drug-responsive element of ZMYM2 is a zinc-chelating MYM domain and is contained in the N-terminal portion of ZMYM2 that is universally included in the derived fusion proteins. We demonstrate that avadomide has the ability to induce proteasomal degradation of ZMYM2-FGFR1 and ZMYM2-FLT3 chimeric oncoproteins, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that patients with hematologic malignancies harboring these ZMYM2 fusion proteins may benefit from avadomide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Renneville
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,INSERM U1287, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Jessica A Gasser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Grinshpun
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Namrata D Udeshi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary E Matyskiela
- Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb corporation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas Clayton
- Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb corporation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marie McConkey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaushik Viswanathan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Tepper
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew A Guirguis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rob S Sellar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Cotteret
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Marzac
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Saada
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphane De Botton
- Département d'Hématologie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kiladjian
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques CIC 1427, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Cayuela
- Hematology Laboratory and EA3518, University Hospital Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mark Rolfe
- Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb corporation, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Lewis AH, Bridges CS, Punia VS, Cooper AFJ, Puppi M, Lacorazza HD. Krüppel-like factor 4 promotes survival and expansion in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2021; 12:255-267. [PMID: 33659038 PMCID: PMC7899553 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy of the bone marrow that affects mostly elderly adults. Alternative therapies are needed for AML patients because the overall prognosis with current standard of care, high dose chemotherapy and allogeneic transplantation, remains poor due to the emergence of refractory and relapsed disease. Here, we found expression of the transcription factor KLF4 in AML cell lines is not silenced through KLF4 gene methylation nor via proteasomal degradation. The deletion of KLF4 by CRISPR-CAS9 technology reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis in both NB4 and MonoMac-6 cell lines. Chemical induced differentiation of gene edited NB4 and MonoMac6 cells with ATRA and PMA respectively increased apoptosis and altered expression of differentiating markers CD11b and CD14. Transplantation of NB4 and MonoMac-6 cells lacking KLF4 into NSG mice resulted in improved overall survival compared to the transplantation of parental cell lines. Finally, loss-of-KLF4 did not alter sensitivity of leukemic cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs daunorubicin and cytarabine. These results suggest that KLF4 expression supports AML cell growth and survival, and the identification and disruption of KLF4-regulated pathways could represent an adjuvant therapeutic approach to increase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Henry Lewis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cory Seth Bridges
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Viraaj Singh Punia
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abraham Fausto Jornada Cooper
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- SMART Program at Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica Puppi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - H. Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Silva J, Chang CS, Hu T, Qin H, Kitamura E, Hawthorn L, Ren M, Cowell JK. Distinct signaling programs associated with progression of FGFR1 driven leukemia in a mouse model of stem cell leukemia lymphoma syndrome. Genomics 2019; 111:1566-1573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Wu H, Li Y, Hou Q, Zhou R, Li Z, Wu S, Yu J, Jiang M. Single‑cell intratumoral stemness analysis reveals the involvement of cell cycle and DNA damage repair in two different types of esophageal cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:3201-3208. [PMID: 31002369 PMCID: PMC6489016 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity, particularly the potential cancer stemness of single cancer cells, has not yet been fully elucidated in human esophageal cancer. Single‑cell transcriptome sequencing of two types of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and two types of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues was performed, and the intratumoral cancer stemness of the types of esophageal cancer were characterized at the single‑cell level in the present study. By comparing the transcriptomic profiles of single cancer cells with high and low stemness in individual patients, it was revealed that the overexpression of cell cycle‑associated genes in EAC cells was highly correlated with stemness, whereas overexpression of genes involved in the signaling pathways of DNA replication and DNA damage repair was significantly correlated with stemness in ESCC. High expression of these stemness‑associated genes was correlated with poor prognosis of patients. Additionally, poly [ADP‑ribose] polymerase(PARP)4 was identified as a novel cancer stemness‑associated gene in ESCC and its association with survival was validated in a cohort of 121 patients with ESCC. These findings have profound potential implications for the use of cell cycle inhibitors in EAC and PARP inhibitors in ESCC, which may provide novel mechanistic insights into the plasticity of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Hou
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Rongjin Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiu Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Juehua Yu
