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Li X, Hou Z, Meng S, Jia Q, Xing S, Wang Z, Chen M, Xu H, Li M, Cai H. LncRNA BlncAD1 Modulates Bovine Adipogenesis by Binding to MYH10, PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway, and miR-27a-5p/CDK6 Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11094-11110. [PMID: 38661523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Research on adipogenesis will help to improve the meat quality of livestock. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in mammalian adipogenesis as epigenetic modulators. In this study, we analyzed lncRNA expression during bovine adipogenesis and detected 195 differentially expressed lncRNAs, including lncRNA BlncAD1, which was significantly upregulated in mature bovine adipocytes. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments confirmed that BlncAD1 promoted the proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. RNA pull-down revealed that the nonmuscle myosin 10 (MYH10) is a potential binding protein of BlncAD1. Then, we elucidated that loss of BlncAD1 caused increased ubiquitination of MYH10, which confirmed that BlncAD1 regulates adipogenesis by enhancing the stability of the MYH10 protein. Western blotting was used to demonstrate that BlncAD1 activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Bioinformatic analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that BlncAD1 competitively absorbed miR-27a-5p. The overexpression and interference of miR-27a-5p in bovine preadipocytes displayed that miR-27a-5p inhibited proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Further results suggested that miR-27a-5p targeted the CDK6 gene and that BlncAD1 controlled the proliferation of bovine preadipocytes by modulating the miR-27a-5p/CDK6 axis. This study revealed the complex mechanisms of BlncAD1 underlying bovine adipogenesis for the first time, which would provide useful information for genetics and breeding improvement of Chinese beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhongyi Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shengbo Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qihui Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhitong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengjuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huifen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hanfang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Liang D, Li G. Pulling the trigger: Noncoding RNAs in white adipose tissue browning. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:399-420. [PMID: 38157150 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the primary site for energy storage and endocrine regulation in mammals, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized for thermogenesis and energy expenditure. The conversion of white adipocytes to brown-like fat cells, known as browning, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing obesity and its associated co-morbidities. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of transcripts that do not encode proteins but exert regulatory functions on gene expression at various levels. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of ncRNAs in adipose tissue development, differentiation, and function. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of ncRNAs in adipose biology, with a focus on their role and intricate mechanisms in WAT browning. Also, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of ncRNA-based therapies for overweight and its metabolic disorders, so as to combat the obesity epidemic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehuan Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine (Beijing Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Segal D, Dostie J. The Talented LncRNAs: Meshing into Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3433. [PMID: 37444543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a group of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell growth, cancer is highly multifaceted in how it overrides checkpoints controlling proliferation. Amongst the regulators of these checkpoints, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can have key roles in why natural biological processes go haywire. LncRNAs represent a large class of regulatory transcripts that can localize anywhere in cells. They were found to affect gene expression on many levels from transcription to mRNA translation and even protein stability. LncRNA participation in such control mechanisms can depend on cell context, with given transcripts sometimes acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Importantly, the tissue-specificity and low expression levels of lncRNAs make them attractive therapeutic targets or biomarkers. Here, we review the various cellular processes affected by lncRNAs and outline molecular strategies they use to control gene expression, particularly in cancer and in relation to transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Segal
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Ru W, Zhang S, Liu J, Liu W, Huang B, Chen H. Non-Coding RNAs and Adipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9978. [PMID: 37373126 PMCID: PMC10298535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is regarded as an intricate network in which multiple transcription factors and signal pathways are involved. Recently, big efforts have focused on understanding the epigenetic mechanisms and their involvement in the regulation of adipocyte development. Multiple studies investigating the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in adipogenesis have been reported so far, especially lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA. They regulate gene expression at multiple levels through interactions with proteins, DNA, and RNA. Exploring the mechanism of adipogenesis and developments in the field of non-coding RNA may provide a new insight to identify therapeutic targets for obesity and related diseases. Therefore, this article outlines the process of adipogenesis, and discusses updated roles and mechanisms of ncRNAs in the development of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ru
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (W.R.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Sihuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming 650212, China;
| | - Wujun Liu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (W.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming 650212, China;
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (W.R.); (W.L.)
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Xiong H, Ye J, Xie K, Hu W, Xu N, Yang H. Exosomal IL-8 derived from Lung Cancer and Colon Cancer cells induced adipocyte atrophy via NF-κB signaling pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:147. [PMID: 36581870 PMCID: PMC9798689 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines secreted in the tumor microenvironment function in cancer cachexia (CC), a common clinicopathological syndrome associated with adipocyte wasting and skeletal muscle atrophy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells actively engage in inter-tissue communication; EVs and enclosed cytokines are largely undefined in CC adipocytes wasting. METHODS EVs derived from Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and colorectal cancer C26 cells were extracted and characterized. Conditioned medium and EVs from cancer cells were applied to 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Recombinant IL-8, IL-8 neutralizing antibody, CXCR2 and NF-κB inhibitor were examined in functional assays. Lipolysis of adipocytes was monitored by Western blots, Oil red O staining and glycerol assays. Furthermore, LLC and C26 cell lines were established as cachexia model to explore the relevance of IL-8 and NF-κB signaling in CC adipose wasting. Adipose tissues were collected for histology analyses. RESULTS LLC and C26 cell-derived EVs induced lipolysis of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Specially, Dil-labeled EVs were effectively taken up by 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, which were motivated by the delivered IL-8 to elicit the NF-κB pathway. In comparison, special IL-8 neutralizing antibody relieved that lipolysis of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes induced by EVs together with conditioned medium of LLC and C26 cells, respectively. Consistently, both CXCR2 and NF-κB inhibitors would lessen the phenotype of lipolysis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. In the in vivo settings, both LLC and C26-tumor bearing mice had higher serum IL-8 levels as compared to the control groups. Two typical lipolysis markers, PGC1α and UCP1, were also up-regulated in the adipose tissues of LLC and C26-tumor mice groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS EVs secreted by LLC and C26 tumor cells would induce adipocyte wasting via extracellular IL-8-mediated NF-κB signaling. Our study pointed out the physiological and therapeutic values of exosomal IL-8 in CC lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Xiong
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Ye
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kairu Xie
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ,grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Xu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Han J, Ding Z, Zhuang Q, Shen L, Yang F, Sah S, Wu G. Analysis of different adipose depot gene expression in cachectic patients with gastric cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:72. [PMID: 36316707 PMCID: PMC9624057 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that contributed to the different amount of fat loss between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) among cachectic patients. Methods RNA sequencing was performed and bioinformatic tools were utilized to analyze the biological functions and construct regulation networks of DEGs. We presumed that iroquois homeobox 1 (IRX1) to be a hub gene and analyzed its clinical significance. Mouse model of cancer cachexia was established and differences between SAT and VAT were compared. The function of IRX1 on lipid metabolism was clarified by Oil Red O staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting in adipocytes. Results A total of 455 DEGs were screened between SAT and VAT in cachectic patients. Several hub genes were selected and IRX1 was presumed to contribute to the pathological difference between SAT and VAT in cancer cachexia. Patients with higher expression of IRX1 in SAT than VAT revealed significantly higher weight loss, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as lower BMI, SAT, and VAT area. IRX1 expression in SAT was negatively correlated with SAT area. In cachectic mice, the expression of IRX1 in SAT was significantly higher than that in VAT. The inhibition effect on adipogenesis exerted by IRX1 was also proved in vitro. Conclusion These data supported that DEGs contribute to the different degrees of fat loss among adipose depots in cachectic patients. IRX1 in SAT promoted fat loss by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-022-00708-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyou Ding
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulin Zhuang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Szechun Sah
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Guohao Wu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
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Zhang P, Wu S, He Y, Li X, Zhu Y, Lin X, Chen L, Zhao Y, Niu L, Zhang S, Li X, Zhu L, Shen L. LncRNA-Mediated Adipogenesis in Different Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137488. [PMID: 35806493 PMCID: PMC9267348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs that do not code for proteins, widely present in eukaryotes. They regulate gene expression at multiple levels through different mechanisms at epigenetic, transcription, translation, and the maturation of mRNA transcripts or regulation of the chromatin structure, and compete with microRNAs for binding to endogenous RNA. Adipose tissue is a large and endocrine-rich functional tissue in mammals. Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue in mammals can cause metabolic diseases. However, unlike white fat, brown and beige fats release energy as heat. In recent years, many lncRNAs associated with adipogenesis have been reported. The molecular mechanisms of how lncRNAs regulate adipogenesis are continually investigated. In this review, we discuss the classification of lncRNAs according to their transcriptional location. lncRNAs that participate in the adipogenesis of white or brown fats are also discussed. The function of lncRNAs as decoy molecules and RNA double-stranded complexes, among other functions, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuxu He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
| | - Xutao Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (L.S.); Tel.: +86-28-8629-1133 (L.Z. & L.S.)