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
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11
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Park CS, Lewis A, Chen T, Lacorazza D. Concise Review: Regulation of Self-Renewal in Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Krüppel-Like Factor 4. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:568-574. [PMID: 30790473 PMCID: PMC6525558 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent and tissue‐specific stem cells, such as blood‐forming stem cells, are maintained through a balance of quiescence, self‐renewal, and differentiation. Self‐renewal is a specialized cell division that generates daughter cells with the same features as the parental stem cell. Although many factors are involved in the regulation of self‐renewal, perhaps the most well‐known factors are members of the Krüppel‐like factor (KLF) family, especially KLF4, because of the landmark discovery that this protein is required to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Because KLF4 regulates gene expression through transcriptional activation or repression via either DNA binding or protein‐to‐protein interactions, the outcome of KLF4‐mediated regulation largely depends on the cellular context, cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, and the presence of oncogenic drivers. This study first summarizes the current understanding of the regulation of self‐renewal by KLF proteins in embryonic stem cells through a KLF circuitry and then delves into the potential function of KLF4 in normal hematopoietic stem cells and its emerging role in leukemia‐initiating cells from pediatric patients with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia via repression of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase 7 pathway. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:568–574
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun S Park
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor Chen
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Lacorazza
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Mambet C, Chivu-Economescu M, Matei L, Necula LG, Dragu DL, Bleotu C, Diaconu CC. Murine models based on acute myeloid leukemia-initiating stem cells xenografting. World J Stem Cells 2018; 10:57-65. [PMID: 29988882 PMCID: PMC6033712 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v10.i6.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignant disease defined by abnormal expansion of myeloid blasts. Despite recent advances in understanding AML pathogenesis and identifying their molecular subtypes based on somatic mutations, AML is still characterized by poor outcomes, with a 5-year survival rate of only 30%-40%, the majority of the patients dying due to AML relapse. Leukemia stem cells (LSC) are considered to be at the root of chemotherapeutic resistance and AML relapse. Although numerous studies have tried to better characterize LSCs in terms of surface and molecular markers, a specific marker of LSC has not been found, and still the most universally accepted phenotypic signature remains the surface antigens CD34+CD38- that is shared with normal hematopoietic stem cells. Animal models provides the means to investigate the factors responsible for leukemic transformation, the intrinsic differences between secondary post-myeloproliferative neoplasm AML and de novo AML, especially the signaling pathways involved in inflammation and hematopoiesis. However, AML proved to be one of the hematological malignancies that is difficult to engraft even in the most immunodeficient mice strains, and numerous ongoing attempts are focused to develop "humanized mice" that can support the engraftment of LSC. This present review is aiming to introduce the field of AML pathogenesis and the concept of LSC, to present the current knowledge on leukemic blasts surface markers and recent attempts to develop best AML animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mambet
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Mihaela Chivu-Economescu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania.
| | - Lilia Matei
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Laura Georgiana Necula
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Denisa Laura Dragu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Carmen Cristina Diaconu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest 030304, Romania
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13
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Hu T, Wu Q, Chong Y, Qin H, Poole CJ, van Riggelen J, Ren M, Cowell JK. FGFR1 fusion kinase regulation of MYC expression drives development of stem cell leukemia/lymphoma syndrome. Leukemia 2018; 32:2363-2373. [PMID: 29720732 PMCID: PMC6168426 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells by chimeric fusion kinases causing constitutive activation of FGFR1 leads to a stem cell leukemia/lymphoma (SCLL) syndrome, accompanied by widespread dysregulation of gene activity. We now show that FGFR1 activation is associated with upregulation of MYC and pharmacological suppression of FGFR1 activation leads to downregulation of MYC and suppression of MYC target genes. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that FGFR1 can directly regulate MYC expression and this effect is enhanced in the presence of chimeric FGFR1 kinases. In SCLL cells, a truncated form of FGFR1 is generated by granzyme B cleavage of the chimeric kinases, producing a nucleus-restricted derivative that can bind MYC regulatory regions. Mutation of the granzyme B cleavage site prevents relocation to the nucleus but does not suppress MYC activation, suggesting additional mechanisms of MYC activation in the presence of cytoplasm-restricted chimeric kinases. We show that one of these mechanisms involves activating cytoplasmic STAT5, which upregulates MYC independent of the truncated FGFR1 kinase. Targeting MYC function using shRNA knockdown and 10054-F8 in SCLL cells leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and synergizes with the BGJ398 FGFR1 inhibitor, suggesting a combination therapy that could be used in the treatment of SCLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Hu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Qing Wu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yating Chong