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (L.N.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (L.S.); Tel.: +86-28-8629-1133 (L.Z. & L.S.)
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Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Shaikh S, You HJ, Lee EY, Ali S, Lee EJ, Choi I. Molecular Mechanisms and Current Treatment Options for Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092107. [PMID: 35565236 PMCID: PMC9105812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The primary characteristics of cancer cachexia are weakness, weight loss, atrophy, fat reduction, and systemic inflammation. Cachexia is strongly associated with cancers involving the lungs, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, and liver, which account for half of all cancer deaths. TGF-β, MSTN, activin, IGF-1/PI3K/AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways are known to underlie muscle atrophy and cachexia. Anamorelin (appetite stimulation), megestrol acetate, eicosapentaenoic acid, phytocannabinoids, targeting MSTN/activin, and molecules targeting proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, are being tested as treatment options for cancer cachexia. Abstract Cancer cachexia is a condition marked by functional, metabolic, and immunological dysfunctions associated with skeletal muscle (SM) atrophy, adipose tissue loss, fat reduction, systemic inflammation, and anorexia. Generally, the condition is caused by a variety of mediators produced by cancer cells and cells in tumor microenvironments. Myostatin and activin signaling, IGF-1/PI3K/AKT signaling, and JAK-STAT signaling are known to play roles in cachexia, and thus, these pathways are considered potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying cachexia and the available therapeutic options and was undertaken to increase understanding of the various factors/pathways/mediators involved and to identify potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Hye Jin You
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.J.Y.); (E.-Y.L.)
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyaan 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.J.Y.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Shahid Ali
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: (E.J.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (S.S.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: (E.J.L.); (I.C.)
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Cai H, Zheng D, Yao Y, Yang L, Huang X, Wang L. Roles of Embryonic Lethal Abnormal Vision-Like RNA Binding Proteins in Cancer and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847761. [PMID: 35465324 PMCID: PMC9019298 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like (ELAVL) proteins are RNA binding proteins that were originally discovered as indispensable regulators of the development and functioning of the nervous system. Subsequent studies have shown that ELAVL proteins not only exist in the nervous system, but also have regulatory effects in other tissues. ELAVL proteins have attracted attention as potential therapeutic targets because they stabilize multiple mRNAs by binding within the 3′-untranslated region and thus promote the development of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma and lung cancer. Previous studies have focused on these important relationships with downstream mRNAs, but emerging studies suggest that ELAVL proteins also interact with non-coding RNAs. In this review, we will summarize the relationship of the ELAVL protein family with mRNA and non-coding RNA and the roles of ELAVL protein family members in a variety of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lehe Yang
- *Correspondence: Lehe Yang, ; Xiaoying Huang, ; Liangxing Wang,
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- *Correspondence: Lehe Yang, ; Xiaoying Huang, ; Liangxing Wang,
| | - Liangxing Wang
- *Correspondence: Lehe Yang, ; Xiaoying Huang, ; Liangxing Wang,
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De la Fuente-Hernandez MA, Sarabia-Sanchez MA, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado-Lagunas V. Role of lncRNAs into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C421-C460. [PMID: 35080923 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00364.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, findings support that 75% of the human genome is actively transcribed, but only 2% is translated into a protein, according to databases such as ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) [1]. The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, computational methods for genome assembly and biological models have led to the realization of the importance of the previously unconsidered non-coding fraction of the genome. Along with this, noncoding RNAs have been shown to be epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators in a large number of cellular processes [2]. Within the group of non-coding RNAs, lncRNAs represent a fascinating field of study, given the functional versatility in their mode of action on their molecular targets. In recent years, there has been an interest in learning about lncRNAs in MSC differentiation. The aim of this review is to address the signaling mechanisms where lncRNAs are involved, emphasizing their role in either stimulating or inhibiting the transition to differentiated cell. Specifically, the main types of MSC differentiation are discussed: myogenesis, osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis. The description of increasingly new lncRNAs reinforces their role as players in the well-studied field of MSC differentiation, allowing a step towards a better understanding of their biology and their potential application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Angelica De la Fuente-Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Epigenética, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Sarabia-Sanchez
- Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
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Chellappan R, Guha A, Si Y, Kwan T, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Yang X, Myneni AS, Meesala S, Harms AS, King PH. SRI-42127, a novel small molecule inhibitor of the RNA regulator HuR, potently attenuates glial activation in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Glia 2022; 70:155-172. [PMID: 34533864 PMCID: PMC8595840 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glial activation with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators is a major driver of disease progression in neurological processes ranging from acute traumatic injury to chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Posttranscriptional regulation is a major gateway for glial activation as many mRNAs encoding pro-inflammatory mediators contain adenine- and uridine-rich elements (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region which govern their expression. We have previously shown that HuR, an RNA regulator that binds to AREs, plays a major positive role in regulating inflammatory cytokine production in glia. HuR is predominantly nuclear in localization but translocates to the cytoplasm to exert a positive regulatory effect on RNA stability and translational efficiency. Homodimerization of HuR is necessary for translocation and we have developed a small molecule inhibitor, SRI-42127, that blocks this process. Here we show that SRI-42127 suppressed HuR translocation in LPS-activated glia in vitro and in vivo and significantly attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CXCL1, and CCL2. Cytokines typically associated with anti-inflammatory effects including TGF-β1, IL-10, YM1, and Arg1 were either unaffected or minimally affected. SRI-42127 suppressed microglial activation in vivo and attenuated the recruitment/chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes. RNA kinetic studies and luciferase studies indicated that SRI-42127 has inhibitory effects both on mRNA stability and gene promoter activation. In summary, our findings underscore HuR's critical role in promoting glial activation and the potential for SRI-42127 and other HuR inhibitors for treating neurological diseases driven by this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thaddaeus Kwan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - L. Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anish S. Myneni
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shriya Meesala
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Peter H. King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294,Correspondence to: Dr. P.H. King; UAB Dept. of Neurology, Civitan 545C, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA. Tel. (205) 975-8116; Fax (205) 996-7255;
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12
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Ding Z, Sun D, Han J, Shen L, Yang F, Sah S, Sui X, Wu G. Novel noncoding RNA CircPTK2 regulates lipolysis and adipogenesis in cachexia. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101310. [PMID: 34311131 PMCID: PMC8365522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer-associated cachexia is a devastating pathological disorder characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and fat storage depletion. Circular RNA, a newly discovered class of noncoding RNAs with important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, has not been fully understood in the pathology of cachexia. We aimed to identify circular RNAs that are upregulated in adipose tissues from cachectic patients and explore their function and mechanism in lipid metabolism. Methods Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was used to screen for differentially expressed circRNAs. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was applied to detect the expression level of circPTK2 in adipose tissues. The diagnostic value of circPTK2 was evaluated in adipose tissues from patients with and without cachexia. Then, function experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to evaluate the effects of circPTK2 on lipolysis and adipogenesis. Mechanistically, luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization were performed to confirm the interaction between circPTK2 and miR-182-5p in adipocytes. Results We detected 66 differentially expressed circular RNA candidates and proved that circPTK2 was upregulated in adipose tissues from cachectic patients. Then we identified that circPTK2 was closely related to the pathological process of cachexia and could be used as a diagnostic marker. Mechanistically, circPTK2 bound competitively to miR-182-5p and abrogated the suppression on its target gene JAZF1, which finally led to promotion of lipolysis and inhibition of adipogenesis. In vivo experiments demonstrated that overexpression of circPTK2 inhibited adipogenesis and enhanced lipolysis. Conclusions Our findings reveal the novel role of circPTK2 in promoting lipolysis and reducing adipogenesis via a ceRNA mechanism and provide a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer-associated cachexia. A novel noncoding RNA termed circPTK2 was highly expressed in adipose tissues of patients with cancer-associated cachexia. CircPTK2 was proven to be a potential diagnostic biomarker for cancer-associated cachexia. CircPTK2 induced lipolysis and suppressed adipogenesis by sponging miR-182-5p to regulate JAZF1 expression. A recombinant adeno-associated virus containing tissue-specific promoter was constructed and utilized in the animal experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyou Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Szechun Sah
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Sui