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Candace J Poole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mingqiang Ren
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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14
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Hu T, Chong Y, Qin H, Kitamura E, Chang CS, Silva J, Ren M, Cowell JK. The miR-17/92 cluster is involved in the molecular etiology of the SCLL syndrome driven by the BCR-FGFR1 chimeric kinase. Oncogene 2018; 37:1926-1938. [PMID: 29367757 PMCID: PMC5889328 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have pathogenic roles in the development of a variety of leukemias. Here we identify miRNAs that have important roles in the development of B lymphomas resulting from the expression of the chimeric BCR-FGFR1 kinase. The miR-17/92 cluster was particularly implicated and forced expression resulted in increased cell proliferation, while inhibiting its function using miRNA sponges reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis. Cells treated with the potent BGJ389 FGFR1 inhibitor led to miR-17/92 downregulation, suggesting regulation by FGFR1. Transient luciferase reporter assays and qRT-PCR detection of endogenous miR-17/92 expression in stable transduced cell lines demonstrated that BCR-FGFR1 can regulate miR-17/92 expression. This positive association of miR-17/92 with BCR-FGFR1 was also confirmed in primary mouse SCLL tissues and primary human CLL samples. miR-17/92 promotes cell proliferation and survival by targeting CDKN1A and PTEN in B-lymphoma cell lines and primary tumors. An inverse correlation in expression levels was seen between miR-17/92 and both CDKN1A and PTEN in two cohorts of CLL patients. Finally, in vivo engraftment studies demonstrated that manipulation of miR-17/92 was sufficient to affect BCR-FGFR1-driven leukemogenesis. Overall, our results define miR-17/92 as a downstream effector of FGFR1 in BCR-FGFR1-driven B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Hu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yating Chong
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eiko Kitamura
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeane Silva
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mingqiang Ren
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms with Eosinophilia and Abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, or t(8;9)(p22;p24.1);PCM1-JAK2. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62146-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Cowell JK, Qin H, Hu T, Wu Q, Bhole A, Ren M. Mutation in the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain or inactivation of PTEN is associated with acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitors in FGFR1-driven leukemia/lymphomas. Int J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28646488 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell leukemia/lymphoma syndrome (SCLL) is driven by constitutive activation of chimeric FGFR1 kinases generated by chromosome translocations. We have shown that FGFR inhibitors significantly suppress leukemia and lymphoma development in vivo, and cell viability in vitro. Since resistance to targeted therapies is a major reason for relapse, we developed FGFR1-overexpressing mouse and human cell lines that are resistant to the specific FGFR inhibitors AZD4547 and BGJ398, as well as non-specific inhibitors, such as ponatinib, TKI258 and E3810. Two mutually exclusive mechanisms for resistance were demonstrated; an activating V561M mutation in the FGFR1 kinase domain and mutational inactivation of PTEN resulting in increased PI3K/AKT activity. Ectopic expression of PTEN in the PTEN-mutant cells resensitizes them to FGFR inhibitors. Treatment of resistant cells with BGJ398, in combination with the BEZ235 PI3K inhibitor, shows an additive effect on growth in vitro and prolongs survival in xenograft models in vivo. These studies provide the first direct evidence for both the involvement of the FGFR1 V561M mutation and PTEN inactivation in the development of resistance in leukemias overexpressing chimeric FGFR1. These studies also provide a potential strategy to treat leukemias and lymphomas driven by FGFR1 activation that become resistant to FGFR1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Tianxiang Hu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Qing Wu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Aaron Bhole
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Mingqiang Ren
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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17
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Balani S, Nguyen LV, Eaves CJ. Modeling the process of human tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15422. [PMID: 28541307 PMCID: PMC5458507 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling the genesis of human cancers is at a scientific turning point. Starting from primary sources of normal human cells, it is now possible to reproducibly generate several types of malignant cell populations. Powerful methods for clonally tracking and manipulating their appearance and progression in serially transplanted immunodeficient mice are also in place. These developments circumvent historic drawbacks inherent in analyses of cancers produced in model organisms, established human malignant cell lines, or highly heterogeneous patient samples. In this review, we survey the advantages, contributions and limitations of current de novo human tumorigenesis strategies and note several exciting prospects on the horizon. A better understanding of the earliest stages of human cancer formation can enable future improvements in early detection, diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the authors summarize the methods enabling de novo tumorigenesis protocols to be applied to human cells and the insights derived from them to date, as well as the exciting and relevant technical developments anticipated to extend even further the utility of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Balani
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Long V. Nguyen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie J. Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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