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Kottorou A, Dimitrakopoulos FI, Tsezou A. Non-coding RNAs in cancer-associated cachexia: clinical implications and future perspectives. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101101. [PMID: 33915516 PMCID: PMC8100623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle loss, with or without adipose atrophy, irreversible through nutritional support, in the context of systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders. It is mediated by inflammatory reaction and affects almost 50% of all cancer patients, due to prominent systemic inflammation associated with the disease. The comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that are implicated in cancer cachexia sheds light on its pathogenesis and lays the foundations for the discovery of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Recently, ncRNAs, like microRNAs as well as lncRNAs and circRNAs seem to regulate pathways that are implicated in cancer cachexia pathogenesis, as it has been observed in animal models and in cancer cachexia patients, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Moreover, increasing evidence highlights the involvement of circulating and exosomal ncRNAs in the activation and maintenance of systemic inflammation in cancer and cancer-associated cachexia. In that context, the present review focuses on the clinical significance of ncRNAs in cancer-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kottorou
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | | | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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14
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Du G, Zhang Y, Hu S, Zhou X, Li Y. Non-coding RNAs in exosomes and adipocytes cause fat loss during cancer cachexia. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:80-85. [PMID: 33997537 PMCID: PMC8081875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer Cachexia (CC) is a disease that changes various metabolisms in human body. Fat metabolism is significantly affected in CC, leading to fat loss. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in adipocytes and exosomes secreted by tumor play an important role in fat loss. However, there is no related reviews summarizing how ncRNAs contribute to fat loss during CC. This review screens recent articles to summarize how ncRNAs are packaged, transported in exosomes, and play the role in fat loss. Not only does this review summarize the mechanisms, we also point out the research orientations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoushan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xueer Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
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15
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Xie W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Wu N, Wu L, Li C, Cai T, Ma X, Yu Z, Bai L, Li Y. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4142441 and MYC co-modulated long non-coding RNA OSER1-AS1 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer by sequestering ELAVL1. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2272-2286. [PMID: 33113263 PMCID: PMC8177763 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been involved in the process of lung cancer. Following clues given by lung cancer risk‐associated SNP, we aimed to find novel functional lncRNAs as candidate targets in lung cancer. We identified a lncRNA Oxidative Stress Responsive Serine Rich 1 Antisense RNA 1 (OSER1‐AS1) through a lung cancer risk‐associated SNP rs4142441. OSER1‐AS1 was down‐regulated in tumor tissue and its low expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival among non‐smokers in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies showed that OSER1‐AS1 acted as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting lung cancer cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro. Xenograft tumor assays and a metastasis mouse model confirmed that OSER1‐AS1 suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The promoter of OSER1‐AS1 was repressed by MYC, and the 3′‐end of OSER1‐AS1 was competitively targeted by microRNA hsa‐miR‐17‐5p and RNA‐binding protein ELAVL1. Our results indicated that OSER1‐AS1 exerted tumor‐suppressive functions by acting as an ELAVL1 decoy to keep it away from its target mRNAs. Our findings characterized OSER1‐AS1 as a new tumor‐suppressive lncRNA in NSCLC, suggesting that OSER1‐AS1 may be suitable as a potential biomarker for prognosis, and a potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Youhao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chengying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tongjian Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zubin Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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16
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Zhou X, Hu S, Zhang Y, Du G, Li Y. The mechanism by which noncoding RNAs regulate muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:136-147. [PMID: 35694153 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a complex metabolic syndrome that accelerates muscle wasting and affects up to 80% of patients with cancer; however, timely diagnostic methods and effective cures are lacking. Although a considerable number of studies have focused on the mechanism of CC-induced muscle atrophy, few novel therapies have been applied in the last decade. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted great attention as many differentially expressed ncRNAs in cancer cachectic muscles have been reported to participate in the inhibition of myogenesis and activation of proteolysis. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which function as ncRNA carriers in intercellular communication, are closely involved in changing ncRNA expression profiles in muscle and promoting the development of muscle wasting; thus, EV-related ncRNAs may represent potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively describes the process of ncRNA transmission through EVs and summarizes the pathways and targets of ncRNAs that lead to CC-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shoushan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guannan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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17
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Nguyen TD, Miyatake Y, Yoshida T, Kawahara H, Hanayama R. Tumor-secreted proliferin-1 regulates adipogenesis and lipolysis in cachexia. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:1982-1992. [PMID: 33252827 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a common syndrome in cancer patients and is characterized by loss of body weight accompanied by the atrophy of fat and skeletal muscle. Metabolic changes are a critical factor in CAC; however, the mechanisms through which tumors inhibit adipogenesis and promote lipolysis are poorly understood. To clarify these mechanisms, we investigated adipogenesis-limiting factors released by tumors in a cell culture system. We identified proliferin-1 (PLF-1), a member of the growth hormone/prolactin gene family, as a key factor secreted from certain tumors that inhibited preadipocyte maturation and promoted the lipolysis of mature adipocytes. Importantly, mice transplanted with PLF-1-depleted tumor cells were protected from fat loss due to CAC. These data show that tumor-secreted PLF-1 plays an essential role in impaired adipogenesis and accelerated lipolysis and is a potential therapeutic target against CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Duc Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyatake
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Kawahara
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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18
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Guo J, Li R, Xu Z, Tian P, Wang R, Li Y, Qiu X, Zou P, He M, Ao L, Liu Q, Zhang H. Upregulated lnc-HZ02 and miR-hz02 inhibited migration and invasion by downregulating the FAK/SRC/PI3K/AKT pathway in BPDE-treated trophoblast cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-13. [PMID: 33851497 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BPDE (benzo(a)pyren-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide), a metabolite of environmental carcinogenic BaP, weakens the migration and invasion of human villous trophoblast cells and may further induce miscarriage. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified that in trophoblast Swan 71 and HTR-8/SVneo cells, miR-hz02 upregulates the level of lnc-HZ02, which inhibits the expression of an RNA-binding protein HuR. HuR could interact with FAK mRNA and promote its mRNA stability, thus upregulating the FAK level and the FAK/SRC/PI3K/AKT pathway, and finally maintaining the normal migration and invasion of trophoblast cells. If trophoblast cells are exposed to BPDE, both miR-hz02 and lnc-HZ02 are upregulated, which reduce the level of HuR, weaken the interactions of HuR with FAK mRNA, downregulate FAK level and the FAK/SRC/PI3K/AKT pathway, and finally inhibit cell migration and invasion. This study provides a novel scientific understanding of the dysfunctions of human trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuang, China
| | - Zhongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youzhu Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuang, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Institute of Toxicology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mei He
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuang, China
| | - Lin Ao
- Institute of Toxicology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Ma J, Xu X, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Jiang D, Shen S, Ding Y, Zhou Y, Zhuang R. Silencing of HuR Inhibits Osteosarcoma Cell Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via AGO2 in Association With Long Non-Coding RNA XIST. Front Oncol 2021; 11:601982. [PMID: 33816232 PMCID: PMC8017292 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.601982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant and aggressive bone tumor. This study was performed to explore the mechanisms of HuR (human antigen R) in the progression of OS. Methods HuR expression levels in OS tissues and cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. HuR siRNA was transfected into SJSA-1 OS cells to downregulate HuR expression, and then cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were evaluated. RNA immunoprecipitation was performed to determine the association of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) XIST and argonaute RISC catalytic component (AGO) 2 with HuR. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed to detect the expression of lncRNA XIST. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to observe AGO2 expression after HuR or/and lncRNA XIST knockdown. Results Knockdown of HuR repressed OS cell migration and EMT. AGO2 was identified as a target of HuR and silencing of HuR decreased AGO2 expression. The lncRNA XIST was associated with HuR-mediated AGO2 suppression. Moreover, knockdown of AGO2 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and EMT in OS. Conclusion Our findings indicate that HuR knockdown suppresses OS cell EMT by regulating lncRNA XIST/AGO2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Liu
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinxue Zhang
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingchang Ma
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuexue Xu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziqing Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongxu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Orthopedic Department of Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Han J, Shen L, Zhan Z, Liu Y, Zhang C, Guo R, Luo Y, Xie Z, Feng Y, Wu G. The long noncoding RNA MALAT1 modulates adipose loss in cancer-associated cachexia by suppressing adipogenesis through PPAR-γ. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33691715 PMCID: PMC7944636 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome defined by progressive weight loss with ongoing loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Adipose loss occurs in the early stage of cachexia and is associated with reduced quality of life and survival time. Although numerous lncRNAs are regarded as novel regulators in adipose metabolism, the role of lncRNAs that selectively modulate the development of adipose loss in cachexia remains limited. Methods In this study, we analyzed microarray data of lncRNAs in adipose loss and further explored the function and mechanism of MALAT1 in adipose loss. First, we explored the expression and function of MALAT1 in adipose cell by quantitative PCR and RNA knockdown. Subsequently, the mechanism of MALAT1 involvement in adipose loss was analyzed via RNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis and reporter gene assay. Finally, we explored the clinical significance of MALAT1 through correlation analysis. Results Cellular experiments revealed that knocking down MALAT1 significantly inhibited the process of adipogenesis. RNA-seq data showed that numerous adipogenic genes were downregulated upon MALAT1 knockdown. A protein–protein interaction network analysis identified PPAR-γ as the central node transcription factor, the inhibition of which explains the downregulation of numerous adipogenic genes. A reporter gene assay suggested that MALAT1 can regulate the gene expression of PPAR-γ at the transcriptional level. Moreover, MALAT1 was weakly expressed in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of cancer-associated cachexia patients and was related to low fat mass index and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Conclusions This study indicated that MALAT1 is associated with adipose loss in cancer-associated cachexia by regulating adipogenesis through PPAR-γ, which may potentially be a novel target for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer-associated cachexia in the clinic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-021-00557-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zheng Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruochen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yangjun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Lai S, Du K, Shi Y, Li C, Wang G, Hu S, Jia X, Wang J, Chen S. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Brown Adipose Tissue. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3193-3204. [PMID: 32982350 PMCID: PMC7507876 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s264830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a widespread disease that is harmful to human health. Fat homeostasis is essentially maintained by fat accumulation and energy expenditure. Studies on brown adipose tissue (BAT) represent a promising opportunity to identify a pharmaceutical intervention against obesity through increased energy expenditure. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were thought to be critical regulators in a variety of biological processes. Recent studies have revealed that lncRNAs, including ones that are BAT-specific, conserved, and located at key protein-coding genes, function in brown adipogenesis, white adipose browning (ie, beige adipogenesis), and brown thermogenesis. In this review, we describe lncRNA properties and highlight functional lncRNAs in these biological processes, with the goal of establishing links between lncRNAs and BAT. Based on the advances of lncRNAs in the regulation of BAT, we discussed the advantages of potential lncRNA-based obesity drugs. Further BAT lncRNA-based drug development may provide new exciting approaches to defend obesity by regulation of fat homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Du
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cao Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoze Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu611130, People’s Republic of China
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Shek D, Read SA, Akhuba L, Qiao L, Gao B, Nagrial A, Carlino MS, Ahlenstiel G. Non-coding RNA and immune-checkpoint inhibitors: friends or foes? Immunotherapy 2020; 12:513-529. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an abundant component of the human transcriptome. Their biological role, however, remains incompletely understood. Nevertheless, ncRNAs are highly associated with cancer development and progression due to their ability to modulate gene expression, protein translation and growth pathways. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are considered one of the most promising and highly effective therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. ICIs are monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 signalling pathways that stimulate T cell cytotoxicity and can result in tumor growth suppression. This Review will summarize existing knowledge regarding ncRNAs and their role in cancer and ICI therapy. In addition, we will discuss potential mechanisms by which ncRNAs may influence ICI treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Shek
- Blacktown Clinical School & Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Accreditation Centre, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Scott A Read
- Blacktown Clinical School & Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liia Akhuba
- Accreditation Centre, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Hospital & Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bo Gao
- Westmead Hospital & Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adnan Nagrial
- Westmead Hospital & Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Westmead Hospital & Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Clinical School & Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041004. [PMID: 32325796 PMCID: PMC7226600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia or wasting is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation and an involuntary loss of body mass that cannot be reversed by normal nutritional support. This syndrome affects 50%–80% of cancer patients, depending on the tumor type and patient characteristics, and it is responsible for up to 20% of cancer deaths. MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with 19 to 24 nucleotides in length of which the function is to regulate gene expression. In the last years, microRNAs and other ncRNAs have been demonstrated to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several diseases and clinical potential. Recently, ncRNAs have begun to be associated with cancer cachexia by modulating essential functions like the turnover of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Additionally, circulating microRNAs have been suggested as potential biomarkers for patients at risk of developing cancer cachexia. In this review article, we present recent data concerning the role of microRNAs and other ncRNAs in cancer cachexia pathogenesis and their possible clinical relevance.
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